Histologic subtypes of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

The majority of bladder cancers(BCs)are non-muscle invasive BCs(NMIBCs)and show the morphology of a conventional urothelial carcinoma(UC).Aberrant morphology is rare but can be observed.The classification and characterization of histologic subtypes(HS)in UC in BC have mainly been described in muscle in-vasive bladder cancer(MIBC).However,the currently used classification is ap-plied for invasive urothelial neoplasm and therefore,also valid for a subset of NMIBC.The standard transurethral diagnostic work-up misses the presence of HS in NMIBC in a considerable percentage of patients and the real prevalence is not known.HS in NMIBC are associated with an aggressive phenotype.Conse-quently,clinical guidelines categorize HS of NMIBC as“(very)high-risk”tumors and recommend offering radical cystectomy to these patients.Alternative strategies for bladder preservation can only be offered to highly selected patients and ideally within clinical trials.Novel treatment strategies and biomarkers have been established MIBC and NMIBC but have not been comprehensively invest-igated in the context of HS in NMIBC.Further evaluation prior to implementation into clinical practice is needed.

Treatment and surveillance for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer:a clinical practice guideline(2021 edition)

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)is a major type of bladder cancer with a high incidence worldwide,resulting in a great disease burden.Treatment and surveillance are the most important part of NIMBC management.In 2018,we issued“Treatment and surveillance for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in China:an evidencebased clinical practice guideline”.Since then,various studies on the treatment and surveillance of NMIBC have been published.There is a need to incorporate these materials and also to take into account the relatively limited medical resources in primary medical institutions in China.Developing a version of guideline which takes these two issues into account to promote the management of NMIBC is therefore indicated.We formed a working group of clinical experts and methodologists.Through questionnaire investigation of clinicians including primary medical institutions,24 clinically concerned issues,involving transurethral resection of bladder tumor(TURBT),intravesical chemotherapy and intravesical immunotherapy of NMIBC,and follow-up and surveillance of the NMIBC patients,were determined for this guideline.Researches and recommendations on the management of NMIBC in databases,guideline development professional societies and monographs were referred to,and the European Association of Urology was used to assess the certainty of generated recommendations.Finally,we issued 29 statements,among which 22 were strong recommendations,and 7 were weak recommendations.These recommendations cover the topics of TURBT,postoperative chemotherapy after TURBT,Bacillus Calmette–Guérin(BCG)immunotherapy after TURBT,combination treatment of BCG and chemotherapy after TURBT,treatment of carcinoma in situ,radical cystectomy,treatment of NMIBC recurrence,and follow-up and surveillance.We hope these recommendations can help promote the treatment and surveillance of NMIBC in China,especially for the primary medical institutions.

A Th2-score in the tumor microenvironment as a predictive biomarker of response to Bacillus Calmette Guérin in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma:A retrospective study

Intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin(BCG)is the gold standard therapy for intermediate/high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC).However,the response rate is~60%,and 50%of non-responders will progress to muscle-invasive disease.BCG induces massive local infiltration of inflammatory cells(Th1)and ultimately cytotoxic tumor elimination.We searched for predictive biomarker of BCG response by analyzing tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte(TIL)polarization in the tumor microenvironment(TME)in pre-treatment biopsies.Pre-treatment biopsies from patients with NMIBC who received adequate intravesical instillation of BCG(n=32)were evaluated retrospectively by immunohistochemistry.TME polarization was assessed by quantifying the T-Bet+(Th1)and GATA-3+(Th2)lymphocyte ratio(G/T),and the density and degranulation of EPX+eosinophils.In addition,PD-1/PD-L1 staining was quantified.The results correlated with BCG response.In most non-responders,Th1/Th2 markers were compared in pre-and post-BCG biopsies.ORR was 65.6%in the study population.BCG responders had a higher G/T ratio and a greater number of degranulated EPX+cells.Variables combined into a Th2-score showed a significant association with higher scores in responders(p=0.027).A Th2-score cut-off value>48.1 allowed discrimination of responders with 91%sensitivity but lower specificity.Relapse-free survival was significantly associated with the Th2-score(p=0.007).In post-BCG biopsies from recurring patients,TILs increased Th2-polarization,probably reflecting BCG failure to induce a pro-inflammatory status and,thus,a lack of response.PD-L1/PD-1 expression was not associated with the response to BCG.Our results support the hypothesis that a preexisting Th2-polarized TME predicts a better response to BCG,assuming a reversion to Th1 polarization and antitumor activity.

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)in treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer—analysis of adverse effects and effectiveness of two strains of BCG(Danish 1331 and Moscow-I)

Objective:To compare the differences in adverse effects and efficacy profile between bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG)Danish 1331 and BCG Moscow-I strain in management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Methods:Clinical data of 188 cases of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with BCG between January 2008 and December 2018 in our institute were collected prospectively and analysed retrospectively,and 114 patients who completed a minimum of 12 months of follow-up were analysed.Patient and tumor characteristics,strain of BCG,adverse effects,and tumor progression were included for analysis.Intravesical BCG was instilled in intermediate-and high-risk patients.Six weeks of induction BCG,followed by three weekly maintenance BCG at 3,6,12,18,and 24 months was advised in high-risk patients.Results:Overall 68 patients received BCG Danish 1331 strain and 46 patients received Moscow-I strain.Patient and tumor characteristics were well balanced between the two groups.The median follow-up period was 42.5 months and 34.5 months in Danish 1331 and Moscow-I groups,respectively.Adverse events like dropout rate,antitubercular treatment requirement,and need of cystectomy were higher in Moscow-I group(n=31,67.4%)when compared to Danish 1331 strain(n=33,48.5%)(p=0.046).On direct comparison between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain,there was similar 3-year recurrence-free survival(80.0%vs.72.9%)and 3-year progression-free survival(96.5%vs.97.8%).Conclusion:Study results suggest no significant differences between Danish 1331 and Moscow-I strain in recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival,but a significantly higher incidence of moderate to severe adverse events in BCG Moscow-I strain.

Molecular mechanisms and novel therapeutic strategies of BCG-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: Emerging immunotherapy has become a new choice?

Objective:THigh-risk non-invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)has a high rate of recurrence and disease progression.At present,there are still insufficient effective prevention and treatment methods,especially for patients who have failed BCG treatment.This article reviews the research progress of the molecular mechanism of BCG unresponsive NMIBC,and summarizes the current status and prospects of emerging therapeutic strategies represented by immunotherapy,providing a theoretical basis for the immunotherapy of BCG non-reactive NMIBC.Methods:We searched the PubMed and CNKI journal full-text database search system for keywords"non-muscle invasive bladder cancer,BCG unresponsive,disease recurrence,disease progression,and immunotherapy"with 126 English and 538 Chinese articles.The literature,as well as the relevant clinical research in ClinicalTrials.gov,were integrated together to obtain the results.Results:Immunotherapy was performed in various types of tumors,and the use of immunotherapeutic drugs with different oncotargets administered alone,sequentially or in combination for the treatment of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC have achieved favorable effects,and more Clinical research is still ongoing.Conclusion:Immunotherapy is currently the most promising treatment for cancer,and it is indispensable for patients with NMIBC,both biologically and clinically.We look forward to more laboratory and clinical research in immunotherapy in the future.

Recirculating chemohyperthermia as a treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer:Current and future perspectives

About 75% of all bladder cancer diagnosed are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC), recurring over 50% of them after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. In order to prevent recurrences, adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin C and immunotherapy with bacillus Calmette-Gu-érin(BCG) is traditionally used. Unfortunately, many patients relapse after receiving these treatments and a significant proportion of them require surgery. After a one-to-three years BCG maintenance, the risk for progression at 5 years was 19.3% for T1G3 tumors. Many new treatment approaches are being investigated to increase the effectiveness of adjuvant intravesical therapy. One of the developing treatments for intermediate and high-risk NMIBC is the combination of intravesical chemotherapy and hyperthermia, called chemohyperthermia. This article provides a review of the mechanism of action, current status and indications, results and future perspectives.

Did the Scientific Innovations in the Management of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients Improve the Outcome during the Last 2 Decades?

Objectives: Previous reviews reported the outcome of each scientific modality in the management of T1 high-grade bladder cancer. The objective of this review is to assess and evaluate the available scientific modalities used during the last two decades and determine whether they were able to improve the clinical outcome. Literature Search Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted from 2000-2020 using PubMed, Medline, Embase, and other database sites looking at randomized controlled trials (RCTs), clinical trials, research, review articles, and original articles addressing the different scientific modalities used to diagnose and manage patients with non-muscle invasive Bladder cancer (NMIBC)during the last 2 decades. More than 573 studies were retrieved following the preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and PICOS criteria (Population, Intervention, Comparators, Outcomes, and Study design). Only 85 articles were selected for review including 19 prospective trials, 44 RCTs, original articles, research articles, one review article, and clinical trials—Retrospective studies were excluded to limit bias as much as possible in the analysis. Results: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have become the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy of new treatments. They are considered the highest standard of evidence-based medicine and are the method of choice. Overall, we selected 85 studies for review, among them 63 prospective trials and RCTs, with a total of 21,895 patients, published between 2000 and 2020. Previously conducted studies have shown that identifying rare histological types with poor prognoses can help improve outcomes, mainly the plasmacytoid type. Many articles addressed the role of biomarkers in the early identification of patients with NMIBC for recurrence and progression—P-cadherin expression and others were used to predict recurrence and/or progression with promising results. Despite the need for modifications, risk stratification is an important tool that should be used to improve the outcome of patients with NMIBC. Some found that fluorescence diagnostic cystoscopy (FDC) and Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) improved recurrence-free survival but not progression and outcome. All authors agree that intravesical BCG is the most effective therapy that changes the course of high-grade T1 mainly progression. Re-TURBT has become one of the recommendations of international societies, but its potential effect on survival improvement is debatable. Most of the articles showed the advantages of early cystectomy in NMIBC but all agree that the selection criteria must be clearly defined. Conclusions: This review analyzed the outcomes provided by the scientific advances in the field of management of NMIBC patients in the last two decades. Patients with T1 bladder cancer have variable outcomes because of tumor heterogeneity and clinical staging. Despite the great development in the field of diagnosis, risk stratification, and management, further large studies are mostly needed to better elucidate this subset of patients and avoid over and under-treatment.

Molecular Assessment of Non-Muscle Invasive and Muscle Invasive Bladder Tumors: Mapping of Putative Urothelial Stem Cells and Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) Signaling

Purpose: The main objectives of this study were to characterize and compare the urothelial stem cells (healthy and cancer cells) and TLRs features in the urinary bladder of men without lesionsand with non-muscle-invasive and muscle invasive urothelial tumors. Materials and Methods: Thirty samples of the urinary bladder of 50 to 80-year-old men, with and without diagnosis of malignant urothelial lesions were used. The 30 samples were divided into 3 groups (n = 10 per group): Normal Group;Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Group;Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Group. The samples were histopathologically and immunohistochemically analyzed. The study was conducted at teaching Hospital of the University of Campinas (UNICAMP). Results: The CD44 and CD133 immunoreactivities were significantly intense in the muscle-invasive cancer group when compared to the other groups. The ABCG2 biomarker demonstrated intense immunoreactivities in both non-muscle and muscle invasive groups, and absent immunoreactivity in the normal group. All groups showed weak CD117 immunoreactivity. Putative Healthy Stem Cells (CD44/CD133/ CD117+) occurred in all groups. Putative Cancer Stem Cells (CD44/CD133/ABCG2+) only occurred in the non-muscle and muscle invasive cancer groups. TLR2 immunoreactivity was significantly lower in the non-muscle invasive cancer group and absent in the muscle invasive cancer group. TLR4 immunoreactivity was significantly lower in both cancer groups. Conclusions: This study leads us to the conclusion that putative cancer stem cell occurrence was sensitive to the decreased in TLR2 and TLR4 immunoreactivities. Also, TLR2 and TLR4 demonstrated their involvement in the regulation of the different biomarkers for putative healthy and cancer urothelial stem cells, probably acting as negative regulators of urothelial carcinogenesis. Taken together data obtained suggest that use of TLRs agonists could be a promising alternative for the treatment of non-muscle and muscle invasive bladder tumors.

Can intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduce recurrence in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer？ An update and cumulative meta-analysis

Approximately 70% of newly diagnosed bladder tumors are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer （NMIBC）. NMIBC accounts for approximately 80% of total bladder cancer cases. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin （BCG） instillation and maintenance is considered as the standard adjuvant treatment for superficial bladder cancer. A number of randomized studies have focused on the benefit of maintenance therapy following initial BCG induction. To provide further insights into the effect of intravesical instillation on recurrence in patients with NMIBC, we analyzed this relationship by conducting an updated detailed meta-analysis. Evidence suggested that adjuvant intravesical BCG with maintenance treatment is significantly effective for the prophylaxis of tumor recurrence in patients with NMIBC.

Narrow band imaging for bladder cancer

Narrow band imaging(NBI)is a newly developed technology aiming to provide additional endoscopic information for patients with bladder cancer.This review focuses on the diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcome using NBI cystoscopy for the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.Current results showed improved sensitivity of NBI cystoscopy compared to conventional white light cystoscopy,although lower specificity and increased false-positive results were reported using NBI cystoscopy.The treatment outcome using NBI technology in transurethral resection of bladder tumor had a positive impact while decreased number of residual tumors and tumor recurrence at follow-up were reported.In the future,the application of NBI technology might refine the treatment and follow-up protocol in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.However,this large scale prospective studies are required to confirm the real cost-effectiveness of this new technology.

Markers for Diagnosis and Progression in Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is a common disease that is often detected late and has a high rate of recurrence and progression. The current standard of care for the primary detection and follow-up of NMIBC consists of urethro-cystoscopy associated with cytology. However, several clinical risk factors have been claimed to predict recurrence and progression, these factors have a predictive value on a population basis, but no parameter has been found that reliably predicts how an individual patient’s tumor will behave. In the last years many markers have been described in order to decrease the number of cystoscopies and try to provide individualized risk-stratified decision-making. We have focused our review in tumor markers for primary diagnosis, surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and predicting progression to muscle-invasive disease. After our review, we can conclude that to the date no non-invasive biomarker has proven to be sensitive and specific enough to replace cystoscopy, neither in the diagnosis nor in the follow-up. On the other hand, promising results have been reported of potential biomarkers for predicting recurrence, early progression and poor response to BCG, new studies should be promoted to validate these results and make possible to incorporate markers as a new tool in clinical guidelines.

小剂量注射吉西他滨联合经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗中高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床研究

目的 对比经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT),探讨黏膜下小剂量注射吉西他滨(SIOG)联合TURBT治疗中高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)的治疗效果及药物经济学评价。方法 收集2015年1月1日至2020年8月31日本院270例中高危NMIBC患者(TURBT 213例,SIOG+TURBT 57例)的临床资料,应用倾向性评分匹配以1∶1的比例匹配,每组病例为52人,分析2组的临床疗效,核算其成本,构建1年为循环周期,1 000人10年的Markov模型对2组治疗方案进行药物经济学评价。结果 TURBT组患者3、6、12个月肿瘤未复发率和SIOG+TUR BT组患者3、6、12个月肿瘤未复发率分别为90.38%vs 100.00%、84.62%vs 98.08%、78.85%vs92.31%,术后6个月时肿瘤未复发率2组差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05),经log-r a n k检验,2组1年时肿瘤未复发率差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05)。TURBT方案和SIOG+TURBT方案累积人均成本分别为217 117.20元和190 701.12元,获得的健康效果分别为5.56质量调整生命年(quality-adjusted life years,QALYs)和5.77QALYs。与TURBT治疗方案相比,SIOG+TURBT治疗方案提高了0.21QALYs,节约了26 416.08元。SIOG+TURBT方案对于TURBT方案具有成本-效用优势。结论 与TURBT相比,SIOG+TURBT治疗中高危NMIBC具有更优的临床效果及经济性。

NMIBC患者行电切术和钬激光术的疗效比较

目的观察非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)患者行电切术和钬激光术的疗效。方法选取我院2016年1月至2017年1月行NMIBC切除术的60例患者,其中30例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)设为TURBT组,30例患者行经尿道钬激光切除肿瘤手术设为钬激光组。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后尿管留置时间、住院时间、并发症发生率,1年后肿瘤复发率及炎症因子水平。结果钬激光组患者手术时间、术后尿管留置时间及住院时间均短于TURBT组(P<0.05),术中出血量少于TURBT组(P<0.05),钬激光组并发症总发生率和1年后肿瘤复发率均明显低于TURBT组(P<0.05);术后24 h,两组CRP、WBC水平均显著升高,但钬激光组显著低于TURBT组(P<0.05)。结论经尿道钬激光切除肿瘤手术后恢复情况、并发症发生率、肿瘤复发情况和炎症因子水平均优于TURBT,值得临床上应用。

膀胱灌注卡介苗治疗中高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌疗效预测模型的建立

目的探讨膀胱灌注卡介苗(Bacillus Calmette-Guérin,BCG)对于中高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer,NMIBC)的疗效,结合术前血液学指标建立疗效预测模型筛选获益人群。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年1月收治于复旦大学附属中山医院泌尿外科258例中高危NMIBC患者。所有患者均采用尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术后膀胱灌注卡介苗治疗,记录患者术前血液学指标及临床病理信息。在训练集(n=180)中采用LASSO回归和Cox多因素回归模型筛选预后因子,同时建立疗效预测模型,利用C-index验证模型预测效能,并在验证集(n=78)中进行确认。结果 258例患者均获得有效随访,中位随访时间为53.0个月(12.0~98.2个月),总体复发率为31.0%(80/258),1年复发率为15.1%(39/258),3年复发率为25.6%(66/258),通过LASSO回归方法筛选出中性粒细胞和C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)作为预后因子,纳入多因素Cox分析,显示灌注前行二次经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(P=0.001),高龄(>70岁)(P=0.008)、CRP(P=0.002)和中性粒细胞(P=0.044)是中高危NMIBC患者行膀胱灌注卡介苗疗效的独立预测因子。疗效预测模型在训练集中的C-index为0.744,在验证集中的C-index为0.847。结论 膀胱灌注卡介苗治疗对中高危NMIBC安全有效,本研究所建立疗效预测模型(包含中性粒细胞、CRP、高龄和二次经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术)预测中高危NMIBC患者膀胱灌注卡介苗疗效的准确性较高。

术前全身炎症反应指数对中高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌预后的影响

目的:探讨术前全身炎症反应指数(systemic inflammatory response index,SIRI)对中高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer,NMIBC)预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年7月于天津医科大学肿瘤医院行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT)治疗的103例NMIBC患者的临床资料,根据术后患者有无复发或进展分为复发组和未复发组以及进展组和未进展组。根据组间比较结果,绘制SIRI的受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC),求得最优截断值对患者进行分组。通过Kaplan-Meier法和Cox单因素及多因素分析确定影响NMIBC患者预后的危险因素。结果:SIRI值在复发患者和未复发患者间差异无统计学意义(P=0.393);患者的年龄(P=0.016)、性别(P=0.030)、肿瘤数目(P=0.008)、分期(P<0.001)、分级(P<0.001)、是否初发(P=0.002)、单核细胞计数(P=0.042)以及SIRI(P=0.044)差异具有统计学意义;根据ROC曲线确定SIRI鉴定患者术后是否出现进展的最佳临界值,将患者分为低SIRI组和高SIRI组,生存分析对比两组间的无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)差异具有统计学意义(P=0.005)。Cox多因素分析结果显示,肿瘤数目(P=0.041)、是否初发(P=0.041)及SIRI≥0.725(P=0.025)是NMIBC患者TURBT术后PFS的独立预后因素。结论:SIRI是影响中高危NMIBC患者进展的独立危险因素,术前SIRI对预测肿瘤分期有一定的应用价值。

非肌层浸润性膀胱癌复发与吡柔比星灌注不良反应的关系

目的探索经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(TURBT)后行膀胱吡柔比星灌注化疗的非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者肿瘤复发与灌注不良反应的关系。方法纳入行吡柔比星灌注化疗的新发膀胱非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌80例患者,回顾性分析TURBT后1年的临床资料、病理资料、膀胱灌注化疗不良反应种类及严重程度。结果泌尿系统局部的不良反应较轻,仅6例患者(7.5%)发生泌尿系统的局部Ⅲ级药物不良反应,需要延迟膀胱灌注化疗。相对于肿瘤复发组患者而言,肿瘤未复发组患者局部不良反应(尿路刺激症状)严重程度较高[尿频(P=0.036)、尿急(P=0.034)、尿痛(P=0.042)]。结论 TURBT术后1年内,非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者在膀胱吡柔比星灌注化疗期间,膀胱肿瘤未复发组较复发组有更严重的尿路刺激症状。

术前NIR比值对非肌层浸润性膀胱癌术后的预后评估价值

目的探讨手术前患者外周血中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)与非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)患者预后的关系。方法选取2009年1月~2013年1月手术治疗的78例(NMIBC)患者进行回顾性分析,所有患者均采用经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(TURBT)治疗,根据术前患者的NLR是否≥2.5分,分为高NLR组(41例)和低NLR组(37例),对比两组患者的预后情况及与NLR相关的影响因素。结果高NLR组患者术后2年、3年的无复发生存率显著低于低NLR组患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);高NLR患者3年的生存率与低NLR组患者比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);高NLR组患者的无复发生存中位时间为23个月,显著低于低NLR组的29个月,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);NLR比值与NMIBC患者的肿瘤分期、病理学分级、肿瘤大小、肿瘤个数具有显著的相关性(P<0.05)。结论 NLR与NMIBC患者预后及临床病理学特征密切相关。

HER2用于评估非肌层浸润性膀胱癌复发及进展的研究

目的探讨HER2表达用于评估非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)复发及进展的意义。方法采用免疫组化染色的方法,检测301例NMIBC患者肿瘤HER2的表达情况,并且对所有患者肿瘤复发及进展情况进行随访。结果肿瘤数目(单发、数目>1;[HR]:1.91,P=0.001)〗、肿瘤大小(<3cm、≥3cm;[HR]:2.20,P<0.0001)、肿瘤分期(T_a、T_1;[HR]:2.08,P=0.001)、肿瘤分级(G_1、G_2、G_3;[HR]:1.71,P=0.041)与膀胱癌复发相关;而肿瘤大小(<3 cm、≥3 cm;[HR]:2.50,P=0.015)、肿瘤分期(T_a、T_1;[HR]:3.68,P=0.007)、肿瘤分级(G_1、G_2、G_3;[HR]:2.72,P=0.018)、是否伴发原位癌([HR]:3.33,P=0.008)、HER2(阴性、阳性;[HR]:2.36,P=0.030)均可影响膀胱癌进展。HER2表达阴性的患者与HER2表达阳性患者相比,膀胱癌进展至肌层浸润性的风险明显降低。结论 HER2表达可作为预测NMIBC进展的指标,HER2阳性患者疾病进展风险更大。

经尿道针状电极精准切除治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效

目的比较经尿道针状电极精准切除(ATUNER)与传统经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除(TURBT)治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)的临床疗效及安全性。方法将100例NMIBC患者随机分为试验组(52例,ATUNER治疗)和对照组(48例,TURBT治疗)。比较两组的围手术期情况。结果试验组术中出血量及术后膀胱冲洗时间均明显优于对照组,手术时间长于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组闭孔神经反射发生率及复发率均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论与TURBT比较,ATUNER在NMIBC的治疗中,虽需较长的手术时间,但治疗效果更显著,安全性更高,值得推广应用。

吉西他滨联合卡介苗膀胱灌注预防高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌术后复发的效果

目的探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除(TUR-BT)术后吉西他滨(GEM)联合卡介苗(BCG)膀胱灌注预防非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)复发的临床效果及不良反应。方法选取行TUR-BT术并经术后病理确认的高危NMIBC患者126例,随机分为3组:GEM组、BCG组及GEM+BCG组; 3组患者均随访至2018年1月,随访期间每3个月行膀胱尿道镜检查;观察随访患者复发及生存情况,收集患者有无发热、咳嗽、尿频、尿急、尿痛、血尿、皮疹、肺结核或泌尿系结核及尿道狭窄等不良反应,每6个月复查血尿常规、胸部透视、泌尿系彩色超声、生化等检查。结果 GEM组复发率为26. 1%(11/42),BCG组复发率为复发率为16. 7%(7/42); GEM+BCG组复发率为9. 5%(4/42); 3组复发率之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0. 05); GEM+BCG组复发率明显低于GEM组及BCG组(P<0. 05); GEM组无复发生存时间为(25. 36±1. 18)个月; BCG组无复发生存时间为(32. 28±1. 21)个月; GEM+BCG组无复发生存时间为(41. 24±2. 01)个月; 3组无复发生存时间差异均有统计学意义(P<0. 05),GEM+BCG组无复发生存时间明显长于GEM组及BCG组(P<0. 05); GEM组不良反应率为9. 5%(4/42),BCG组不良反应率为40. 4%(17/42),GEM+BCG组不良反应率为38. 1%(16/42),BCG组与GEM+BCG组不良反应率差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05),GEM组不良反应率明显低于BCG组与GEM+BCG组(P<0. 05)。结论 GEM联合BCG预防高危NMIBC复发较单用GEM或BCG效果好,不良反应较单用BCG无明显差异,可作为高危NMIBC术后膀胱灌注的推荐方案。