Pre-compensation of Friction for CNC Machine Tools through Constructing a Nonlinear Model Predictive Scheme

Nonlinear friction is a dominant factor afecting the control accuracy of CNC machine tools.This paper proposes a friction pre-compensation method for CNC machine tools through constructing a nonlinear model predictive scheme.The nonlinear friction-induced tracking error is frstly modeled and then utilized to establish the nonlinear model predictive scheme,which is subsequently used to optimize the compensation signal by treating the friction-induced tracking error as the optimization objective.During the optimization procedure,the derivative of compensation signal is constrained to avoid vibration of machine tools.In contrast to other existing approaches,the proposed method only needs the parameters of Stribeck friction model and an additional tuning parameter,while fnely identifying the parameters related to the pre-sliding phenomenon is not required.As a result,it greatly facilitates the practical applicability.Both air cutting and real cutting experiments conducted on an in-house developed open-architecture CNC machine tool prove that the proposed method can reduce the tracking errors by more than 56%,and reduce the contour errors by more than 50%.

OBSERVER/FILTER STRUCTURE BASED ADAPTIVE FRICTION COMPENSATION FOR HIGH PRECISION TURNTABLE

Two adaptive friction compensation schemes are developed for a high precision turntable system with nonlinear dynamic friction to handle two types of parametric uncertainties in the friction. Both schemes utilize a nonlinear observer/filter structure to compensate for uncertainties in corresponding friction parameters associated with the turntable system. Moreover, in the second scheme, adjustable gains are introduced into the dual nonlin- ear filters and they can be tuned to improve the position tracking performance. In both cases, a Lyapunov-like argument is provided for the global asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.

Joint torque-based Cartesian impedance control with friction compensations

In order to investigate the joint torque-based Cartesian impedance control strategies and the influence of compensations for friction, an experimental study on the identification of friction parameters, friction compensation and the Cartesian impedance control are developed for the harmonic drive robot, by using the sensors available in the joint itself. Different from the conventional Cartesian impedance control schemes which are mostly based on the robot end force/torque information, five joint torque-based Cartesian impedance control schemes are considered, including the force-based schemes in Cartesian/joint space, the position-based schemes in Cartesian/joint space and the stiffness control. Four of them are verified by corresponding experiments with/without friction compensations. By comparison, it is found that the force-based impedance control strategy is more suitable than the position-based one for the robot based on joint torque feedback and the friction has even a positive effect on Cartesian impedance control stability.

Experimental Comparison Between PID Control and Friction Compensation Control for a Class of Nonlinear System with Friction

A point to? point positioning control of systems with highly nonlinear frictions is studied. In view of variable frictions caused by the changes of load torque, an experimental comparison was made between the valve? controlled hydraulic motor servo system with PID control and that with friction compensation control. Experimental results show that the gross steady errors are caused by frictions when the system is controlled by the conventional proportional control algorithm. Although the errors can be reduced by introducing the integral control, the limit cycle oscillation and the long setting time are caused. The positioning error for a constant load torque can be eliminated by using fixed friction compensation, but poor positioning accuracy is caused by the same fixed friction compensation when the load torques varies greatly. The dynamic friction compensation based on the error and change in error measurements can significantly improve the position precision in a broad range of the changes of load torque.

Medical Grabbing Servo System with Friction Compensation Based on the Differential Evolution Algorithm

This paper introduces a pneumatic finger cylinder servo control system for medical grabbing.First,according to the physical structure of the proportional directional valve and the pneumatic cylinder,the state equation of the gas in the servo system was obtained.The Stribeck friction compensation model of a pneumatic finger cylinder controlled by a proportional valve was established and the experimental platform built.To allow the system output to bet-ter track the change in the input signal,the flow-gain compensation method was adopted.On this basis,a friction compensation control strategy based on a differential evolution algorithm was proposed and applied to the position control system of a pneumatic finger cylinder.Finally,the strategy was compared with the traditional proportional derivative(PD)strategy and that with friction compensation.The experimental results showed that the position accuracy of the finger cylinder position control system can be improved by using the friction compensation strategy based on the differential evolution algorithm to optimize the PD parameters.

Adaptive robust control for electrical cylinder with friction compensation usingmodified LuGre model

The position tracking control problem of an electrical cylinder in the presence of dynamic friction nonlinearities in its transmission process is addressed in this paper. First, a torque decou- piing approach is proposed to formulate the dynamic model. Secondly, to compensate the friction in the case of servo motion, a modified LuGre model is designed to make a continuous transition be- tween a static model at a high speed and a LuGre model at a low speed to avoid instability due to dis- cretization with a finite sampling rate. To accelerate the speed of estimating time-varying parame- ters, a fast adaption law is proposed by designing an attraction domain around a rough value related to the load force. Finally, a discontinuous projection based adaptive robust controller is synthesized to effectively handle parametric uncertainties for ensuring a guaranteed robust performance. A Lya- punov stability analysis demonstrates that all signals including tracking errors have the guaranteed convergent and bounded performance. Extensive comparative simulations with sinusoidal and point- point tracks are obtained respectively in low and high speeds. The results show the effectiveness and the achievable control performance of the proposed control strategy.

Prestiction friction compensation in direct-drive mechatronics systems

LuGre model has been widely used in friction modeling and compensation.However,the new friction regime,named prestiction regime,cannot be accurately characterized by LuGre model in the latest research.With the extensive experimental observations of friction behaviors in the prestiction,some variables were abstracted to depict the rules in the prestiction regime.Based upon the knowledge of friction modeling,a novel friction model including the presliding regime,the gross sliding regime and the prestiction regime was then presented to overcome the shortcomings of the LuGre model.The reason that LuGre model cannot estimate the prestiction friction was analyzed in theory.Feasibility analysis of the proposed model in modeling the prestiction friction was also addressed.A parameter identification method for the proposed model based on multilevel coordinate search algorithm was presented.The proposed friction compensation strategy was composed of a nonlinear friction observer and a feedforward mechanism.The friction observer was designed to estimate the friction force in the presliding and the gross sliding regimes.And the friction force was estimated based on the model in the prestiction regime.The comparative trajectory tracking experiments were conducted on a simulator of inertially stabilization platforms among three control schemes:the single proportional–derivative(PD)control,the PD with LuGre model-based compensation and the PD with compensator based on the presented model.The experimental results reveal that the control scheme based on the proposed model has the best tracking performance.It reduces the peak-to-peak value(PPV)of tracking error to 0.2 mrad,which is improved almost 50%compared with the PD with LuGre model-based compensation.Compared to the single PD control,it reduces the PPV of error by 66.7%.

Pressure-tracking control of a novel electro-hydraulic braking system considering friction compensation

This work presents an integrated pressure-tracking controller for a novel electro-hydraulic brake(EHB) system considering friction and hydraulic disturbances. To this end, a mathematical model of an EHB system, consisting of actuator and hydraulic sub-systems, is derived for describing the fundamental dynamics of the system and designing the controller. Due to sensor inaccuracy and measurement noise, a Kalman filter is constructed to estimate push rod stroke for generating desired master cylinder pressure. To improve pressure-tracking accuracy, a linear friction model is generated by linearizing the nonlinear Tustin friction model, and the unmodeled friction disturbances are assumed unknown but bounded. A sliding mode controller is designed for compensating friction disturbances, and the stability of the controller is investigated using the Lyapunov method. The performance of the proposed integrated controller is evaluated with a hardware-in-the-loop(HIL) test platform equipped with the EHB prototype. The test results demonstrate that the EHB system with the proposed integrated controller not only achieves good pressure-tracking performance, but also maintains robustness to friction disturbances.

A convenient look-up-table based method for the compensation of non-linear error in digital fringe projection

Although the structured light system that uses digital fringe projection has been widely implemented in three-dimensional surface profile measurement, the measurement system is susceptible to non-linear error. In this work, we propose a convenient look-up-table-based （LUT-based） method to compensate for the non-linear error in captured fringe patterns. Without extra calibration, this LUT-based method completely utilizes the captured fringe pattern by recording the full-field differences. Then, a phase compensation map is established to revise the measured phase. Experimental results demonstrate that this method works effectively.

Application of Nonlinear Friction Compensation to Pneumatic Positioning

For a pneumatic actuator,precise positioning is difficult to obtain because of the compressibility of air and the static friction and Coulomb friction.This paper develops a nonlinear friction compensation scheme for precise positioning of a pneumatic system.This Scheme is tested by simulation and experiment and is shown to be effective.

Improved Nonlinear Friction Compensation Method for Robot Joint Driving

In order to alleviate the steady-state position error and the destabilizing effect of the nonlinear friction, a novel compensation method is presented, which modified the traditional Southward's compensation method. Estimated the nonlinear friction model using an identification method, the effect caused by its nonlinear component can be compensated, and an enhanced tracking performance is verified on a selectively compliant articulated robot arm(SCARA) robot.

Adaptive Real-time Predictive Compensation Control for 6-DOF Serial Arc Welding Manipulator

Because of long driving chain and great system load inertia, the serial manipulator has a serious time delay problem which leads to significant real-time tracking control errors and damages the welding quality finally. In order to solve the time delay problem and enhance the welding quality, an adaptive real-time predictive compensation control（ARTPCC） is presented in this paper. The ARTPCC technique combines offline identification and online compensation. Based on the neural network system identification technique, the ARTPCC technique identifies the dynamic joint model of the 6-DOF serial arc welding manipulator offline. With the identified dynamic joint model, the ARTPCC technique predicts and compensates the tracking error online using the adaptive friction compensation technique. The ARTPCC technique is proposed in detail in this paper and applied in the real-time tracking control experiment of the 6-DOF serial arc welding manipulator. The tracking control experiment results of the end-effector reference point of the manipulator show that the presented control technique reduces the tracking error, enhances the system response and tracking accuracy efficiently. Meanwhile, the welding experiment results show that the welding seam turns more continuous, uniform and smooth after using the ARTPCC technique. With the ARTPCC technique, the welding quality of the 6-DOF serial arc welding manipulator is highly improved.

基于速度控制的机器人轨迹摩擦补偿控制算法

目前机器人已在工业生产制造中得到广泛的应用,但由于机器人系统中关节摩擦等因素的影响,机器人的轨迹跟踪精度难以满足高精度生产的需求。为减少机械结构中非线性摩擦因素和系统中未建模干扰等因素对机器人运行稳定性和加工精度的影响,文中提出了一种速度模式下的摩擦补偿控制算法。首先,基于傅里叶级数和5次多项式混合的方式设计最优激励轨迹,通过最小二乘法完成动力学参数的预辨识,并利用Levenberg-Marquardt法对预辨识结果进行迭代寻优,从而建立更为精确的机器人动力学模型;然后,基于李雅普诺夫方法设计机器人轨迹跟踪控制算法,将最速离散跟踪微分器中采集的关节角度输入所设计的轨迹跟踪控制算法中,得到实时的关节速度补偿值,将补偿值实时输入机器人中实现摩擦补偿控制;最后,以六自由度串联机器人为实验对象,对所设计的摩擦补偿控制算法进行实验验证。结果表明,相对于摩擦补偿前,机器人的末端轨迹跟踪精度提升约35%,从而验证了文中所提算法在机器人摩擦补偿领域的有效性。

基于刚度可调的气动位置伺服系统摩擦补偿控制

气动伺服系统的低刚度、低气源压强、流量易饱和等特性,导致系统在工作过程中能量耗散较大,系统易受摩擦影响,且补偿效果不明显。尤其是当系统的运动方向改变时,会产生明显的“平顶现象”,严重影响气动伺服系统的跟踪精度。采用负载口独立控制结构,消除因两腔耦合而导致的能量耗散,使系统流量特性尽可能地位于线性区间;针对气动系统中存在的摩擦中部分参数不确定,以及外界干扰、动态负载的不确定性,设计非线性自适应鲁棒控制方法;将系统的刚度调节与自适应鲁棒控制进行协同控制,提高气动位置伺服系统的动态性能。仿真和实验结果均表明:具有刚度调节的自适应鲁棒控制能够明显降低系统能量耗散,提高系统位置跟踪精度,有效改善摩擦引起的“平顶现象”。

一种利用自适应发射率模型补偿搅拌摩擦焊温度场的方法

针对目前搅拌摩擦焊温度场研究大多忽略热辐射作用或者采用固定发射率模型导致误差较大的问题,提出一种考虑粗糙表面的铝合金氧化膜生长过程的自适应发射率模型,对焊接温度场进行补偿研究。首先,考虑到搅拌摩擦焊过程中铝合金表面形貌的动态变化,采用二次曲面响应法确定焊接表面粗糙度及其与平均线单位长度平均值的交点数;随后,基于提出的自适应发射率,建立6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程的完全耦合有限元模型进行数值模拟,并对模拟结果进行分析。结果表明:不同焊接条件下,基于自适应发射率模型所得结果与实验结果之间的最大绝对误差仅为11 K,表明采用自适应发射率的数值模型能够较好地再现焊接过程中的温度场,可为提高搅拌摩擦焊焊接质量提供支持。

基于LuGre摩擦模型参数辨识与误差补偿方法的综述

文章对机械系统中LuGre摩擦模型的参数辨识与误差补偿方法进行了文献综述,并从参数辨识和误差补偿两个方面对该模型的应用进行了探讨。首先,介绍了LuGre摩擦模型的基本原理和数学表达式。其次,概述了常见的LuGre摩擦模型参数辨识方法。然后,讨论了LuGre模型的误差补偿方法。最后,指出了未来研究的发展方向。通过对LuGre模型参数辨识与误差补偿方法的综述,可为相关领域的研究者提供参考和启示,有助于进一步推进摩擦补偿技术的发展和应用。

液压机械臂驱动关节的非线性摩擦力自适应补偿控制

液压机械臂在重载任务中至关重要,但在精细化作业中却普遍存在“力量够大、精细不足”的问题。无论采用全自主还是半自主的作业方式,精密运动控制都是实现精细作业的首要基础。液压机械臂多采用液压缸直动推动关节转动的非线性驱动关节构型,摩擦分别来自液压缸和转动轴,但现研究大多忽略直动摩擦而仅考虑转动摩擦,因而运动控制中的摩擦补偿不到位。建立了面向模型补偿控制的液压机械臂非线性驱动关节动力学模型,全面考虑液压缸和转动轴的摩擦特性,进而提出摩擦补偿控制方法。结合基于最小二乘的在线参数自适应律,设计了直接/间接自适应鲁棒控制器。最后开展多组仿真对比,验证所提控制方法对液压机械臂驱动关节控制精度的提升效果。

光电跟踪系统非均匀受力摩擦补偿研究

为了解决光电跟踪系统中摩擦扰动问题、进一步提高视轴稳定精度,采用了LuGre模型和终端滑模观测器(TSMO)融合的补偿方法(LuGre-TSMO),即在LuGre模型的基础上设计一种基于新型趋近率的终端滑模观测器,实现对系统摩擦的2次补偿。结果表明,相比于未补偿情况,LuGre-TSMO方法的速度跟踪均方根误差平均下降了65.38%,有效提高了实验平台视轴稳定精度;相比于LuGre模型方法和终端滑模观测器方法,LuGre-TSMO方法摩擦补偿效果最好。该方法在光电跟踪系统中是可行且有效的。

改进LuGre模型的挖掘机器人摩擦补偿控制

非线性摩擦会降低挖掘机器人电液伺服系统的动静态性能,引起轨迹爬行、平峰和稳态误差等现象。经典LuGre摩擦模型仅与速度有关,内部鬃毛状态变量无法准确测量,无法全面描述复杂的挖掘机器人电液伺服系统摩擦特性。本文综合考虑电液伺服系统位置、速度和方向等信息,设计了一种改进的LuGre摩擦模型,同时引入速度阈值解决了弹性鬃毛平均变形状态观测器不稳定问题。其次,为了解决传统优化算法陷入局部最优解、收敛速度慢等问题,通过引入惯性权重、异步变化和精英突变操作改进基本粒子群优化算法,以精准快速辨识出改进LuGre摩擦模型中的6个未知参数。最后,结合辨识出的摩擦模型,基于结构不变性原理设计前馈摩擦补偿控制器,并在23吨挖掘机器人进行了正弦和三角波不同工况下的轨迹跟踪实验。实验结果表明,传统的比例积分微分控制器跟踪误差最大,三角轨迹最大跟踪误差达到了29.68 mm,基于改进LuGre模型设计的前馈摩擦补偿控制器仅为9.70 mm,误差减小了67.31%,基于改进LuGre模型设计的前馈摩擦补偿控制器可以有效提升挖掘机器人的轨迹跟踪精度。

基于GMS摩擦力补偿和干扰观测器的高精度速度控制

为了降低机械轴系摩擦力扰动对于伺服控制器在低速运动控制精度的影响,进一步提高传统伺服控制器对于稳定平台的控制能力,提出了一种基于广义Maxwell滑动(generalized Maxwell-slip,GMS)摩擦力模型前馈和干扰观测器的高精度摩擦力补偿方案。首先在传统控制基础上引入GMS摩擦模型前馈补偿对摩擦扰动进行初步的补偿;然后,通过加入干扰观测器,对残余扰动及其他扰动进行第2次的抑制。利用实物平台对控制方法的低速运动性能进行了测试,对比设计的控制算法和传统PI控制器的控制结果,验证提出的控制策略抑制摩擦扰动的效果。结果表明,基于GMS摩擦力前馈和干扰观测器的控制方案有效的补偿了摩擦非线性、模型不确定性等因素对于控制系统的影响。新方法可将稳定平台低速运动时的控制误差降低到0.015°/s,在实际工程中具有较高的应用价值。