Laboratory Design Criteria for Monitoring Biostimulated Bioremediation of a Crude Oil Contaminated Soil in Niger Delta Using Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon

The remediation of crude oil-impacted soil has always been a challenge in different soil environments and climatic conditions. Bioremediation technology has offered a breakthrough in restoring crude oil-impacted soil/sediment in muddy, dry soil and wetlands. Though, there have been varied environmental conditions that have hampered the success of the bioremediation process. This study has evaluated the effectiveness of a biostimulated bioremediation of crude oil-impacted soil using some design criteria—nutrient amendment (NPK fertilizer) and moisture content. Soil sample sets—A, B, C, D, E, F, and G were impacted with crude oil at a ratio of 10 g/kg and amended with varying amounts of nutrient 30, 60, and 80 g of N.P.K fertilizer. The medium for the inoculation of the nutrient was water and the volume of water applied varied from 30% to 80% saturation. The soil sample sets were harvested at an interval of 3 months for 180 days to determine the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon left in the soil. The analysis of the total petroleum hydrocarbon was achieved using a GC-FID with a capillary column and autosampler. Soil samples were extracted with mixed solvent dichloromethane and acetone at a 1:1 ratio. The total petroleum hydrocarbon results show that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soil sample sets with low moisture content (30% water saturation) and moderate nutrient amendment. The biodegradation of the sample sets with high water saturation and a high nutrient amendment was slow with a higher amount of total hydrocarbon content at the end of the 180 days. The variability in the hydrocarbon degradation pattern of contaminated soil shows that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soils with low moisture content than in soil environments with high water content (saturation). More so, nutrient overdosing of the substrate hampered the effectiveness of the remediation process.

Evaluation of Total Hydrocarbons Levels and Traces Metals in Water and Sediment from Main Outfall Drain in Al-Nassiriya City/Southern Iraq

This study was conducted during Dec2011-Nov2012 on three stations located in the south sector of Main Outfall Drain (MOD) River. Station 1 was near Al-Holandee Bridge which was the general carriage way in the center of Al-Nassiriya city, station 2 was 20 km far from the first station, while station 3 was in the beginning of the new branch. This study reveals the Seasonal Variation of Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in both surface waters, sediment and it is related with trace metals nickel and vanadium in water (dissolved, particulate) and sediment (residual and exchangeable) phases. Also, the study shows the relationships between the concentration of Ni and V with Total Organic Carbon (TOC%) in the sediment.

Comparison on Determination Results of Methane and Total Hydrocarbons by Glass Syringe Method and Air Bag Method

Samples at different setting time were determined by glass syringe method and air bag method, and their results were analyzed. The results showed that concentrations of methane and total hydrocarbons obviously declined with the prolonging of setting time by glass syringe method, and recovery rate of sample declined to 60% after 8 h. In air bag method, analysis results of methane and total hydrocarbons were stabler, and recovery rate of sample was 93% after 8 h.

Orderly coexistence and accumulation models of conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons in Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation,Mahu sag,Junggar Basin

By using the latest geological,seismic,drilling and logging data,this article studies the basic conditions for the formation of the total petroleum system and the orderly coexisting characteristics and accumulation models of conventional&unconventional reservoirs in the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation in the Junggar Basin.Controlled by thermal evolution,hydrocarbon generation and expulsion process of the high-quality source rocks in alkaline lake as well as the characteristics of multi-type reservoirs(conglomerate,sandstone,dolomite and shale),conventional structure-lithologic reservoirs and tight oil and shale oil reservoirs controlled by source-reservoir structure have been formed.On the plane,mature conventional reservoirs,medium-high mature tight oil,and medium-high mature shale oil reservoirs coexist orderly from the slope area around Mahu sag to the sag.Based on the orderly coexisting characteristics of conventional and unconventional reservoirs in the Fengcheng Formation,it is clear that oil and gas in the Fengcheng Formation accumulate continuously over a large area in three accumulation models:integrated source-reservoir,source-reservoir in close contact,and separated source-reservoir model.The three accumulation models differ in relationship between source-reservoir structure,reservoir lithology and spatial distribution,hydrocarbon migration,oil and gas type.It is pointed out that the conventional&unconventional oil and gas should be explored and developed as a whole to achieve an overall breakthrough of the total petroleum system.This study is expected to enrich the geological theory of oil and gas enrichment in continental basins and to provide an analogy for exploration and research in other hydrocarbon-rich sags.

The Impact Of Oil Spill To The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon(Tph)Concentration In Fishes At North Coastal Of Karawang Regency,West Java Province

The coastal area is one of the areas that is quite vulnerable to the threat of pollution caused by human activities,including pollution caused by oil spills(hydrocarbons)in the sea.The incident can be caused by several factors including the explosion,leakage of petroleum pipelines on the seabed,leakage of tanks or petroleum tankers at sea and disposal of waste petroleum products into the environment.Oil spills continuously can cause environmental contamination and pollution both aquatic and terrestrial.If the petroleum hydrocarbons enter sea waters,some of them will be absorbed by aquatic organisms because the nature of the petroleum hydrocarbons is difficult to decompose in waters.The intentional and unintentional entry of hazardous and toxic substances into marine ecosystems such as petroleum hydrocarbons and chemical solvents resulting from industrial wastes has become a serious problem for human health and the environment.The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon(TPH)contained in fish in coastal waters of Karawang Regency,West Java Province.This research was conducted in September-November 2019 by taking several fish samples at Ciparage Jaya Fish Auction Place,Betok Mati and Sungai Buntu Rive with a total sample of 24 fish,and taking seawater samples in the three study sites.TPH analysis was carried out at the Integrated Chemistry Laboratory,Bogor Agricultural University.TPH values in fish at Ciparage-1,Ciparage-2,Betok Mati and Sungai Buntu stations,in general,have different mean values but are almost uniform,each at 6.82;6.82;7.45 and 5.12 mg/kg.Based on the average TPH concentration in fish,it can be said that the average TPH in fish at Betok Mati station is relatively higher compared to other stations.TPH values in all fish samples exceed the safe threshold,which is a maximum of 0.002 mg/kg.Based on the results of the Bioaccumulation factor(BAF)analysis showed that the average TPH in fish was 6.55 mg/kg and the average TPH in the waters was 11.23 mg/l,so the BAF value was 58.35 which means that the absorption rate of TPH by fish organisms against the concentration of TPH in the waters of 58.35%.The analysis shows that the value of Ecological Hazard Assessment(EHA)is 3743.33 which means that the level of influence of the hazard on ecosystems and organisms is 3743.33.This value exceeds the recommended threshold according to the European Union,which is a maximum of 0.002 mg/l.

Assessing Earthworm Influence on Remediating Potentials of Soil Micro-Organisms, and Bioavailable Hydrocarbon Pollutant in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

In the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, oil explorations and exploitations abound, causing environmental pollution with serious consequences on soil ecosystem and its biodiversity. In spite of the relationship between microbes and fauna in soil ecosystem, such that both organisms can metabolize certain range of petroleum hydrocarbon substrates with the fauna influencing the remediation potentials of bacteria, yet soil fauna is still not fully considered in bioremediation. The influence of earthworm;Lumbricus terrestris on the remediating potentials of soil bacteria in petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils was investigated. Eighteen pots were filled with 700 g of soil each, with nine treated with mixture of 3 levels crude oil and remediated with earthworm, while the other nine had no earthworm. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), soil physical, nutrient compositions, and TPH degrading bacteria biodiversity were determined before contamination or commencement of study and thirty days after. The results showed a decrease in TPH concentration of 55.58%, 62.57% and 67.07% in 1 ml, 2 ml and 3 ml crude oil contaminated soil, respectively. Species richness and abundance of bacteria organisms increased with high relative abundance in soils remediated with earthworms, hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria increased from less than 0.1 cfu/g to 0.4 cfu/g, and total heterotrophic bacteria 1.6 cfu/g at the end of the study. Earthworms increased rate of remediation potentials of bacteria, such that within 30 days post remediation treatment, 34.14% of reduced concentration was achieved over soil samples without earthworms at 3 ml, and 25.14% at 2 ml concentration. Reduction in pH levels in remediated soils was between 6.39 to 6.17 and 6.74 to 6.72 in unremediated soils, while moisture content was 6.73% to 6.77% unremediated and 5.85% to 6.62% in earthworm remediated soils. Total organic carbon, nitrates in soils inoculated with earthworms were lower in concentration than those without earthworms. Reverse was the case with potassium, phosphate and phosphorous concentrations which were above those without earthworms. Results indicate statistically, significant difference between reduction in TPH in earthworm remediated soils and unremediated soils, pointing out that earthworm is a good candidate for facilitation of bacteria remediation-petroleum hydrocarbon contamination.

沧东凹陷孔二段页岩生排烃效率及对含油性的影响

渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔二段页岩油资源潜力巨大,且通过水平井钻控获得了稳产工业油流。应用常规热解和分步热解技术,优化生排烃物质平衡法,提出了基于原始生烃潜力和现今残余生烃潜力的页岩生烃和排烃效率氢指数平衡计算方法,并探索成熟度以外孔二段页岩排烃效率的主控因素及其与含油性的关系。选取深度和成熟度较为接近的样品,以排除成熟度这一公认的生排烃效率指标的影响。结果表明,页岩有机质丰度和类型、微观孔隙结构和岩石类型等是控制其生排烃效率的重要因素。Ⅲ型干酪根产物以轻烃为主,排烃效率变化大且普遍高于Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型干酪根。Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型干酪根在TOC超过3%以后,排烃效率随TOC的增加而增大。墨水瓶型孔对液态烃的滞留能力强于狭缝型孔;对气态烃而言墨水瓶型孔反而是利于排烃的优势通道。纹层状页岩比薄层状页岩具有更低的排烃效率。生排烃共同控制着页岩的含油量,页岩中含油量与排烃效率整体呈负相关,但与生烃潜力、生烃效率和滞留烃率的乘积呈明显的正相关性,展示了生排烃效率计算方法的可靠性和实用性。

燃煤机组烟气挥发性有机物排放特征

为了解不同容量燃煤机组烟气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特性和不同尾部空气污染物控制设备(APCDs)对VOCs的控制作用,在福建省国投云顶湄洲湾电力公司400 MW亚临界对冲燃烧机组和1 000 MW超超临界切圆燃烧机组进行在线法和离线法采样测试,获取烟气中甲烷、非甲烷总烃和其他VOCs的全流程浓度。结果表明,1 000 MW机组SCR前的非甲烷总烃质量浓度(24.66 mg/m^(3))低于400 MW机组(33.36 mg/m^(3))。由于1 000 MW机组负荷和炉膛温度高,且煤在切圆燃烧炉内比对冲燃烧停留时间长,故煤燃烧更彻底。两机组SCR系统均能脱除超过70%的非甲烷总烃,400 MW和1 000 MW机组的SCR脱除效果分别为88.43%和74.32%。而在静电除尘过程(ESP)中,高压静电场可能会导致飞灰释放部分VOCs,增加烟气VOCs浓度。经所有APCDs后,400 MW机组和1 000 MW机组的VOCs排放质量浓度分别为8.40和8.47 mg/m^(3),整体脱除率为73.98%和63.02%,几乎未检出甲烷。离线测试结果:印尼煤燃烧后VOCs主要为正己烷、苯系物和苯甲醛。各固体样品(如煤、灰、石膏)有机物浓度分析显示,VOCs种类与机组大小无明显关联。这些发现有助于深入理解燃煤电厂对空气质量影响及优化污染控制设备设计。燃煤电厂实际运营中需依具体情况优化污染控制设备,以达到最大脱除效果,也需考虑机组大小和运行效率,有效控制VOCs排放。

微型气体监测仪比对用非甲烷总烃采样装置

设计出一种微型气体监测仪比对用非甲烷总烃采样装置,并描述其具体结构和使用方法。该采样装置包括承接组件、导向组件和过滤组件。承接组件包括装配筒、承接辊,主要是对装置结构起到承接作用,外接进风管的装配筒内部设有电加热网和随动叶轮,可以对抽取的环境废气进行加热,规避温湿度的影响。导向组件包括导向环、弧形导向边、链轮传动组、传动杆和辅助辊,不仅起到定向导向作用,而且凸部的传感器能够触发驱动装置和链轮传动组,通过齿轮带动放卷辊和收卷辊的定向运动。过滤组件包括保护壳、清洁辊、控制器、齿轮组、放卷辊、收卷辊和滤网布,滤网布对从弧形采样口进入的气体进行过滤,当对应弧形采样口处的滤网布堵塞满杂质时,进而触发启动驱动装置使得放卷辊放卷滤网布,收卷辊收卷滤网布,从而更换滤网布的使用位置,避免对应弧形采样口处的滤网布产生堵塞,影响采样样品气体的质量。该采样装置整体结构简单、易操作,能够显著提高样品气体的采样质量。

非甲烷总烃分析仪专用Co_(3)O_(4)/Al_(2)O_(3)催化剂的制备及性能研究

挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是引发霾和光化学烟雾等环境问题的重要原因,达到一定浓度会对人类健康造成威胁。非甲烷总烃(non-methane hydrocarbon,NMHC)作为VOCs总量统计的重要指标,在一定程度上可以简单、直观地反映VOCs污染状况,因此,监控NMHC对保护环境与人类健康具有重要意义。本文中制备了层状结构、球形结构和立方体结构3种不同形貌的Co_(3)O_(4)纳米材料,将纳米材料均匀负载于活性Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒表面作为NMHC分析专用催化剂。通过XRD、FESEM、BET和XPS技术对制备的Co_(3)O_(4)催化剂进行表征;并将催化剂用于NMHC的检测,对不同形貌催化剂的催化性能进行评价。结果表明,当煅烧温度为400℃、煅烧时间为3 h,催化剂具有较高的催化活性,其中立方体结构催化剂具有最高的催化活性,能在236℃将NMHC完全降解,层状结构与球形结构催化剂分别在261℃与257℃将NMHC完全降解。升高煅烧温度有助于催化活性的提高,因为煅烧温度的升高增大了催化剂中Co_(3)O_(4)的相对结晶度与O_(ads)/O_(latt)摩尔比,使得气体转移速度加快,因而使催化剂具有更高的催化活性。催化剂经过耐水性、热失重测试与催化循环测试后仍能保持较高的催化活性。

Geophysical prediction of organic matter abundance in source rocks based on geochemical analysis:A case study of southwestern Bozhong Sag,Bohai Sea,China

The Bozhong Sag is the largest petroliferous sag in the Bohai Bay Basin,and the source rocks of Paleogene Dongying and Shahejie Formations were buried deeply.Most of the drillings were located at the structural high,and there were few wells that met good quality source rocks,so it is difficult to evaluate the source rocks in the study area precisely by geochemical analysis only.Based on the Rock-Eval pyrolysis,total organic carbon(TOC)testing,the organic matter(OM)abundance of Paleogene source rocks in the southwestern Bozhong Sag were evaluated,including the lower of second member of Dongying Formation(E_(3)d2L),the third member of Dongying Formation(E_(3)d_(3)),the first and second members of Shahejie Formation(E_(2)s_(1+2)),the third member of Shahejie Formation(E_(2)s_(3)).The results indicate that the E_(2)s_(1+2)and E_(2)s_(3)have better hydrocarbon generative potentials with the highest OM abundance,the E_(3)d_(3)are of the second good quality,and the E_(3)d2L have poor to fair hydrocarbon generative potential.Furthermore,the well logs were applied to predict TOC and residual hydrocarbon generation potential(S_(2))based on the sedimentary facies classification,usingΔlogR,generalizedΔlogR,logging multiple linear regression and BP neural network methods.The various methods were compared,and the BP neural network method have relatively better prediction accuracy.Based on the pre-stack simultaneous inversion(P-wave impedance,P-wave velocity and density inversion results)and the post-stack seismic attributes,the three-dimensional(3D)seismic prediction of TOC and S_(2)was carried out.The results show that the seismic near well prediction results of TOC and S_(2)based on seismic multi-attributes analysis correspond well with the results of well logging methods,and the plane prediction results are identical with the sedimentary facies map in the study area.The TOC and S_(2)values of E_(2)s_(1+2)and E_(2)s_(3)are higher than those in E_(3)d_(3)and E_(3)d_(2)L,basically consistent with the geochemical analysis results.This method makes up the deficiency of geochemical methods,establishing the connection between geophysical information and geochemical data,and it is helpful to the 3D quantitative prediction and the evaluation of high-quality source rocks in the areas where the drillings are limited.

便携式非甲烷总烃检测仪校准方法

建立了一种便携式非甲烷总烃检测仪的校准方法。根据便携式非甲烷总烃检测仪的工作原理,提出了示值误差、重复性、漂移等校准项目,示值误差不大于±5%,定量重复性不大于2%,零点漂移不大于±2%,量程漂移不大于±3%。使用标准气体稀释装置将摩尔分数为3.0%的甲烷标准气体稀释至仪器满量程浓度的10%、40%、60%通入仪器,经过数据验证,该校准方法较为可行,可以用于便携式非甲烷总烃检测仪的校准。

采样容器对环境空气中非甲烷总烃检测结果的影响

随着工业化和城市化的发展,环境空气污染问题日益严重。非甲烷总烃是一类重要的大气污染物,其浓度反映了空气污染的程度。因此,准确地测定非甲烷总烃的浓度对于环境保护具有重要意义。然而,采样容器的选择对非甲烷总烃的检测结果有着重要影响。本研究选取了玻璃瓶、不锈钢容器、聚合物袋、积雪采集器和活性碳管作为采样容器,对比了它们对非甲烷总烃检测结果的影响,旨在为实际工作提供参考。

活化过硫酸盐氧化处理某深基坑土壤高浓度石油烃污染

石油烃是土壤修复场地中重点关注的有机污染物,存在高毒性和持久性。本文以上海普陀区实际土壤修复项目中的深层、高浓度石油烃污染土的氧化修复为案例,讨论了深基坑开挖的风险、应对技术,并通过小试探究了以过硫酸钠、生石灰为代表的高级氧化体系对石油烃的修复效果,小试及中试试验证明,在1%过硫酸钠及1%生石灰的投加量条件下,石油烃污染物的去除率可达到76%。本研究明确了实际大体量石油烃土壤修复过程中的氧化剂及激活剂的有效投加量,补充现有的工程应用数据,为后续相关修复项目提供参考。

一起特高压换流变压器油中总烃超标问题的分析和处理

某特高压换流变压器运行时油中总烃超标,最后被迫退出运行,返厂检修。利用油色谱分析、长时空载试验、局部放电试验、超声波定位、解体检查等手段,对故障原因进行分析,最终确定换流变压器总烃超标与三角形硅钢片、纠结线虚焊导致的两处过热点有关,并进行了相应处理,处理后换流变压器顺利通过了出厂试验,为类似故障的分析和处理提供了参考。

某棉机厂地块土壤中总石油烃的污染特征及风险评估

在某棉机厂地块内共布置了86个土壤采样孔,对0~6m土壤进行分层采样,共送检488个土壤样品,分析土壤中总石油烃(C10-C40)的污染浓度及分层变化。结果表明:该地块土壤中总石油烃(C10-C40)污染风险不可接受,需要开展土壤修复工作。

基于膜界面探测的石油烃污染场地调查技术研究与应用

以存在石油烃污染的典型加油站场地为研究对象,开展基于膜界面探测(membrane interface probe,MIP)的场地原位调查技术研究与应用。通过分析MIP搭载的火焰离子化检测仪(flame ionization detector,FID)和光电离子探测器(photo ionization detectors,PID)的检测数据,对该地块内的污染物分布情况进行了拟合,构建地块污染程度分布模型,寻找潜在污染区域。对比分析由传统场地调查所获得的实验室检测数据,发现MIP捕捉的污染分布区域较为准确,表明MIP在加油站场地调查中能够起到良好的辅助决策作用,尤其是对挥发性有机物的潜在污染区域有很强的指示性。通过在石油烃污染场地中的实际应用验证了MIP技术的适用性,以期能够指导更为精准化的场地环境调查工作。

探讨在同一个固定污染源中丙烯醛与非甲烷总烃结果关系的分析

探讨在同一个固定污染源排气筒内同步分析丙烯醛和非甲烷总烃时,《固定污染源废气总烃、甲烷和非甲烷总烃的测定气相色谱法》(HJ38-2017)中测定得出的非甲烷总烃结果和《固定污染源排气中丙烯醛的测定气相色谱法》《HJ/T36-1999》中测定得出的丙烯醛结果,两者进行结果关系的判断,并对两者结果进行比较分析,当同一个固定污染源排气筒内的污染物以丙烯醛为主要排放因子时,在同一个样品的气袋内,若分别检测丙烯醛和非甲烷总烃时,丙烯醛的浓度结果值与非甲烷总烃的浓度结果值相比较,丙烯醛的浓度结果值会大于非甲烷总烃的浓度结果值,以此为例,可以综合得出在对同一个固定污染源中测定主要特征有机污染物与综合性有机污染物的结果关系。

桂花香味对厂界臭气浓度和非甲烷总烃的影响

为了研究秋季桂花盛开期间的花香是否会对企业厂界无组织臭气浓度和非甲烷总烃的浓度产生干扰和影响,探讨在此期间如何开展无组织废气监测的合理方案,针对厂界种植了较多桂花树的企业,分别在桂花盛开前和盛开期间的两个时段对企业的厂界无组织臭气浓度和非甲烷总烃进行监测。监测数据表明,在桂花盛开期间,厂界无组织臭气浓度和非甲烷总烃的浓度都明显高于桂花盛开前的监测浓度,臭气浓度甚至还出现超标的情况。由此可见,桂花的香味确实会对厂界的臭气浓度和非甲烷总烃的浓度产生正干扰,从而影响整个监测数据的准确性。因此,在桂花盛开的季节,检测机构应该根据现场实际情况,制定合理的无组织废气监测方案,避免桂花的花香对监测数据产生影响,从而确保监测数据的真实性和准确性。

气相色谱法对环境空气中非甲烷总烃的测定研究

利用气相色谱法对环境空气中非甲烷总烃进行测定是一种高精度测定方法,也是目前环境监测站对非甲烷总烃进行测定的关键方法。研究该测定方法对于环境监测工作而言意义重大。本文就气相色谱对非甲烷总烃测定方法进行研究,分析气相色谱法测定的原理及优势,并以某测定试验为研究对象,探索测定程序及结果,最后总结测定方法应用的要点。