Higher-order expansions of powered extremes of logarithmic general error distribution

In this paper,Let M_(n)denote the maximum of logarithmic general error distribution with parameter v≥1.Higher-order expansions for distributions of powered extremes M_(n)^(p)are derived under an optimal choice of normalizing constants.It is shown that M_(n)^(p),when v=1,converges to the Frechet extreme value distribution at the rate of 1/n,and if v>1 then M_(n)^(p)converges to the Gumbel extreme value distribution at the rate of(loglogn)^(2)=(log n)^(1-1/v).

Urban Expansion in Major Grain Producing Area from 1978 to 2017:A Case Study of Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area,China

The spatial form of urbanization in China has developed from single-core city expansion to a multi-center metropolitan area.However,little attention has been paid to the growth process of the emerging metropolitan area situated in major grain producing locations in the central China.Taking the Zhengzhou metropolitan area(ZZMA)as a case study,we developed an inverse S-shape model to characterize the spatial distribution of urban land density,and constructed an urban expansion core index,urban expansion intensity index,and urban compactness index to quantify the spatial structure change that has taken place from 1978 to 2017 during the process of urban expansion.Moreover,cropland contribution rate(CR)was constructed to evaluate the impacts of urban expansion on croplands.We uncovered four key findings.First,over the past 40 yr,the ZZMA has experienced dramatic expansion,and the central city of Zhengzhou expanded faster than other cities.The gravity centers of urban expansion of surrounding cities were moving toward to Zhengzhou City.Second,the urban land density decreased with the distance from the city center to the outskirts.As the only large city,Zhengzhou has experienced the fastest and most compact centralized urban expansion,especially after 2000,while other medium-and small-sized cities have experienced low-intensity decentralized expansion.Third,the urban core has been gradually expanding outward.From 1978 to 2017,the hot-zone of urban growth has moved progressively with the acceleration of urbanization.All cities except Jiaozuo had a single peak in different periods.Forth,the cities in national core grain-producing areas has higher cropland contribution rates and lower urban expansion areas,which was closely related to cropland protection.Further analysis showed that large city was relatively better positioned than smaller cities in the efficiency of their urban infrastructure and the effectiveness of wealth creation efficiency in the urbanized area could be tested in all cities,and the policy factor seemed to play an important role in the urban expansion process.

Geographical Variation and Influencing Factors of Spartina alterniflora Expansion Rate in Coastal China

Biological invasion poses a huge threat to ecological security.Spartina alterniflora was introduced into China in 1979,and its arrival corresponded with negative effects on native ecosystems.To explore geographical variation of its expansion rate in coastal China,we selected 43 S.alterniflora sites from Tianjin Coastal New Area to Beihai.The area expansion rate,expansion rate paralleling and vertical to the shoreline were analysed based on Landsat images and field survey in 2015.Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA)and climate data were collected to statistically analyse the influential factors of expansion rate.Results showed that significant difference of S.alterniflora area expansion rate among different latitude zones(P<0.01),increasing from 6.08%at southern(21°N–23°N)to 19.87% in Bohai Bay(37°N–39°N)along latitude gradient.There was a significant difference in expansion rate vertical to shoreline in different latitude zones(P<0.01)with the largest occurring in Bohai Bay(256m/yr,37°N–39°N),and showed an decreasing tendency gradually from north to south.No significant difference and latitudinal clines in expansion rate paralleling to shoreline were observed.Expansion rate had significant negative correlation with mean seawater temperature,the lowest seawater temperature,current zonal velocity and meridional velocity and presented a reducing trend as these biotic factors increased;however,they were not significantly correlated with the highest seawater temperature and mean seawater salinity.We identified significant correlations between expansion rate and annual mean temperature,the lowest temperature in January and annual precipitation,but there was little correlation with annual diurnal difference in temperature and the highest temperature in July.The rapid expansion rate in high-latitude China demonstrated a higher risk of potential invasion in the north;dynamic monitoring and control management should be established as soon as possible.

Volume expansion rates of seismic landslides and influencing factors: A case study of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

When a big landside occurs, source material can change into loose deposit during its runout, causing the increase of the total landslide volume to some extent. Such changes can influence the quantification of seismic landslides. The objective of this paper was to study the volume expansion rate of landslides based on the data of 1417 co-seismic landslides triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan, China Mw 7.9 earthquake. We also analyzed the correlations between this rate and landslide geometric parameters(volume, height(H), length-width ratio(L/W), length-height ratio(L/H)), and environmental factors(peak ground acceleration(PGA), lithology, slope angle and aspect). The results show that the total source volume of the 1417 landslides is 1248 million m3, while the total volume of the deposit is 1501 million m3, which means the total volume expanding rate(Et) is 20.3% with the average volume expansion rate(Ea) 22.6%. The analysis indicates that volume expansion rate generally decreases with the increasing volume and height of landslides, while becoming larger with increasing L/H and L/W. Besides, the volume expansion rate is closely related to the landslide type and the volume scale of landslides. This study analyses volume change of co-seismic landslides deeply, permitting to help the correct quantification of the source volume and deposit volume of seismic landslide and a useful reference for the correct quantification of landslide volume.

RATE OF CONVERGENCE AND EXPANSION OF RNYI ENTROPIC CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM

We obtain the expansion of Renyi divergence of order α （0 〈 α 〈 1） between the normalized sum of IID continuous random variables and the Caussian limit under minimal moment conditions via Edgeworth-type expansion. The rate is faster than that of Shannon case, which can be used to improve the rate of convergence in total variance norm.

An experimental study of salt expansion in sodium saline soils under transient conditions

Salt expansion in sulfate saline soils that are widely distributed in northwestern China causes serious infrastructural damages under low-temperature conditions. However, the mechanism of salt expansion under low temperatures is not clear. In this study, we conducted a series of cooling experiments combined with salt crystallization to study this mechanism, and employed an ionic model to calculate the supersaturation ratio of the solution. During the experiments, the strength and the process of salt expansion were examined under different cooling rates and various crystal morphologies. The relationship between temperature and supersaturation ratio under transient conditions was also considered. Results indicate that the initial supersaturation ratio of a sodium sulfate solution is closely related to environmental conditions, and that this ratio decreases with slowing the cooling rates and stabilizing the crystal forms. Higher initial supersaturation ratios lead to an increased non-steady-state zone, resulting in less salt expansion. On the other hand, chloride ion content has a distinct influence on the crystallization supersaturation ratio of the sodium sulfate solution, and higher chloride ion content can inhibit salt expansion in sodium saline soils. These findings help explain salt expansion mechanisms in complex conditions such as seasonally frozen soils, and thus help search for improved methods of preventing salt expansion in sulfate saline soils.

TAYLOR EXPANSION METHOD FOR NONLINEAR EVOLUTION EQUATIONS

A new numerical method of integrating the nonlinear evolution equations, namely the Taylor expansion method, was presented. The standard Galerkin method can be viewed as the 0_th order Taylor expansion method; while the nonlinear Galerkin method can be viewed as the 1_st order modified Taylor expansion method. Moreover, the existence of the numerical solution and its convergence rate were proven. Finally, a concrete example, namely, the two_dimensional Navier_Stokes equations with a non slip boundary condition,was provided. The result is that the higher order Taylor expansion method is of the higher convergence rate under some assumptions about the regularity of the solution.

Experimental research on the mixed sand ratio and initial dry density of weathered sand improved expansive soil free load swelling rate

In this paper, through the indoor free load swelling rate test, expansive soil in a section of a first- class highway reconstruction project in Yichang City was studied. It emphatically analyzed the interrelations among free load swelling rate, non-load time, the proportion of mixed sand and initial dry density. Experimen- tal studies have shown that： Free load swelling deformation is mainly divided into three stages of rapid expan- sion, slow expansion and final stability; when the initial dry density is constant, free load swelling rate of the weathered sand modified soil will reduce rapidly before they slow down with the increase of sand proportion, and weathered sand modified soil free load swelling rate is not sensitive to the large amount of sand mixed; in the same mixed sand ratio, weathered sand modified soil free load swelling rate increases rapidly with the in- crease of initial dry density, there is a good linear correlation between them. To take appropriate control of the initial dry density during the expansive soil subgrade construction helps to reduce its swelling deformation and ensures the stability of the embankment.

Quinoa Expansion in Peruvian Departments and Land Use Change before the Health Crisis

National and international policies have promoted quinoa consumption, influencing the expansion of the crop, and generating changes in land use. In this article, we analyzed the evolution of quinoa cultivation in Peru both at the national and departmental levels. Time series analysis vas used to. Between 1951 and 2019, the evolution of the quinoa-harvested areas in Peru has gone through various stages, first in regression until 1990, and then it has experienced a growth rate of 10%. Puno is still by far the department where the crop is most widespread. Taking into account the geographical and technological conditions, this highland area is less likely to maintain the rate of expansion than the Peruvian coast, which will imply great challenges for Andean farmers who have maintained the traditional crop throughout the period.

深海环境下金属点蚀进程及诱导应力演化

局部腐蚀产生的应力是影响海洋服役装备寿命与稳定性的关键因素.针对深海钢材料的点蚀力学问题,采用关联腐蚀与诱导应力的方法展开研究,建立了基于Nernst-Planck传质方程的腐蚀模型与腐蚀诱导应力模型,结合COMSOL多物理场仿真软件实现了深海点蚀全进程中力-电化学信息的协同表征,其关键技术有两个,一是基于腐蚀膨胀理论给出了应力与腐蚀参量之间的联系,二是以产物堆积增厚与基底腐蚀减薄的面积比确定了腐蚀膨胀率,给出了腐蚀进程中电流密度、形貌、诱导应力等参量随时空的非线性演化规律.结果表明:空间分布上,深海环境下的腐蚀呈深挖状,蚀坑中心处的电流密度最大、腐蚀程度最深,腐蚀诱导应力存在明显的集中效应,力、电化学参量随着远离蚀坑中心呈现出发散状的削弱趋势;时序演化上,电流密度随腐蚀年限减小,腐蚀进程因此逐年放缓,然而,由于蚀坑中心尖锐程度的加剧,腐蚀诱导应力的非线性增加却愈发剧烈.在此基础上,研究了腐蚀产物形貌对应力的影响,对比了简化椭球形产物与模拟所得实际形貌产物两种情况的腐蚀诱导应力,结果表明实际形貌产物最大拉应力高于椭球形的最大应力,误差超过50%,指出点蚀研究中忽略蚀坑的深挖动力学特征会给腐蚀相关的力学研究带来偏差.

玉米秸秆刨花板压制工艺优化及吸水厚度膨胀率

农作物秸秆用作人造板原材料,可减少环境污染,缓解木材供需紧张,秸秆中纤维素与木质素含量可以满足人造板生产要求。以玉米秸秆刨花为原料,在一定热压压力、热压时间、刨花密度、热压温度下,采用不同施胶量无机胶黏剂压制玉米秸秆刨花板,探索最优工艺参数及玉米秸秆刨花板吸水厚度膨胀率变化规律。结果显示:压制玉米秸秆刨花板的最优工艺参数为刨花含水率12%、热压压力1.6MPa、热压时间9min、刨花密度1.0g/cm^(3)、施胶量20%、热压温度90℃;影响玉米秸秆刨花板吸水厚度膨胀率的因素依次为刨花含水率>热压压力>热压时间>刨花密度>施胶量>热压温度。试验结果表明:在吸水厚度膨胀率合格的前提下,玉米秸秆刨花板的内结合强度、弹性模量、静曲强度均符合国家标准规定的性能要求。

水侵气藏型储气库全周期高效建设微观模拟实验

借助微观可视化模型与微流控技术,开展了水侵气藏型储气库初期建库阶段注气驱水及循环储采阶段采气底水上侵、储气排驱水体的模拟实验,分析气液界面稳定机制、气液渗流与赋存规律,探索储气库全周期高效运行的优化调控方式。研究表明:储气库初期建库阶段应调控注气速度,充分发挥重力作用保证气液界面宏观稳定运移,大幅度提高气体的波及能力,为储气库后续循环储采阶段提供更大的储气孔隙空间。储气库循环储采阶段,恒定的储采气速度导致孔隙空间利用率低,逐渐提高储采气速度,从“小吞小吐”逐渐过渡到“大吞大吐”,可以持续打破孔喉内流体的平衡受力状态,扩大储气孔隙空间与流动通道,有利于储气库扩容增效和调峰保供。

基于朗肯热力循环模型修正的热电厂热耗改进分析与实践

朗肯循环是热力发电厂的典型热力循环之一,主要包括等熵压缩、等压加热、等熵膨胀以及等压冷凝4个热力过程。在分析朗肯循环的基础上,结合实际工程案例,对4个热力过程进行优化和修正,提高了发电厂朗肯循环的效率,并结合《ASME PTC46电厂整体性能试验标准》,运用简单的Excel软件开发了机组效率分析软件,对发电厂蒸汽循环过程进行了详细的分析诊断,找出机组效率折损点以及优化提升方向。通过检修工作逐一落实热耗改进方案,实现了机组高效运行,节省热耗支出约2263万美元。

游离氧化铁对崩岗不同土层土壤胀缩特性的影响

【目的】研究游离氧化铁对崩岗不同土层土壤胀缩特性的影响。【方法】利用无荷膨胀试验、线性收缩试验和计算土壤胶体扩散双电层中滑动层厚度,分析游离氧化铁对崩岗不同土层土壤胀缩特性的影响。【结果】游离氧化铁含量与崩岗土壤无荷膨胀率呈线性递增关系(P<0.01),与土壤线性收缩率呈线性递减关系(P<0.05);在电解质浓度相同的条件下,崩岗土壤滑动层厚度随着游离氧化铁含量的提高而增大;游离氧化铁含量不同的红土层、砂土层的土壤滑动层厚度与无荷膨胀率均呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与线性收缩率呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。【结论】游离氧化铁含量影响土壤滑动层厚度,进而影响土壤的胀缩性能。

压裂缝高度对致密砂岩气储层水平井产能的影响

越来越多的开发实践显示,对于多隔夹层型致密砂岩气藏,并不是有效储层钻遇率越高,产能越高。为搞清鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田盒8段储层部分低钻遇率水平井(钻遇率小于60%,最低仅31%)压裂改造效果好、产能较高(初期产能最高可达7.5×10^(4) m^(3)/d)的原因,文中综合储层发育特征、岩石力学参数并结合数值模拟方法,讨论了压裂缝高度对隔夹层发育的致密砂岩气储层水平井产能的影响。结果表明:对于隔夹层发育的致密砂岩气储层,隔夹层被压穿,使得纵向多套气层通过压裂缝与井筒连通投产,是低钻遇率水平井高产的主要原因,压裂缝高度对水平井产能有重要影响;对于隔夹层不发育的单一厚层致密砂岩气储层,随压裂缝高度增加,水平井产能并无明显变化。因此,对于长水平段(大于100 m)连续钻遇薄隔夹层的水平井,可根据致密砂岩气储层纵向砂体及气层发育情况,考虑在非有效储层段射孔压裂,并尽可能压穿纵向多套隔夹层,以明显提高气井产能。这对鄂尔多斯盆地内外类似致密砂岩气储层水平井压裂优化设计和水平井单井产能提高具有重要指导意义。

不同截面类型玻纤增强PA6的性能

对比研究了扁平玻纤及圆形玻纤增强尼龙6 (PA6)复合材料的力学性能、流动性能、收缩翘曲情况、摩擦性能及线膨胀系数(CLTE)。结果表明,随着玻纤含量增加,扁平玻纤及圆形玻纤增强PA6复合材料力学性能均增加,但熔体流动速率(MFR)降低;相同玻纤含量下,与圆形玻纤相比,扁平玻纤增强PA6复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度及弯曲弹性模量较低,简支梁缺口冲击强度及MFR较高。在玻纤含量30%的条件下,不同扁平玻纤及圆形玻纤增强PA6复合材料性能存在差异,通过收缩率测试分析,扁平玻纤复合材料比圆形玻纤具有更低的收缩率及横纵收缩比,扁平比越高,横纵收缩比越低,翘曲度越小;通过MFR及注塑螺旋线测试,发现扁平玻纤复合材料具有更好流动性、更高流长比,扁平比越高优势越明显,有利于成型加工;通过滑动摩擦测试结果看出,扁平玻纤复合材料具有更低摩擦系数,随着扁平比增大,摩擦系数越低;通过热机械分析检测,扁平玻纤复合材料在垂直流动方向CLTE低于圆形玻纤,且流动方向和垂直流动方向CLTE差异也较小。扁平玻纤增强材料能改善传统圆形玻纤增强体系的一些不足,优化产品性能。

宁夏衬砌渠道渠基冻胀率水热响应试验研究

衬砌渠道周围的水分与温度场分布存在明显差异,此范围内渠基土在水热两场耦合作用下冻胀有明显不同。基于这种差异,开展渠基土在不同水分、温度条件下冻胀率试验研究。结果表明:在不同温度条件下,土体冻胀率随温度的变化过程可分为2个阶段,当温度从0℃降至-5℃左右时,在此阶段产生的冻胀率约占整个冻胀过程的50%~80%,冻胀率与温度线性关系明显。随着温度继续降低,2者非线性关系明显。在无补水情况下,相同温度条件下的土体,初始含水率越大,所产生的冻胀率越大;初始含水率25%和35%的土体产生的冻胀率均为初始含水率15%土体的1倍到2倍以上。当土体在冻胀过程中有水分补充时,其冻胀率与水分变化线性关系明显,初始含水率越大的土体产生的冻胀率增量越大,初始含水率25%、35%的土体冻胀率增量均为15%土体的2倍以上。提出的水热耦合条件与渠基土冻胀率的多元非线性关系与试验数据吻合较好。建立数值模拟模型,对衬砌渠道不同位置处冻胀作用分布与变形进行计算与分析,结果表明:温度越低、水分越大,衬砌渠道所受到的切向冻胀力与法向冻胀力越大。水热变化差异越大时,土体冻胀导致的衬砌渠道冻胀变形越显著。

飞机气动除冰系统试验研究

气动除冰技术具有能耗低、可靠性高的优点,广泛应用于小型商用飞机以及通用航空飞机。研究不同参数对气动除冰效果的影响,是飞机气动除冰系统设计和优化的基础。本文通过对气囊膨胀高度的研究,发现充气时间3 s、充气气压0.2 MPa是实现气囊最佳膨胀高度的条件。在此基础上,先后在地面冷环境以及结冰风洞中建立气动除冰系统试验平台,开展了不同参数对气动除冰效果的试验研究。试验结果表明,充气时间、充气气压、气囊宽度及结冰温度对除冰率均有一定程度的影响。并且,要想实现最好的气动除冰效果,靠近前缘驻点的气囊需达到一定宽度。此外,相较于霜冰,明冰的除冰效果更佳。

新型土工织物处治膨胀土水分迁移试验研究

膨胀土是一种亲水性较强的特殊土,遇水易发生胀缩变形,导致修建在膨胀土地区的路基常产生路面开裂、沉降、翻浆等病害。新型土工织物是一种具有排水与加筋功能的新型土工材料,除像传统排水结构一样能排“明水”外,其毛细织物沟槽产生的毛细力还能排毛细水,在非饱和环境下排水效率高。为研究新型土工织物对膨胀土水分迁移的影响规律,通过在膨胀土中设置一层土工织物,开展毛细水上升、降雨入渗条件下素土(素土样)、新型土工织物排水(排水样)及不排水(阻隔样)3种工况的一维土柱对比试验,探索新型土工织物对膨胀土的含水率(体积、质量)、膨胀率及不排水强度的影响规律。研究结果表明:膨胀土与新型土工织物形成的阻隔系统使得更多的水分集聚在土工织物周围,产生了类似“锅盖”的效应;在膨胀土中铺设新型土工织物,能延缓水分迁移速率和抑制胀缩变形,膨胀土的不排水抗剪强度发生了显著变化;阻隔样中新型土工织物将水分吸附、阻滞在其周围不能排出,易造成病害,排水样中试样内外湿度差产生的吸力差将“抽吸”到新型土工织物毛细沟槽中的水分横向导出;为充分发挥新型土工织物在非饱和环境下的排水效率,需将其延伸至土样外。研究成果可为膨胀土路基设计、施工及病害处治提供参考。