Translation Strategies of Ambiguity in English Language and Literature

The translation of English language and literary works has always been crucial for cross-cultural communication.However,a key challenge in translating such works is the accurate communication of ambiguity,which refers to expressions deliberately used in English texts with unclear meanings.These expressions are often poetic and carry deep symbols and implications,adding a unique charm to literary works.This article explores the manifestations of ambiguity in English language and literature and the translation strategies that can be employed to optimize the translation of ambiguity in the English language and literature.

The Role and Value of Sociolinguistics in English Language Teaching

This paper aims to explore how the study of sociolinguistics can benefit teachers,particularly in the context of teaching English as a Foreign Language(EFL)in China.The article will first examine how sociolinguistic knowledge can reshape teachers’perceptions of“English,”focusing on aspects such as English varieties,World Englishes,and Chinese English.Following that,the article discusses the necessity of rethinking current practices in English language teaching,including the nativeness paradigm and the concept of communicative competence based on a reconceptualized view of“English.”Additionally,the discussion will focus on how teachers,informed by sociolinguistic awareness of non-native teachers’identities and teacher agency,can address and resolve existing challenges in EFL teaching.Finally,the article will conclude by summarizing the key issues discussed and highlighting the significance of studying sociolinguistics for language practitioners in China.

A Robust Model for Translating Arabic Sign Language into Spoken Arabic Using Deep Learning

This study presents a novel and innovative approach to auto-matically translating Arabic Sign Language(ATSL)into spoken Arabic.The proposed solution utilizes a deep learning-based classification approach and the transfer learning technique to retrain 12 image recognition models.The image-based translation method maps sign language gestures to corre-sponding letters or words using distance measures and classification as a machine learning technique.The results show that the proposed model is more accurate and faster than traditional image-based models in classifying Arabic-language signs,with a translation accuracy of 93.7%.This research makes a significant contribution to the field of ATSL.It offers a practical solution for improving communication for individuals with special needs,such as the deaf and mute community.This work demonstrates the potential of deep learning techniques in translating sign language into natural language and highlights the importance of ATSL in facilitating communication for individuals with disabilities.

Alphabet-Level Indian Sign Language Translation to Text Using Hybrid-AO Thresholding with CNN

Sign language is used as a communication medium in the field of trade,defence,and in deaf-mute communities worldwide.Over the last few decades,research in the domain of translation of sign language has grown and become more challenging.This necessitates the development of a Sign Language Translation System(SLTS)to provide effective communication in different research domains.In this paper,novel Hybrid Adaptive Gaussian Thresholding with Otsu Algorithm(Hybrid-AO)for image segmentation is proposed for the translation of alphabet-level Indian Sign Language(ISLTS)with a 5-layer Convolution Neural Network(CNN).The focus of this paper is to analyze various image segmentation(Canny Edge Detection,Simple Thresholding,and Hybrid-AO),pooling approaches(Max,Average,and Global Average Pooling),and activation functions(ReLU,Leaky ReLU,and ELU).5-layer CNN with Max pooling,Leaky ReLU activation function,and Hybrid-AO(5MXLR-HAO)have outperformed other frameworks.An open-access dataset of ISL alphabets with approx.31 K images of 26 classes have been used to train and test the model.The proposed framework has been developed for translating alphabet-level Indian Sign Language into text.The proposed framework attains 98.95%training accuracy,98.05%validation accuracy,and 0.0721 training loss and 0.1021 validation loss and the perfor-mance of the proposed system outperforms other existing systems.

Translation of English Language into Urdu Language Using LSTM Model

English to Urdu machine translation is still in its beginning and lacks simple translation methods to provide motivating and adequate English to Urdu translation.In order tomake knowledge available to the masses,there should be mechanisms and tools in place to make things understandable by translating from source language to target language in an automated fashion.Machine translation has achieved this goal with encouraging results.When decoding the source text into the target language,the translator checks all the characteristics of the text.To achieve machine translation,rule-based,computational,hybrid and neural machine translation approaches have been proposed to automate the work.In this research work,a neural machine translation approach is employed to translate English text into Urdu.Long Short Term Short Model(LSTM)Encoder Decoder is used to translate English to Urdu.The various steps required to perform translation tasks include preprocessing,tokenization,grammar and sentence structure analysis,word embeddings,training data preparation,encoder-decoder models,and output text generation.The results show that the model used in the research work shows better performance in translation.The results were evaluated using bilingual research metrics and showed that the test and training data yielded the highest score sequences with an effective length of ten(10).

Short-Term Memory Capacity across Time and Language Estimated from Ancient and Modern Literary Texts. Study-Case: New Testament Translations

We study the short-term memory capacity of ancient readers of the original New Testament written in Greek, of its translations to Latin and to modern languages. To model it, we consider the number of words between any two contiguous interpunctions Ip, because this parameter can model how the human mind memorizes “chunks” of information. Since IP can be calculated for any alphabetical text, we can perform experiments—otherwise impossible— with ancient readers by studying the literary works they used to read. The “experiments” compare the IP of texts of a language/translation to those of another language/translation by measuring the minimum average probability of finding joint readers (those who can read both texts because of similar short-term memory capacity) and by defining an “overlap index”. We also define the population of universal readers, people who can read any New Testament text in any language. Future work is vast, with many research tracks, because alphabetical literatures are very large and allow many experiments, such as comparing authors, translations or even texts written by artificial intelligence tools.

Language Teaching and Intercultural Communication:Teaching Korean Grammar to Non-native Speakers

Grounded upon the interactive relationship between intercultural communication(IC)and foreign language education and the recent gradual salience of communicative language teaching(CLT)in foreign language grammar learning sectors,the study reported in this paper deals with the issue of teaching Korean grammar to non-native speakers in terms of teaching Korean as a foreign language(TKFL).This paper attempts to examine and analyze several Korean language textbooks prepared for foreign learners of Korean,which is used overseas,especially in Hong Kong(HK).It is also attempted to evaluate the textbooks in terms of CLT and communicative competence.By doing so,we can further understand the methods of Korean grammar instruction provided to foreigners as a second language or a foreign language.

English Language Needs of Non-native Foreign Students

This paper will investigate the English language needs of non-native foreign students who are studying at the University of Otago, New Zealand. These students comprise of students from Asia （China, Thailand, Korea, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, to name a few） and Europe. For these students, English is their second or third language and they face proficiency problems. To them, mastery of English is most important because all the courses in the university are taught in English and unless the students are proficient to operate in English, they will lose out and face difficulties in securing good grades for their subjects. Findings of this research will provide insights for the curriculum developers and English teachers at public universities especially in Malaysia that have been accepting students from Asia and the Middle East. The present curriculum need to be reviewed or a new curriculum need to be designed to meet the English needs of their non-native foreign students

An Exemplification towards Subtitling Translation in Media Language Transfer——on the Movie"The Scientific Card player"

Bilingual subtitling is often employed as an economical and effective method in media language transfer. It could be regarded as a branch of translation and often employs translation theories and strategies when carrying out the blingual task. However, there are several other factors that from media industry and administration need to be combined with translation during the process of subtitling. This paper uses the Italian movie"The Scientific Card Player"as an example to give an analysis of several factors which are involved in movie subtitling, including the poly-semiotic nature of audiovisual material, movie censorship, subtitling and translating techniques and strategies.

On Translating Strategies of Humorous Language

This paper makes a systematical study on the translating strategies of humorous language,with linguistic and cultural factors taken into consideration in the discussion.It should be pointed out that whatever strategy is chosen in translation,it is workable so long as it can reach the best humorous effect.

重估翻译在外语教学中的作用——评Guy Cook的Translation in Language Teaching:an argument for reassessment

本文评介语言学家Guy Cook的Translation in Language Teaching:An argument for reassessment。该书于2010年在牛津大学出版社出版后引起了外语教学界的重视。本书梳理了各派外语教学法中翻译的使用情况和理论地位,以史实为基础探讨了翻译在当代外语教学法中饱受诟病的原因,并指出翻译应作为外语教学和测试的手段。评介说明外语教学应使用翻译手段,但其具体使用方式还有待探讨。

A Brief Analysis on the Relationship of Language,Culture and Translation

In recent years,it has become a hot topic for researchers to explore the relationships between language and culture,language and translation,or culture and translation.Indeed,the three aspects are inseparable.Language is the carrier of culture and also restricted by culture.Translation mostly takes place between languages and it is a kind of cross-linguistic and intercultural communicative activity.While translating,it is necessary to understand thoroughly the two languages,but also two cultures and cultural differences between them.In this paper,I firstly give a general review on both the conception of language,culture and translation and their relationship and then discussed the interaction and blending separately from the two phenomena of culture-orientation in translation and translation under culture context.Since culture is transmitted mostly by language,cultural elements and factors should be taken into consideration in translation practices.To achieve the goal of translation in a real sense,translation practices should be based on the principle of processing the discourse of source language and target language under the perspective of its cultural context.

A Study on Translation's Future——An Analysis of Language, Culture and Translating

A certain kind of culture always leaves its special stamp on its language which decides the relationship of culture and translation. Without mastering the foreign countries' cultures, non-native learners may find it hard to understand. As we all know, humans use languages to communicate with each other, however, different kinds of languages may cause us many problems. Different cultures may conflict with each other, so a literal translation is not always the closest to the original meaning. Culture differences add difficulties to translation. That's why translation plays an important role in the different languages' communication. It is not because translation is the transformation of language but also because it interprets culture. In the development of intercultural communication, translation has its undeniable mission. However, there appears a phenomenon in the highly advanced society that people are using more and more methods instead of translating to help communication. Naturally, people doubt whether the existence of translation is necessary; that is the key points of this thesis. After showing the development of translation and culture, and the relationship among culture, language and translation, the author draws a conclusion that translation would disappear in the cultural fusion.

Efficient Text Extraction Algorithm Using Color Clustering for Language Translation in Mobile Phone

Many Text Extraction methodologies have been proposed, but none of them are suitable to be part of a real system implemented on a device with low computational resources, either because their accuracy is insufficient, or because their performance is too slow. In this sense, we propose a Text Extraction algorithm for the context of language translation of scene text images with mobile phones, which is fast and accurate at the same time. The algorithm uses very efficient computations to calculate the Principal Color Components of a previously quantized image, and decides which ones are the main foreground-background colors, after which it extracts the text in the image. We have compared our algorithm with other algorithms using commercial OCR, achieving accuracy rates more than 12% higher, and performing two times faster. Also, our methodology is more robust against common degradations, such as uneven illumination, or blurring. Thus, we developed a very attractive system to accurately separate foreground and background from scene text images, working over low computational resources devices.

On untranslatability of classical Chinese poetry： From the perspective of aesthetic function of language

The author analyzes the untranslatability of the classical Chinese poetry from the perspective of aesthetic function of language. The untranslatability lies firstly in the heterogeneity, indeterminism and the ambiguity of the Chinese language itself. Moreover, the classical Chinese poetry displays its unique features and beauty which can not be rendered into English in terms of aesthetic function of language.

Language Factor and Translation Strategies

It is no exaggeration to say that all the problems in translation are connected with language.Therefore,if we want to explore the translation strategies,we should explore the similarities and differences between English and Chinese first and then the translation strategies.

LKMT:Linguistics Knowledge-Driven Multi-Task Neural Machine Translation for Urdu and English

Thanks to the strong representation capability of pre-trained language models,supervised machine translation models have achieved outstanding performance.However,the performances of these models drop sharply when the scale of the parallel training corpus is limited.Considering the pre-trained language model has a strong ability for monolingual representation,it is the key challenge for machine translation to construct the in-depth relationship between the source and target language by injecting the lexical and syntactic information into pre-trained language models.To alleviate the dependence on the parallel corpus,we propose a Linguistics Knowledge-Driven MultiTask(LKMT)approach to inject part-of-speech and syntactic knowledge into pre-trained models,thus enhancing the machine translation performance.On the one hand,we integrate part-of-speech and dependency labels into the embedding layer and exploit large-scale monolingual corpus to update all parameters of pre-trained language models,thus ensuring the updated language model contains potential lexical and syntactic information.On the other hand,we leverage an extra self-attention layer to explicitly inject linguistic knowledge into the pre-trained language model-enhanced machine translation model.Experiments on the benchmark dataset show that our proposed LKMT approach improves the Urdu-English translation accuracy by 1.97 points and the English-Urdu translation accuracy by 2.42 points,highlighting the effectiveness of our LKMT framework.Detailed ablation experiments confirm the positive impact of part-of-speech and dependency parsing on machine translation.

On Grammar Translation Approach and Communicative Language Teaching

Be driven by new knowledge about the learner and the English language, foreign language teaching has developed into many different schools based on different theories. All of them have their own advantages and disadvantages. Focusing on two of the most commonly used ones--the Grammar Translation Approach and Communicative Language Teaching, this paper gives comments about these two different approaches and give advices that combine them together to promote language teaching.

Translating Interdisciplinary Research on Language Learning into Identifying Specific Learning Disabilities in Verbally Gifted and Average Children and Youth

The current research was grounded in prior interdisciplinary research that showed cognitive ability (verbal ability for translating cognitions into oral language) and multiple-working memory endophenotypes (behavioral markers of genetic or brain bases of language learning) predict reading and writing achievement in students with and without specific learning disabilities in written language (SLDs-WL). Results largely replicated prior findings that verbally gifted with dyslexia score higher on reading and writing achievement than those with average verbal ability but not on endophenotypes. The current study extended that research by comparing those with and without SLDs-WL with assessed verbal ability held constant. The verbally gifted without SLDs-WL (n = 14) scored higher than the verbally gifted with SLDs-WL (n = 27) on six language skills (oral sentence construction, best and fastest handwriting in copying, single real word oral reading accuracy, oral pseudoword reading accuracy and rate) and four endophenotypes (orthographic and morphological coding, orthographic loop, and switching attention). The verbally average without SLDs-WL (n = 6) scored higher than the verbally average with SLDs-WL (n = 22) on four language skills (best and fastest hand-writing in copying, oral pseudoword reading accuracy and rate) and two endophenotypes (orthographic coding and orthographic loop). Implications of results for translating interdisciplinary research into flexible definitions for assessment and instruction to serve students with varying verbal abilities and language learning and endophenotype profiles are discussed along with directions for future research.

A Real-Time Automatic Translation of Text to Sign Language

Communication is a basic need of every human being;by this,they can learn,express their feelings and exchange their ideas,but deaf people cannot listen and speak.For communication,they use various hands gestures,also known as Sign Language(SL),which they learn from special schools.As normal people have not taken SL classes;therefore,they are unable to perform signs of daily routine sentences(e.g.,what are the specifications of this mobile phone?).A technological solution can facilitate in overcoming this communication gap by which normal people can communicate with deaf people.This paper presents an architecture for an application named Sign4PSL that translates the sentences to Pakistan Sign Language(PSL)for deaf people with visual representation using virtual signing character.This research aims to develop a generic independent application that is lightweight and reusable on any platform,including web and mobile,with an ability to perform offline text translation.The Sign4PSL relies on a knowledge base that stores both corpus of PSL Words and their coded form in the notation system.Sign4PSL takes English language text as an input,performs the translation to PSL through sign language notation and displays gestures to the user using virtual character.The system is tested on deaf students at a special school.The results have shown that the students were able to understand the story presented to them appropriately.