A Simple and Rapid Method for the Detection of Non-Ionic Surfactants

A spectrophotometric approach for the detection of non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100) has been proposed in this paper. This method does not involve extraction of the ion-associate with harmful solvents, but employs adhesion of the ion-association of potassium/non-ionic surfactants complex and tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonic acid obtained by vigorous shaking. The adhered ion-associate was dissolved with water and its absorbance was measured. The sensitivity for Triton X-100 was determined to be 0.146 (expressed as absorbance of 1 mg/L solution). The adhesion tendency of ion-associate was found to be dependent on the water contact angle, which in turn was influenced by a high adhesion of the ion-associate and by low blank values. In this respect, a tetrafluo-roethylene vessel was found to be the most suitable for the detection of non-ionic surfactants. This spectrophotometrical method is simply and rapidly performed by a procedure based on mechanical shaking and can be employed to detect non-ionic surfactants containing more than 7 polyethylene oxide units.

Liquid-liquid Extraction System Based on Non-ionic Surfactant-salt-H_2O and Mechanism of Drug Extraction

Extraction behavior of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ) and procaine hydro- chloride (PCN) in the system described in the title was studied. Research shows that the extraction efficiency of CPZ can amount to 96% by twice extraction, while that of PCN is 77%. This system produces the distribution coefficients (KD) of 12.3 and 2.6 respectively for CPZ and PCN. Extraction mechanism is deduced according to ultraviolet and molecular fluorescence spectra variation of the drugs in the system studied.

STUDY ON NEUTRAL DEINKING OF ONP WITH NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS

The ONP neutral deinking performances of fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether with different EO value were investigated in this paper. Meanwhile, the synergistic effects of different non-ionic surfactants, the co-operation of non-ionic surfactants with anionic surfactants,and the effects of different salts added into the above two systems on deinkability were also studied. The results showed the deinking performance of A7 was good. But the synergistic effect of A7 and A4 was better. In addition, the accession of salt W2 could improve the deinking efficiency, and the brightness of the deinked pulp was 1.0%ISO higher than that of A7 and A4.

Non-ionic surfactant on particles removal in post-CMP cleaning

The effect of a non-ionic surfactant on particles removal in post-CMP cleaning was investigated. By changing the concentration of the non-ionic surfactant, a series of experiments were performed on the 12 inch Cu pattern wafers in order to determine the best cleaning results. Then the effect of the surfactant on the reduction of defects and the removal of particles was discussed in this paper. What is more, the negative effect of a non-ionic surfactant was also discussed. Based on the experiment results, it is concluded that the non-ionic surfactant could cause good and ill effects at different concentrations in the post-CMP cleaning process. This understanding will serve as a guide to how much surfactant should be added in order to achieve excellent cleaning performance.

A new cleaning process combining non-ionic surfactant with diamond film electrochemical oxidation for polished silicon wafers

This paper presents a new cleaning process for particle and organic contaminants on polished silicon wafer surfaces.It combines a non-ionic surfactant with boron-doped diamond（BDD） film anode electrochemical oxidation. The non-ionic surfactant is used to remove particles on the polished wafer＇s surface,because it can form a protective film on the surface,which makes particles easy to remove.The effects of particle removal comparative experiments were observed by metallographic microscopy,which showed that the 1%v/v non-ionic surfactant achieved the best result. However,the surfactant film itself belongs to organic contamination,and it eventually needs to be removed.BDD film anode electrochemical oxidation（BDD-EO） is used to remove organic contaminants,because it can efficiently degrade organic matter.Three organic contaminant removal comparative experiments were carried out：the first one used the non-ionic surfactant in the first step and then used BDD-EO,the second one used BDD-EO only,and the last one used RCA cleaning technique.The XPS measurement result shows that the wafer＇s surface cleaned by BDD-EO has much less organic residue than that cleaned by RCA cleaning technique,and the non-ionic surfactant can be efficiently removed by BDD-EO.

利用Triton X-100提升巴氏芽孢杆菌脲酶活性的效果

微生物诱导碳酸盐沉积(MICP)技术是近年来发展起来的一种新型绿色加固技术,如何提升MICP技术的加固效能一直是学者关注的热点,本工作重点结合巴氏芽孢杆菌产脲酶原理和非离子表面活性剂的特点,设计采用非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100提升MICP效能的试验研究。结果表明:(1)在单因素试验结果的基础上,通过响应面试验分析确定了活性剂的最优处理条件,即掺量1.37%、处理时间5.02 h、处理温度34.28℃、菌胶比1∶2.11;(2)采用最优条件处理的巴氏芽孢杆菌对钙质砂进行加固后,钙质砂固化体碳酸钙含量和无侧限抗压强度分别提升了25.48%和22.83%;(3)非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100增大了巴氏芽孢杆菌的细胞膜通透性,一方面使得更多的胞内脲酶释放到细胞外,同时更多的尿素分子进入到细胞内,促进了尿素水解,提升了碳酸钙的生成速率;另一方面使得以细菌为核点生成的碳酸钙胶凝体的结构更为致密,在这两方面作用下,MICP效能得到有效提升。相关思路和研究结果可为MICP加固效果的提升提供新的参考和思路。

乳化剂对冰淇淋抗融性影响的研究进展

冰淇淋因其独特的口感日益受到消费者的喜爱,而抗融性作为一项重要的指标可以直接反映冰淇淋品质的好坏。在冰淇淋的运输、储存和销售过程中,由于环境温度的波动,使得抗融性差的冰淇淋容易产生变形的现象,进而影响冰淇淋品质,甚至会对消费者体验、产品销售乃至品牌声誉产生影响。因此,提高冰淇淋的抗融性是保证冰淇淋品质的关键,而乳化剂作为冰淇淋中常用的食品添加剂对冰淇淋的抗融性具有十分重要的作用。该文主要综述冰淇淋中最常用的两种乳化剂,包括非离子型乳化剂及天然型乳化剂,对冰淇淋抗融性的影响及其特点,以期为提高冰淇淋的抗融性提供理论依据,为改善冰淇淋品质提供参考。

聚丙烯酰胺水溶液的分子动力学模拟研究

为模拟实际选煤过程中产生的含聚污水,采用分子动力学的方法,选择COMPASS II力场,分别对含非离子型聚丙烯酰胺(NPAM)的水溶液体系和含阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)的水溶液体系进行模拟。通过分析聚合物的平衡构象、均方位移曲线、径向分布函数、扩散轨迹及均方回转半径等,进一步探究聚丙酰胺(PAM)水溶液的微观结构与高分子溶液性质的关系。研究结果表明:NPAM在溶液中形成疏水内核球体而悬浮,而HPAM在溶液底部聚集;含HPAM的水溶液中水分子比含NPAM的水溶液中水分子扩散系数较大;HPAM表面与附近水分子作用数较多,形成强氢键;HPAM在溶液中水分子位移和活动范围都比NPAM中水分子大;在水溶液中NPAM比HPAM更好地舒展。

离子液体在非光气法合成异氰酸酯过程中的应用

综述了以离子液体为催化剂、助催化剂、溶剂和热载体,在采用氨基甲酸酯催化热分解路线制备异氰酸酯反应过程中的应用研究进展,阐述了离子液体阴阳离子种类及取代基等对其应用效果的影响规律,总结了离子液体在该路线各步骤中作为不同角色发挥作用的效果与机理,以期为异氰酸酯合成过程的绿色化研究提供参考。

非离子改性水性醇酸树脂-丙烯酸树脂杂化体的制备及性能

首先用新戊二醇、间苯二甲酸–5–磺酸钠合成磺酸盐聚酯中间体,然后将其和非离子亲水单体(N120)、季戊四醇、豆油酸、邻苯二甲酸酐进行聚酯化反应合成水性醇酸树脂。再将水性醇酸树脂用丙烯酸酯单体进行自由基接枝聚合得到非离子改性水性醇酸树脂–丙烯酸树脂杂化体。用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TGA)对其结构进行了表征;探究了非离子亲水单体的用量、醇酸树脂分子量、油度、酸值对杂化体成膜性能和贮存稳定性的影响。结果显示:非离子亲水单体占水性醇酸树脂4%~8%(质量分数)、醇酸树脂分子量为2 200~2 500,油度为50%、杂化体酸值为10 mg KOH/g时制得的杂化体涂膜耐水性、干性、光泽及贮存稳定性最好。

水性环氧固化剂的研究及应用进展

水性环氧固化剂是水性环氧树脂自乳化和自固化的关键,其组成、结构对水性环氧树脂性能起着决定性作用。综述了固化剂制备技术,分析了酰胺化多胺法、聚酰胺法及环氧-多胺加成法制备技术及其优缺点,探讨了水性环氧固化剂的应用进展,展望了其未来的发展方向。

一种非离子型复合表面活性剂在碱性及酸性环境中的应用

以一种自制的非离子型复合表面活性剂为研究对象,主要研究了该复合剂碱性清洗体系的清洗性、漂洗性和稳定性以及测试其对酸性体系除油效率的影响情况。结果表明:该复合剂碱性清洗体系具有优异的清洗性、易漂洗、稳定性佳,除油率可达90%以上;在酸性溶液中,该复合剂能够有效提高有机酸、无机酸溶液的清洗效果,除油率均达到90%以上。因此,该非离子型复合剂与酸、碱互溶,不析出不分层且具有优异的乳化除油效果,能够应用于金属加工清洗的碱、酸性溶液中。

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚的性能研究

研究了C12~14脂肪醇聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚AEO9Pm(P=0、2和4,P=0即为AEO9)的性能,包括平衡表面张力、动态表面张力、粘度、泡沫、润湿和乳化性能。实验结果表明:随着PO数的增加,临界胶束浓度、泡沫体积和粘度降低,动态表面张力下降速度增加,润湿性和乳化能力提高。

非离子型碘对比剂的临床合理应用及管理对策

目的分析不同浓度、注射速率的非离子型碘对比剂成像效果及不良反应,为临床CT检查中正确选择用药、扫描方案及不良反应处理提供依据。方法随机选择12500例使用非离子型碘对比剂患者,根据常用的三种对比剂使用模式,将患者分为A(2780例)、B(6230例)、C(3490例)组。A组采用碘帕醇370 mg/L,速率5 mL/s;B组采用碘海醇300 mg/L,速率3 mL/s;C组采用碘克沙醇270 mg/L,速率2.5 mL/s。比较三组的影像图像质量、对比剂渗漏及不良反应发生情况。结果三组患者的图像质量不合格153例,占比1.22%(153/12500);图像质量合格12347例,占比98.78%(12347/12500)。三组患者的图像质量合格率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。三组患者对比剂渗漏25例,发生率为0.20%(25/12500);A组对比剂渗漏17例,发生率为0.61%(17/2780);B组对比剂渗漏7例,发生率为0.11%(7/6230);C组对比剂渗漏1例,发生率为0.03%(1/3490);三组患者的对比剂渗漏发生率比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.005)。三组患者共发生不良反应97例,占比0.78%(97/12500),其中轻度反应84例,占比0.67%(84/12500);中度反应13例,占比0.10%(13/12500);无重度不良反应。三组患者的不良反应总发生率比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.005);B组的不良反应总发生率低于A组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论预防和处理非离子型碘对比剂的应用风险是目前CT扫描中一个十分重要的问题;从非离子型碘对比剂不良反应风险预防、对比剂渗漏风险预防与护理等方面加以分析,可在确保获得最佳图像效果的同时保证患者安全。

Theranostic applications:Non-ionizing cellular and molecular imaging through innovative nanosystems for early diagnosis and therapy

Modern medicine is expanding the possibilities of receiving "personalized" diagnosis and therapies,providing minimal invasiveness,technological solutions based on non-ionizing radiation,early detection of pathologies with the main objectives of being operator independent and with low cost to society.Our research activities aim to strongly contribute to these trends by improving the capabilities of current diagnostic imaging systems,which are of key importance in possibly providing both optimal diagnosis and therapies to patients.In medical diagnostics,cellular imaging aims to develop new methods and technologies for the detection of specific metabolic processes in living organisms,in order to accurately identify and discriminate normal from pathological tissues.In fact,most diseases have a "molecular basis" that detected through these new diagnostic methodologies can provide enormous benefits to medicine.Nowadays,this possibility is mainly related to the use of Positron Emission Tomography,with an exposure to ionizing radiation for patients and operators and with extremely high medical diagnosticscosts.The future possible development of non-ionizing cellular imaging based on techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance or Ultrasound,would represent an important step towards modern and personalized therapies.During the last decade,the field of nanotechnology has made important progress and a wide range of organic and inorganic nanomaterials are now available with an incredible number of further combinations with other compounds for cellular targeting.The availability of these new advanced nanosystems allows new scenarios in diagnostic methodologies which are potentially capable of providing morphological and functional information together with metabolic and cellular indications.

Ionizing and non-ionizing kerma factors in silicon for China Spallation Neutron Source neutron spectrum

The quantification of ionizing energy deposition and non-ionizing energy deposition plays a critical role in precision neutron dosimetry and in the separation of the displacement damage effects and ionizing effects induced by neutron radiation on semiconductor devices. In this report, neutrons generated by the newly built China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) are simulated by Geant4 in semiconductor material silicon to calculate the ionizing and non-ionizing kerma factors. Furthermore, the integral method is applied to calculate neutron-induced ionizing at the CSNS and non-ionizing kerma factors according to the standard neutron nuclear database and the incident neutron spectrum. In addition, thermoluminescence dosimeters are utilized to measure the ionizing energy deposition and six series of bipolar junction transistors are used to measure the non-ionizing energy deposition based on their neutron damage constants. The calibrated kerma factors that were experimentally measured agreed well with the simulation and integral calculation results. This report describes a complete set of methods and fundamental data for the analysis of neutron-induced radiation effects at the CSNS on silicon-based semiconductor devices.

Exposure to a 2.5 GHz Non-ionizing Electromagnetic Field Alters Hematological Profiles, Biochemical Parameters, and Induces Oxidative Stress in Male Albino Rats

Modern technology has witnessed milestone achievements in the telecommunication industry.However,the widespread application of telecommunication technology is believed to heighten electromagnetic field(EMF)‘pollution’in our environment[1]and subject living organisms to various sources of electromagnetic emissions.These emissions include;microwaves.

Non-ionizing energy loss calculations for modeling electron-induced degradation of Cu(In,Ga)Se_2 thin-film solar cells

The lowest energies which make Cu,In,Ga,and Se atoms composing Cu（In,Ga）Se_2（CIGS） material displaced from their lattice sites are evaluated,respectively.The non-ionizing energy loss（NIEL） for electron in CIGS material is calculated analytically using the Mott differential cross section.The relation of the introduction rate（k） of the recombination centers to NIEL is modified,then the values of k at different electron energies are calculated.Degradation modeling of CIGS thin-film solar cells irradiated with various-energy electrons is performed according to the characterization of solar cells and the recombination centers.The validity of the modeling approach is verified by comparison with the experimental data.

高可靠产品清洗工艺及设备综述

以免清洗工艺和一个产品失效案例为开端,介绍了国内外相关标准对高可靠产品清洗的要求。主要讨论清洗工艺及设备,阐述了助焊剂的成分及反应机理、清洗原理与溶剂、清洗设备和工艺参数,最后探讨了清洗设备的趋势。