The Principle and Practice of the Deviation of Power Frequency Component Relay on High Voltage Transmission Line

The research and development of ultra high speed protective relay of transmission line has got great interest and attention of protective relay engineer over the world. Several versions and schemes of ultra high speed relay have been studied and designed in recent twenty years. But only a few of them have got actual apiication in the power system. The relay based on the deviation of power frequency component (DPFC) can get very high reliability with ultra high speed so it has got wide application in Chinese power system. Thousands relay sets have been applied and its operation experience verifies their excellent performance. This paper summarizes the course of the development of the uItra high speed protective relay and compares the merits and defects of the main schemes which have been developed. The principle and successful pratice of the ultra high speed protection based on DPFC reIay are introduced.

Instantaneous frequency estimation of multi-component Chirp signals in noisy environments

A classical time-varying signal,the multi-component Chirp signal has been widely used and the ability to estimate its instantaneous frequency(IF) is very useful. But in noisy environments,it is hard to estimate the IF of a multi-component Chirp signal accurately. Wigner distribution maxima(WDM) are usually utilized for this estimation. But in practice,estimation bias increases when some points deviate from the true IF in high noise environments. This paper presents a new method of multi-component Chirp signal IF estimation named Wigner Viterbi fit(WVF) ,based on Wigner-Ville distribution(WVD) and the Viterbi algorithm. First,we transform the WVD of the Chirp signal into digital image,and apply the Viterbi algorithm to separate the components and estimate their IF. At last,we establish a linear model to fit the estimation results. Theoretical analysis and simulation results prove that this new method has high precision and better performance than WDM in high noise environments,and better suppression of interference and the edge effect. Compared with WDM,WVF can reduce the mean square error(MSE) by 50% when the signal to noise ration(SNR) is in the range of -15dB to -11dB. WVF is an effective and promising IF estimation method.

Dynamic Behaviors of A Marine Riser Under Two Different Frequency Parametric Excitations

The marine risers are often subjected to parametric excitations from the fluctuation top tension. The top tension on the riser may fluctuate with multiple frequencies caused by irregular waves. In this paper, the influence between different frequency components in the top tension on the riser system is theoretically simulated and analyzed. With the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, a dynamic model for the vibrations of the riser is established. The top tension is set as fluctuating with time and it has two different frequencies. The influences from the fluctuation amplitudes, circular frequencies and phase angles of these frequency components on the riser system are analyzed in detail. When these two frequencies are fluctuating in the stable regions, the riser system may become unstable because ω1+ω2≈2Ωn. The fluctuation amplitudes of these frequencies have little effect on the components of the vibration frequencies of the riser. For different phase angles, the stability and dynamic behaviors of the riser would be different.

Pressure and velocity cross-spectrum of normal modes in low-frequency acoustic vector field of shallow water and its application

The pressure and horizontal particle velocity combined descriptions in the very low frequency acoustic field of shallow wa- ter integrated with the concept of effective depth of Pekeris wave- guide is proposed, especially the active component of the pressure and horizontal particle velocity cross-spectrum, also called ho- rizontal complex cross acoustic intensity, when only two normal modes are trapped in the waveguide. Both the approximate theo- retic analysis and the numerical results show that the sign of the horizontal complex cross acoustic intensity active component is independent of the range when vertically deployed receiving dual sensors are placed in appropriate depths, the sum of which is equal to the waveguide effective depth, so it can be used to tell whether the sound source is near the surface or underwater; while the range rate is expected to be measured by utilizing the sign distribution characteristic of the reactive component. The further robustness analysis of the depth classification algorithm shows that the existence of shear waves in semi infinite basement and the change of acoustic velocity profiles have few effects on the application of this method, and the seabed attenuation will limit the detection range, but the algorithm still has a good robustness in the valid detection range.

Multi-Frequency Interference Detection and Mitigation Using Multiple Adaptive IIR Notch Filter with Lattice Structure

Radio Frequency Interferences (RFI), such as strong Continuous Wave Interferences (CWI), can influence the Quality of Service (QoS) of communications, increasing the Bit Error Rate (BER) and decreasing the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in any wireless transmission, including in a Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-S2) receiver. Therefore, this paper presents an algorithm for detecting and mitigating a Multi-tone Continuous Wave Interference (MCWI) using a Multiple Adaptive Notch Filter (MANF), based on the lattice form structure. The Adaptive Notch Filter (ANF) is constructed using the second-order IIR NF. The approach consists in developing a robust low-complexity algorithm for removing unknown MCWI. The MANF model is a multistage model, with each stage consisting of two ANFs: the adaptive IIR notch filter Hl(z) and the adaptive IIR notch filter HN(z), which can detect and mitigate CWI. In this model, the ANF is used for estimating the Jamming-to-Signal Ratio (JSR) and the frequency of the interference (w(0)) by using an LMS-based algorithm. The depth of the notch is then adjusted based on the estimation of the JSR. In contrast, the ANF HN(z) is used to mitigate the CW interference. Simulation results show that the proposed ANF is an effective method for eliminating/reducing the effects of MCWI, and yields better system performance than full suppression (kN=1) for low JSR values, and mostly the same performance for high JSR values. Moreover, the proposed can detect low and high JSR and track hopping frequency interference and provides better Bit error ratio (BER) performance compared to the case without an IIR notch filter.

Time-frequency response spectrum of rotational ground motion and its application

The rotational seismic motions are estimated from one station records of the 1999 Jiji （Chi-Chi）, Taiwan, earthquake based on the theory of elastic plane wave propagation. The time-frequency response spectrum （TFRS） of the rotational motions is calculated and its characteristics are analyzed, then the TFRS is applied to analyze the damage mechanism of one twelve-storey frame concrete structure. The results show that one of the ground motion components can not reflect the characteristics of the seismic motions completely; the characteristics of each component, especially rotational motions, need to be studied. The damage line of the structure and TFRS of ground motion are important for seismic design, only the TFRS of input seismic wave is suitable, the structure design is reliable.

Independent Component Analysis Based Blind Adaptive Interference Reduction and Symbol Recovery for OFDM Systems

To overcome the inter-carrier interference(ICI) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) systems subject to unknown carrier frequency offset(CFO) and multipath, this paper develops a blind adaptive interference suppression scheme based on independent component analysis(ICA). Taking into account statistical independence of subcarriers' signals of OFDM, the signal recovery mechanism is investigated to achieve the goal of blind equalization. The received OFDM signals can be considered as the mixed observation signals. The effect of CFO and multipath corresponds to the mixing matrix in the problem of blind source separation(BSS) framework. In this paper, the ICAbased OFDM system model is built, and the proposed ICA-based detector is exploited to extract source signals from the observation of a received mixture based on the assumption of statistical independence between the sources. The blind separation technique can increase spectral efficiency and provide robustness performance against erroneous parameter estimation problem. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that compared with the conventional pilot-based scheme, the improved performance of OFDM systems is obtained by the proposed ICA-based detection

Blind Source Separation based on Time-Frequency Morphological Characteristics for Rigid Acoustic Scattering by Underwater Objects

僵硬声学的散布由的部件的分离在水下目标在获得如此的目标的结构的特征是必要的。克服看起来有一样的僵硬结构的问题光谱在时间领域的结构，时间频率窗帘来源分离(BSS ) 能与图象形态学在联合被使用分开不同目标的僵硬散布部件。基于一个热点模型，有时间频率分发的目标的僵硬散布结构的分离被推出。用一个词法过滤器，在 Wigner-Ville 分布(WVD ) 的不同特征观察到术语能被简化移开任何跨术语的干扰单个汽车术语和十字。由选择术语表明的汽车的时间和频率点， BSS 的精确性能被改进。试验性的模拟被使用了，与在播送信号，相对振幅和时间延期参数的脉搏宽度的变化，以便分析这个新方法的可行性。模拟结果证明新方法不仅能分开僵硬散布当有弹性的散布并且僵硬散布时，部件，而且罐头也分开部件同时存在。试验性的结果证实新方法能在分开僵硬散布结构被使用在水下目标。

Modal identification of multi-degree-of-freedom structures based on intrinsic chirp component decomposition method

Modal parameter identification is a mature technology.However,there are some challenges in its practical applications such as the identification of vibration systems involving closely spaced modes and intensive noise contamination.This paper proposes a new time-frequency method based on intrinsic chirp component decomposition(ICCD)to address these issues.In this method,a redundant Fourier model is used to ameliorate border distortions and improve the accuracy of signal reconstruction.The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method are illustrated using three examples:a cantilever beam structure with intensive noise contamination or environmental interference,a four-degree-of-freedom structure with two closely spaced modes,and an impact test on a cantilever rectangular plate.By comparison with the identification method based on the empirical wavelet transform(EWT),it is shown that the presented method is effective,even in a high-noise environment,and the dynamic characteristics of closely spaced modes are accurately determined.

An algorithm for frequency estimation of signals composed of multiple single-tones

The high-accuracy, wide-range frequency estimation algorithm for multi-component signals presented in this paper, is based on a numerical differentiation and central Lagrange interpolation. With the sample sequences, which need at most 7 points and are sampled at a sample frequency of 25600 Hz, and computation sequences, using employed a formulation proposed in this paper, the frequencies of each component of the signal are all estimated at an accuracy of 0.001% over 1 Hz to 800 kHz with the amplitudes of each component of the signal varying from 1 V to 200 V and the phase angle of each component of the signal varying from 0° to 360°. The proposed algorithm needs at most a half cycle for the frequencies of each component of the signal under noisy or non-noisy conditions. A testing example is given to illustrate the proposed algorithm in Matlab environment.

Truss structural damage identification based on principal component analysis and multivariate control chart

The present paper addresses the subject of truss damage identification using measured frequency response functions (FRF). Damage identification matrix is formed using measured FRFs obtained from truss dynamic test. Then using principal component analysis (PCA),the variable space dimensions of damage identification matrix can be reduced,and original data characters of FRFs can be analyzed and extracted from lower dimension variable space. Thus truss damages can be identified using the multivariate control chart of first several order principal components which contain almost all of original data information. Without the need for modal parameters,the method avoids the errors of modal fitting. In order to validate the reliability of the method,a whole size truss was tested with six types of damage case concerning single or two element damages. The experimental result shows that the proposed method is straightforward and reliable for truss damage identification. Especially,the method has good applicability for the truss under noisy environment and non-linear cases.

Specification and Measurement of Mid-Frequency Wavefront Errors

Mid-frequency wavefront errors can be of the most importance for some optical components, but they're not explicitly covered by corresponding international standards such as ISO 10110. The testing methods for the errors also have a lot of aspects to be improved. This paper gives an overview of the specifications especially of PSD. NIF, developed by America, and XMM, developed by Europe, have both discovered some new testing methods.

柔性低频输电系统的故障分量特征及保护适用性分析

柔性低频输电系统由于运行频率的改变以及柔性低频换流站的控制机理,其故障特征以及对保护原理的影响较为复杂。为了分析故障分量保护原理在柔性低频输电系统中的适用性问题,基于柔性低频换流站的控制架构,建立了以故障限流为故障控制策略的双端型低频输电模型。计及该系统线路发生三相故障的控制特性,分析了不同情况下的低频故障分量阻抗特性,并推导出低频等值阻抗的量化计算式,进而从理论上分析其对传统故障分量保护元件的影响机理。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC平台上搭建了双端低频输电测试模型对理论分析进行仿真验证。研究结果表明:柔性低频输电系统在一定故障条件下可造成故障分量保护范围缩小,甚至使得保护元件完全失效,研究结果对于低频系统继电保护研究的开展具有一定的参考作用。

基于特征图像组合与改进ResNet-18的电能质量扰动识别方法

针对传统电能质量扰动(power quality disturbance,PQD)识别体系中单一图像特征信息受限与算法识别能力不足等问题,依据特征融合的思想,提出一种基于特征图像组合与改进ResNet-18的PQD识别方法。首先,对PQD信号进行变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)得到一系列固有模态函数(intrinsic mode functions,IMFs)与残差分量;其次,将IMFs、残差分量、原始扰动信号与Subtract分量纵向拼接成分量矩阵,利用信号-图像转化方法生成特征分量彩色图;再次,对原始扰动信号进行连续小波变换(continuous wavelet transform,CWT)生成小波时-频图;最后,将特征分量彩色图与小波时-频图组合输入改进的六通道ResNet-18中训练学习并完成扰动识别。通过仿真对PQD识别方法进行分析并将其与目前常用识别体系进行比较。结果表明,所提方法具有较好的抗噪性能并且能够更好地提取PQD特征信息,达到更高的识别准确率。

海上风电低频输电系统快速母线保护

海上风电低频输电系统母线故障后,换流器型电源等效电势与阻抗因控制的切换与调整过程,不再像传统电网可视为恒定。文中理论分析了母线电流差动保护适应性,明确故障控制策略对差动保护灵敏度的影响方式。利用母线区内外故障所对应的故障等效模型不同,提出基于时域全量模型识别的母线保护。该保护原理反映被保护元件自身拓扑的变化,理论上具有不受电源特性影响的优势,同样适用于其他换流器型电网。同时,所提保护在时域中实现,不存在相量提取问题,动作速度快。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了仿真模型,验证了所提母线保护的可靠性和快速性。

橡胶元件基于等频减振的一种非线性刚度设计方法

针对一种马鞍型橡胶元件承载工况多样但要求隔振能力一致的设计情况,基于非线性刚度曲线提出了一种表征等频减振的刚度设计方法,并虚拟构建了一组表征橡胶最大应变历程效应的超弹主曲线及其超弹和Mullins复合的本构参数。借助ABAQUS软件,对马鞍型橡胶元件的非线性刚度特性曲线进行计算,并对其承载阶段的刚度曲线进行等频拟合,对其隔振效果进行试验验证。结果表明:承载阶段,隔振效果几乎完全一致,等频最大相差4.3%,隔振效果相差9.1%。这说明承载阶段具有良好的等频减振能力,为设计非线性橡胶减振元件提供了一种新思路。

高速动车组车体整备垂弯频率优化研究

提出采用2种不同方法对高速动车组进行模态分析研究。以车体各个部件厚度参数为设计变量进行模态及质量的灵敏度分析,研究不同部件厚度对车体一阶垂弯频率的影响规律,并筛选8个部件作为最终设计变量,建立优化数学模型;以车体与车下主要设备连接处弹性元件的刚度参数为设计变量进行响应面分析,研究弹性元件刚度对车体一阶垂弯频率的影响规律,并对弹性元件刚度进行优化。结果表明:2种方法均取得了一定的效果,基于灵敏度分析的部件优化,使车体整备一阶垂弯频率提升了4.88%;基于响应面分析的弹性元件优化,使车体整备一阶垂弯频率提升了28.05%,大于相关标准中规定的10Hz,优化效果明显。

基于多分量LFM信号时频分析的水声多普勒和时延估计研究

在水声多普勒因子和时延估计研究实用化的进程中,利用多分量线性调频(LFM)信号实现估计的算法研究越来越普遍。针对多分量LFM信号时频域存有交叉项时各分量参数估计不准确的问题,提出基于非完全残差与脊线段匹配的自适应模态分解方法。该方法采用非完全残差函数保留了交叉点处的部分时频信息,利用脊线段匹配方法提供更精确的预设时频脊线,改进了各分量LFM信号调频斜率和起始频率的估计精度。联合两个估计量进一步给出了多普勒因子和时延估计的算法。仿真结果表示,较现有模态分解算法,所提改进方法有效解决了估计分量过程中交叉区间断裂带来的估计误差;水声多径的条件下,该方法的多普勒因子和时延估计精度优于对比的现有方法。

基于等值反磁通装置频率域电磁法研究

人工源近区频率域电磁法具有轻便、分辨率高及抗干扰能力强等优点,但提取地质体二次场响应难题困扰了该方法推广应用。基于等值反磁通原理提取二次场响应,首先,推导出了基于等值反磁通原理的频率域近场垂直磁场响应的表达式;然后,采用层状介质与均匀半空间介质的垂向磁场同相分量的比值定义视电阻率,并计算了典型层状介质垂直磁场的频率响应;最后,通过试验对比时间域与频率域方法对浅埋藏铝板的异常响应。研究结果表明:基于等值反磁通原理能够有效提取近场频率域二次场信号,近场垂向磁场的同相分量与大地电导率的二次方成正比;垂向磁场同相分量的比值定义视电阻率能够清晰反映A型、Q型、H型及K型地电断面的特征。