The Impact of the Digital Economy on Rural Residents’Working Hours:Mechanisms and Empirical Evidence

The rapid development of the digital economy has provided a new impetus for rural residents to extend their working hours.Based on the data collected by the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey(CLDS)in 2014,2016,and 2018,this paper measured the development level of the digital economy in China from the perspectives of internet development and digital financial inclusion,and tested the mechanisms of how the digital economy affected rural residents’working hours.The results showed that the digital economy extended rural residents’working hours by expanding information channels and enhancing human capital,and this mechanism was affected by heterogeneity in rural residents’educational background,age,and social capital.Building on these findings,this paper holds that to increase rural residents’income by extending their working hours and achieving common prosperity for all,it is necessary to expand the opportunities for rural residents to participate in skills training and promote their accumulation of human capital.

Temperature Trends and Accumulation of Chill Hours, Chill Units, and Chill Portions in South Carolina

There is considerable concern about the potential impact of climate change on agriculture, such as the accumulation of chilling hours needed to break the dormancy of many perennial plants, like fruit trees. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if there had been a significant change in air temperatures and chill hours, chill units, and chill portion accumulation in South Carolina over the last two decades. Two decades of daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) air temperature records were obtained from weather stations in thirty-one counties in South Carolina. Hourly temperature data, reconstructed from the daily data, were used to calculate the daily and annual chill hours, chill units, and chill portions accumulation using four different chill models for each location and year. The chill models included the T(t) °C model, the 0°C °C model, the Utah model, and the Dynamic model. For each county, regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the historical trends. Despite year-to-year variability, the tendency was a statistically significant (α = 0.05) increase in air temperature, averaging 0.089°C per year for 20 out of 31 counties in South Carolina. The other 11 counties had no significant change in temperature. The average temperature increase in the 31 counties was 0.072°C per year. The temperature increase resulted in a decrease in annual chill accumulation during the fall to spring, averaging 17.7 chill hours, 8.6 chill hours, 17.0 chill units, and 0.40 chill portions per year calculated with the T(t) °C, 0°C °C, Utah, and Dynamic models, respectively. However, whether this decrease in chill values was statistically significant or not depended on the chill model used. This study did not investigate the cause of the observed historical trends in temperature and chill accumulation. Still, if the trends continue, they could significantly impact the future of the temperate fruit tree industry in the state.

Hourly Wage and the Likelihood of Stealing an Item

Researchers have extensively explored the impact of wages on individuals’ decisions to engage in property crimes. While most of these studies in the past have relied on macro-level data to investigate the relationship between crime rates and hourly wages, this paper takes a novel approach by utilizing micro-level data to examine the influence of hourly wages on the likelihood of stealing an item valued at least $50. The results obtained from the estimations reveal that an increase in hourly wage leads to a decrease in the probability of theft, all other factors being held constant. Further estimation by gender revealed that hourly wages given to both male and female have no bearing on the decision to steal. Additionally, the analysis of the differences in theft probabilities across gender and race demonstrates that males consistently exhibit a higher likelihood of engaging in theft when compared to females across various racial groups.

Estimating the Monetary Value of Hours Lost to the Nigerian Public Healthcare System When Full-Time Government Employee Doctors Engage in Dual Practice

Background: Dual Practice (DP) allows full-time public sector doctors to concurrently offer the same clinical services in the private sector. The debate against this practice seems to be largely influenced by its potential to reduce the contracted hours in the public sector and shift attention to private work. Purpose: The purpose of this secondary research is to estimate the monetary value of hours lost to the Nigerian public healthcare system when full-time government employee doctors are engaged in private practice. It attempts to quantify the amount of resource outflow from the public system due to absences and lateness arising from competition for time between the public system’s contracted hours and private practice. Methods: Sensitivity analysis in Excel 2010 was used to calculate doctors’ hourly pay in the public sector using the 2015 Consolidated Medical Salary Structure for medical and dental officers in Nigeria’s federal public service. The parameters used for the calculation were the official 40-hour working week and the average monthly gross pay of doctors on different grade levels. Hypothetical scenarios of hours lost due to absences associated with DP were created. The value of different hypothetical hour losses by the percentage of doctors assumed to engage in dual practice across all doctor grade levels was then computed. Results: The estimated annual value of hours lost from dual practice to a single public tertiary care hospital was N4,851,754 or 15,855 USD (best case scenario) and N19,407,017 or 63,422 USD (worst case scenario) for the normal routine work and N1,800,133 or 5883 USD (best case scenario) and N3,600,266 or 11,766 USD (worst case scenario) for the on-call duty. Conclusion: The government may have been paying salaries for large volumes of work not rendered in the public sector. The overall financial impact of dual practice in the Nigerian public system might be negative.

Zoning Evaluation of Hourly Precipitation in High-resolution Regional Numerical Models over Hainan Island

This study assesses the performance of three high-resolution regional numerical models in predicting hourly rainfall over Hainan Island from April to October for the years from 2020 to 2022.The rainfall amount,frequency,intensity,duration,and diurnal cycle are examined through zoning evaluation.The results show that the China Meteor-ological Administration Guangdong Rapid Update Assimilation Numerical Forecast System(CMA-GD)tends to forecast a higher occurrence of light precipitation.It underestimates the late afternoon precipitation and the occurrence of short-duration events.The China Meteorological Administration Shanghai Numerical Forecast Model System(CMA-SH9)reproduces excessive precipitation at a higher frequency and intensity throughout the island.It overestimates rainfall during the late afternoon and midnight periods.The simulated most frequent peak times of rainfall in CMA-SH9 are 0-1 hour deviations from the observed data.The China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Weather Numerical Forecasting System(CMA-MESO)displays a similar pattern to rainfall observations but fails to replicate reasonable structure and diurnal variation of frequency-intensity.It underestimates the occurrence of long-duration events and overestimates related rainfall amounts from midnight to early morning.Notably,significant discrepancies are observed in the predictions of the three models for areas with complex terrain,such as the central,southeastern,and southwestern regions of Hainan Island.

Impact of trading hours extensions on foreign exchange volatility:intraday evidence from the Moscow exchange

Using transaction-level tick-by-tick data of same-and next-day settlement of the Russian Ruble versus the US Dollar exchange rate(RUB/USD)traded on the Moscow Exchange Market during the period 2005–2013,we analyze the impact of trading hours extensions on volatility.During the sample period,the Moscow Exchange extended trading hours three times for the same-day settlement and two times for the next-day settlement of the RUB/USD rate.To analyze the effect of the implementations,various measures of historical and realized volatility are calculated for 5-and 15-min intraday intervals spanning a period of three months both prior to and following trading hours extensions.Besides historical volatility measures,we also examine volume and spread.We apply an autoregressive moving average-autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity(ARMA-GARCH)model utilizing realized volatility and a trade classification rule to estimate the probability of informed trading.The extensions of trading hours cause a significant increase in both volatility and volume for further analyzing the reasons behind volatility changes.Volatility changes mostly occur after the opening of the market.The length of the extension has a significant positive effect on realized volatility.The results indicate that informed trading increased substantially after the opening for the rate of same-day settlement,whereas this is not observed for next-day settlement.Although trading hours extensions raise opportunities for more transactions and liquidity in foreign exchange markets,they may also lead to higher volatility in the market.Furthermore,this distortion is more significant at opening and midday.A potential explanation for the increased volatility mostly at the opening is that the trading hours extension attracts informed traders rather than liquidity providers.

Long-Term Trends in Pre-Summer Daytime and Nocturnal Extreme Hourly Rainfall in a Coastal City of South China

The long-term trends in the occurrence frequency of pre-summer daytime and nocturnal extreme hourly rainfall(EXHR) during 1988-2018 in Hong Kong and their spatial distributions are examined and analyzed. Despite a significant increasing trend observed in the occurrence frequency of pre-summer EXHRs during the investigated period,the increase in daytime and nocturnal EXHRs show distinct spatial patterns. Nocturnal EXHRs show uniform increasing trends over the entire Hong Kong. However, the increase in daytime EXHRs is concentrated over the northern or eastern areas of Hong Kong, indicating a downstream shift of pre-summer EXHRs in Hong Kong with regard to the prevailing southwesterly monsoonal flows in south China. The clustering of weather types associated with daytime and nocturnal EXHRs further reveals that the increase in EXHRs over Hong Kong are mainly contributed by the increase of the events associated with southwesterly monsoonal flows with relatively high speeds. During the past few decades, the southwesterly monsoonal flows at coastal south China have undergone a substantial weakening due to the increased surface roughness induced by the urbanization over the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area since 1990s,leading to enhanced low-level convergence and thus significant increase in EXHRs at coastal south China. Meanwhile,daytime sea-wind circulation at coastal south China is markedly enhanced during the investigated period, which is the main reason for the northward shift of daytime EXHRs in Hong Kong. In addition, the blocked southwesterly monsoonal flows at coastal south China are detoured eastward, leading to stronger convergence and increase in EXHRs at eastern coast of Hong Kong, especially during daytime, when the easterly sea winds prevail at the region.

On Answering the Question Related to the Legal Regulation of Working Hours in the New Era:Western Experience and Chinese Approach

The popularity of flexible working hours around the world has slowed down the historical trend of reducing working hours.It even shows signs of regression.Whether and how to guide the cur-rent society with flexible working hours to return to the historical track of reducing working hours,improve the quality of working hours,and promote a smooth transition from the era of traditional standard work-ing hours to the era of flexible working hours has become a question related to the legal regulation of working hours in the new era.In this regard,although Western countries have proposed new regulatory concepts and carried out legislative practices with distinctive charac-teristics,the limitations of legal regulation capabilities have prevented them from proposing a package of institutional solutions.The advan-tage of China in the ability of legal regulation of working hours has been gradually formed in the legislation on working hours unnder the leadership of the CPC in the past century.It enables China to break through the limitations of the West and propose a Chinese approach to answer the question of the legal regulation of working hours in the new era from three aspects:limiting the extension of working hours,improving the quality of flexible working hours,and optimizing the funnctions of the multi-funnctional regulatory system for working hours.

口服葡萄糖耐量试验1h血糖对糖尿病前期的诊断和鉴别价值

目的:探讨口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)1 h血糖对糖尿病前期的诊断和鉴别价值。方法:收集2019年6月至2022年6月于北京中医药大学东直门医院门诊及住院行OGTT的受试者1 206例,其中血糖正常412例,糖尿病前期358例,糖尿病436例。比较3组OGTT不同时点血糖与空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞分泌功能指数(HOMA-β)水平;采用ROC曲线分析OGTT 1 h血糖对糖尿病前期的诊断和鉴别价值。结果:3组OGTT各时点血糖均为糖尿病组>糖尿病前期组>血糖正常组(P<0.05)。FPG、HOMA-IR糖尿病组>糖尿病前期组>血糖正常组,FINS、HOMA-β糖尿病组<糖尿病前期组<血糖正常组(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,OGTT 1 h血糖诊断糖尿病前期的AUC(95%CI)为0.758(0.724~0.792),以敏感度最大选取最佳切点值,该值为9.35 mmol/L,此时敏感度为0.701,特异度为0.709;OGTT 1 h血糖对糖尿病和糖尿病前期鉴别的AUC(95%CI)为0.956(0.942~0.969),以敏感度最大选取最佳切点值,该值为12.55 mmol/L,此时敏感度为0.901,特异度为0.908。结论:OGTT 1 h血糖对糖尿病前期具有一定的诊断和鉴别价值。

超重肥胖大学生24小时活动指南依从性及其心理健康问题研究

目的:考察中国超重肥胖大学生24小时活动指南依从和心理健康问题(压力、焦虑和抑郁)的人口统计学特征,探究活动指南依从与压力、焦虑和抑郁之间的关联,以及特征自我控制是否在上述关联中起到中介作用。方法:采用纵向前瞻性设计,对456名超重肥胖大学生完成两个时间点的数据收集,包含基线的自评24小时活动行为(身体活动、久坐及睡眠)和人口统计学变量,以及间隔2个月后的自评压力、焦虑和抑郁水平。结果:在24小时活动指南方面,男性、低年级以及父母教育水平较高的学生在活动指南方面的依从情况更好。女性以及高年级被试的心理健康问题主要表现为压力、焦虑和抑郁水平更高。此外,活动指南依从反向显著预测超重肥胖大学生的压力、焦虑及抑郁水平。特质自我控制对24小时活动依从与心理健康问题之间的关系起到部分中介作用。结论:未来应制定相关健康政策,采取科学有效的干预措施,以帮助中国超重肥胖大学生提高身体活动量、降低久坐、确保充足睡眠,进而提升其心理健康水平。

台湾地区高校Office Hours制度实践及其借鉴

20世纪90年代我国台湾地区高等教育迈入大众化发展阶段,为应对同时出现的教学质量开始下降的趋势,在台湾教育行政部门和教育评鉴机构的推动下,Office Hours制度被普遍应用于台湾地区高校的教学与管理之中。从实践来看,它已成为增进师生良性互动、激发学习动机、强化学习成效、提升教学质量与育人效果的有效机制。文章分析了Office Hours制度的实施背景,介绍了Office Hours制度的具体实践,在总结Office Hours制度特点的同时探讨了其对大陆高校的有益启示。

Office Hours制度探微

Office Hours是北美地区高等学校师生交往互动的主要模式之一,也是教职人员普遍使用的一种教学工具,是师生课外交往以及学生学习经历中不可或缺的重要组成部分。依据不同的标准可以划分为开放和限制、ROH和VOH等类型。Office Hours制度对构建和谐师生关系,提升教学品质与学习成效,创新教育的实施和创新型人才的培养,具有一定借鉴和启示。

阵发性心房颤动发作风险的人工智能预测模型

目的建立一种基于24 h心电图数据开发的集成模型,从而对房颤高危人群发生房颤的风险,及实时预测阵发性房颤患者房颤的发作。方法连续回顾性收集2018年1月1日至2021年12月31日在暨南大学第一附属医院心电报告诊断为阵发性心房颤动的患者共310例,经筛选后共有124例患者作为心房颤动组纳入本研究。同时以1∶4的比例随机选择496例心电图报告正常的患者作为非心房颤动组。两组患者最终一起被随机分配,得到训练集(n=434)、验证集(n=62)和测试集(n=124),比例为7∶1∶2,以进行心电模型训练。建立心电神经网络模型和心率神经网络模型,最后使用逻辑回归将心电神经网络模型和心率神经网络模型结合得到集成模型。结果经过训练、验证和测试,人工智能集成算法的曲线下面积为0.94(95%CI 0.75~0.94),其敏感度、特异度、准确度、精确度和F1分数分别为56.0%、98.0%、90.0%、93.0%和0.70。与临床风险模型和现有的房颤预测模型HARMS2-AF评分相比,AI算法的性能更好(P<0.01)。结论人工智能集成算法可能是预测房颤风险,实时预测房颤发作的有效方法,可以作为一种早期预警工具。这对房颤的筛查,个体化抗凝方案的制定具有重要的临床意义。

光热与光伏发电综合对比

光伏发电和光热发电是太阳能发电的2种典型形式。光伏开发成本相对较低,但为保证系统安全稳定运行,须配置一定比例储能和分布式调相机,造成发电成本提升,而光热自带储热和出力友好性,因此目前对于光伏与光热的发展技术路线仍存在较大争议。文中以青海海西地区为例,基于同一时空太阳能辐照资源和出力特性,比较光伏+储能与光热的电力保障能力;然后从电网安全稳定支撑能力角度对光伏+储能+调相机与光热进行比较;最后基于光热和光伏成本下降趋势预测进行二者的经济性对比。研究结果表明,若将光热和光伏放到技术对等层面,则光热由于同时具备储热和常规发电机功能,能够为系统提供短路容量、无功补偿和转动惯量支撑,在成本下降后经济性与光伏+储能+调相机基本相当,甚至更优。

城市道路隧道晚高峰环境参数时空差异性分析

隧道内晚高峰的出现会导致交通流量的时空分布发生很大的变化,并进一步影响隧道内的环境参数及CO浓度。为了改善隧道内环境质量,研究人员于晚高峰时段对玉涵路隧道内空气温度、风速、CO浓度、CO_(2)浓度和颗粒物浓度进行了详细的现场实测。测试结果表明:节假日的交通晚高峰时长更短以及高峰车流量更低,从而引起节假日的风速、温升、CO_(2)增量较工作日平稳且状况更优;工作日洞内风速减小1.7~3.2 m/s,纵向温升为6.1~7.7℃;随着车辆行驶速度延迟时间的增大,风速、温升、CO_(2)增量延迟时间呈增大趋势,最大延迟时间可达70 min;工作日隧道通风应考虑交通高峰开始后20 min至交通高峰结束后70 min时间段的延迟时间。

技术密集型企业工时管理标准化可行性分析——以R公司组织与研发项目特点为背景

随着科学管理理念和现代数字工具的广泛应用,无论技术体系和产品应用场景如何变化,进度管理始终是项目管理的研究重点。然而迄今为止,工时管理在技术密集型企业的应用仍不尽成熟。本文从理论分析的角度探究了基于度量元的工时标准化实现条件,并结合R公司的实际管理现状进行比对分析,发现当前工时管理标准化在工时定额的确定、工时应用与维护方面还存在诸多困难。尽管如此,工时标准化管理的实行存在诸多积极影响,比如提升产品研发速度、实现产能平衡与精益劳动管理、加强业绩考核工作等。因此,探索工时标准化管理对技术密集型企业未来发展具有重大意义和前景,需要企业努力创造工时标准化的条件并结合科学理论进行积极探索。

中美高校土木工程材料课程教学差异研究

对中美高校土木工程材料课程的课堂授课、实验及考核等方面进行比较研究。美国的土木工程材料课程设置及讲授注重实验和工程应用,重基础知识和自主学习。我国注重课堂基础教学,提倡线上教育。提出我国高校应适度增加实验学时,并根据专业方向不同对授课内容有所侧重;可借鉴美国的研究生助教制度,强化课堂和实验教学的指导以及课下与学生的沟通交流,进一步提高教学质量。

柴达木盆地尘卷风的时空分布特征

沙尘气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,其通过辐射效应和对云的形成及降水过程影响全球天气和气候变化,而尘卷风对全球沙尘气溶胶排放的贡献不容忽视。青藏高原北部的柴达木沙漠为高原尘卷风的发生提供了沙源。为研究柴达木盆地尘卷风的发生条件及其时空特征,本文利用1991-2020年ERA5再分析资料评估了尘卷风发生的热力学阈值,分析青藏高原尘卷风发生时数(PDDP_(hours))和柴达木盆地尘卷风起沙量的时空分布特征,探究了1991-2020年近地面温度递减率(LR)、对流比(w*/u*)和PDDP_(hours)的变化趋势。利用2016-2020年德令哈国家基本气象站的地面降水数据、德令哈空气质量监测站的细颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)数据以及Aura卫星臭氧监测仪的紫外吸收性气溶胶指数(UVAI)数据,分析柴达木盆地夏季尘卷风对PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的可能贡献。结果表明,w*/u*和LR是影响尘卷风形成的关键因素,不同热力条件下PDDP_(hours)均具有单峰日变化特征,在12:00-16:00(北京时)达到峰值。结合柴达木盆地PDDP_(hours)累计贡献的日变化特征,确定尘卷风发生的热力学阈值是w*/u*>5和LR>10 K·m^(-1)。分析表明,青藏高原夏季北部的柴达木盆地和西南部PDDP_(hours)较大。柴达木盆地夏季尘卷风的起沙量最大,起沙范围也较大,平均起沙量可达1.28×10^(5)t,占全年平均起沙量的69.8%。1991-2020年柴达木盆地LR呈现明显的减小趋势,w*/u*呈增加趋势,导致PDDP_(hours)有明显的减小趋势。虽然夏季德令哈降水明显较其他季节多,但夏季UVAI较大,说明夏季除沙尘暴外尘卷风可能对该地区PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)有重要贡献。

24小时活动行为对学龄前儿童执行功能影响的成分等时替代效益研究

对湖南省株洲市209名3~6岁学龄前儿童展开横断面调查,通过加速度计测量24 h活动,采用学龄前儿童执行功能问卷父母版评估学龄前儿童执行功能水平,运用成分数据和等时替代模型方法分析24 h活动时间占比与学龄前儿童执行功能的关系,以及24 h活动行为时间重新分配与执行功能的预期变化。结果显示:(1)MVPA时间占比与学龄前儿童执行功能总分呈显著负相关(β_(1)^((4))=-5.45,P=0.03),LPA时间占比与学龄前儿童执行功能总分也呈显著负相关(β_(1)^((4))=-10.67,P<0.001),睡眠时间占比与学龄前儿童执行功能总分呈显著正相关(β_(1)^((4))=15.30,P<0.001),久坐行为时间占比与学龄前儿童执行功能总分无相关性。(2)15 min等时替代模型预测变化显示,MVPA替换其他活动行为后,学龄前儿童执行功能总分均显著下降,反之则上升,且MVPA与其他3种活动行为时间重新分配对执行功能的等时替代效益具有不对称性;在所有替代中,MVPA替代LPA对降低执行功能总分的效应最佳。研究认为:幼儿园、家长应重视学龄前儿童24 h活动行为时间的综合效应,以及MVPA不足对学龄前儿童执行功能的负面效应。不仅要长期坚持“多动少坐”的理念,更应促进久坐与MVPA之间的转换,同时可以通过提高PA强度促使LPA向MVPA转换,以促进学龄前儿童执行功能发展。

老年人群24 h脉压、脉压指数水平及ApoE基因型频率分布与脑微出血关系研究

目的探讨老年缺血性脑血管病患者24 h脉压、脉压指数水平及ApoE基因型频率分布与脑微出血的关系。方法纳入2022年7月至2023年7月蚌埠医科大学附属蚌埠市第三人民医院神经内科住院的缺血性脑血管病患者146例,根据磁敏感加权成像(SWI)检测结果分为非CMBs组和CMBs组。收集并记录入组患者临床资料及24 h脉压、脉压指数,并检测ApoE基因多态性。结果非CMBs组与CMBs组24 h脉压、脉压指数水平、ApoE基因型及等位基因频率分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析结果显示,ε4等位基因携带组(OR=5.321,95%CI:1.849~15.318)、24 h脉压(OR=1.086,95%CI:1.031~1.143)是老年缺血性脑血管病发生脑微出血的危险因素;ε4等位基因携带组增加了脑叶、深部/幕下组微出血发生率,24 h宽脉压增加了深部/幕下组CMBs发生率。结论24 h脉压、脉压指数水平以及ApoE基因型频率分布与老年缺血性脑血管病发生脑微出血具有一定的关系,ε4等位基因、24 h宽脉压增加脑微出血风险。