Influence of Non-Natural Ageing Temperature on the Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Cast Aluminum 6063 Alloy

This research considered the effect of non-natural aging on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of as-cast aluminum 6063 alloys. The samples were developed through a sand casting process and machined into tensile and impact test samples before carrying out solution heat treatment at 550?C (0.83 Tm) on two parts of the samples while retaining one part as the control. The two parts were further divided into sets denoted A and B and were aged at 180?C (0.27 Tm) and 160?C (0.24 Tm), respectively, for 12 hours. The results showed that sample A has the optimal yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of 192 and 206 MPa, respectively. Likewise, the sample gave the highest impact strength value of about 9.63 J/mm2. The observed results were supported by the optical micrograph, which revealed that the sample has evenly dispersed precipitates in its microstructure. This is deemed responsible for the observed increase in strength of the sample.

Creation of cytochrome P450 catalysis depending on a non-natural cofactor for fatty acid hydroxylation

Cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze diverse oxidative transformations at the expense of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH),however,their applications remain limited largely because NADPH is cost-prohibitive for biocatalysis at scale yet tightly regulated in host cells.A highly challenging task for P450 catalysis has been to develop an alternative and biocompatible electrondonating system.Here we engineered P450 BM3 to favor reduced nicotinamide cytosine dinucleotide(NCDH)and created non-natural cofactor-dependent P450 catalysis.Two outstanding mutants were identified with over 640-fold NCDH preference improvement and good catalytic efficiencies of over15,000 M^(-1)s^(-1)for the oxidation of the fatty acid probe 12-(para-nitrophenoxy)-dodecanoate.Molecular docking analysis indicated that these mutants bear a compacted cofactor entrance.Upon fusing with an NCD-dependent formate dehydrogenase,fused proteins functioned as NCDH-specific P450catalysts by using formate as the electron donor.Importantly,these mutants and fusions catalyzed NCDH-dependent hydroxylation of fatty acids with similar chain length preference to those by natural P450 BM3 in the presence of NADPH and also similar regioselectivity for subterminal hydroxylation of lauric acid.As P450 BM3 and its variants are catalytically powerful to take diverse substrates and convey different reaction paths,our results offer an exciting opportunity to devise advanced cell factories that convey oxidative biocatalysis with an orthogonal reducing power supply system.

Path Integral Quantization of Non-Natural Lagrangian

Path integral technique is discussed using Hamilton Jacobi method. The Hamilton Jacobi function of non-natural Lagrangian is obtained using separation of variables method. This function makes an important role in path integral quantization. The path integral is obtained as integration over the canonical phase space coordinates, which contains the generalized coordinate q and the generalized momentum p. One illustrative example is considered to explain the application of our formalism.

Predicting microseismic,acoustic emission and electromagnetic radiation data using neural networks

Microseism,acoustic emission and electromagnetic radiation(M-A-E)data are usually used for predicting rockburst hazards.However,it is a great challenge to realize the prediction of M-A-E data.In this study,with the aid of a deep learning algorithm,a new method for the prediction of M-A-E data is proposed.In this method,an M-A-E data prediction model is built based on a variety of neural networks after analyzing numerous M-A-E data,and then the M-A-E data can be predicted.The predicted results are highly correlated with the real data collected in the field.Through field verification,the deep learning-based prediction method of M-A-E data provides quantitative prediction data for rockburst monitoring.

Model test and numerical simulation on the dynamic stability of the bedding rock slope under frequent microseisms

Shake table testing was performed to investigate the dynamic stability of a mid-dip bedding rock slope under frequent earthquakes. Then, numerical modelling was established to further study the slope dynamic stability under purely microseisms and the influence of five factors, including seismic amplitude, slope height, slope angle, strata inclination and strata thickness, were considered. The experimental results show that the natural frequency of the slope decreases and damping ratio increases as the earthquake loading times increase. The dynamic strength reduction method is adopted for the stability evaluation of the bedding rock slope in numerical simulation, and the slope stability decreases with the increase of seismic amplitude, increase of slope height, reduction of strata thickness and increase of slope angle. The failure mode of a mid-dip bedding rock slope in the shaking table test is integral slipping along the bedding surface with dipping tensile cracks at the slope rear edge going through the bedding surfaces. In the numerical simulation, the long-term stability of a mid-dip bedding slope is worst under frequent microseisms and the slope is at risk of integral sliding instability, whereas the slope rock mass is more broken than shown in the shaking table test. The research results are of practical significance to better understand the formation mechanism of reservoir landslides and prevent future landslide disasters.

Cumulative damage effect on debris slopes under frequent microseisms

Debris slopes are widely distributed across the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China,and seasonal fluctuations of the water level in the area tend to cause high-frequency microseisms that subsequently induce landslides on such debris slopes.In this study,a cumulative damage model of debris slope with varying slope characteristics under the effects of frequent microseisms was established,based on the accurate definition of slope damage variables.The cumulative damage behaviour and the mechanisms of slope instability and sliding under frequent microseisms were thus systematically investigated through a series of shaking table tests and discrete element numerical simulations,and the influences of related parameters such as bedrock,dry density and stone content were discussed.The results showed that the instability mode of a debris slope can be divided into a vibration-compaction stage,a crack generation stage,a crack development stage,and an instability stage.Under the action of frequent microseisms,debris slope undergoes the last three stages cyclically,which causes the accumulation to slide out in layers under the synergistic action of tension and shear,causing the slope to become destabilised.There are two sliding surfaces as well as the parallel tensile surfaces in the final instability of the debris slope.In the process of instability,the development trend of the damage accumulation curve remains similar for debris slopes with different parameters.However,the initial vibration compaction effect in the bedrock-free model is stronger than that in the bedrock model,with the overall cumulative damage degree in the former being lower than that of the latter.The damage degree of the debris slope with high dry density also develops more slowly than that of the debris slope with low dry density.The damage development rate of the debris slope does not always decrease with the increase of stone content.The damage degree growth rate of the debris slope with the optimal stone content is the lowest,and the increase or decrease of the stone content makes the debris slope instability happen earlier.The numerical simulation study also further reveals that the damage in the debris slope mainly develops in the form of crack formation and penetration,in which,shear failure occurs more frequently in the debris slope.

NEW NON-NATURALLY REDUCTIVE EINSTEIN METRICS ON Sp(n)

In this paper, we consider a class of left invariant Riemannian metrics on Sp(n),which is invariant under the adjoint action of the subgroup Sp(n-3) × Sp(1) × Sp(1) × Sp(1).Based on the related formulae in the literature, we show that the existence of Einstein metrics is equivalent to the existence of solutions of some homogeneous Einstein equations. Then we use a technique of the Gr?bner basis to get a sufficient condition for the existence, and show that this method will lead to new non-naturally reductive metrics.

井下断层活动的定量监测及其对冲击地压的影响研究

为建立断层活动与冲击地压之间的定量关系,实现煤矿冲击地压有效防控。通过理论分析义马矿区地质构造环境,以及耿村煤矿13200工作面与断层影响带的相对位置关系,研究了断裂构造对冲击地压的宏观控制作用。计算了井田构造应力并进行了构造应力区划分,分析了构造应力分区对冲击地压的控制作用。提出了井下断层活动性的定量监测方法,构建了“震源区煤岩体与动力核区尺度等量,震源能量随传递距离逐渐衰减”的模型,建立了大能量微震事件与断层活动的关系,确定了断层活动性对冲击地压的影响。研究结果表明:义马煤田内相对复杂的逆冲推覆构造体系,构成了义马矿区冲击地压的地质构造背景条件。F_(16)断层的影响带范围为7000~7600 m,13200工作面全部处于F_(16)断层的影响带内,在开采活动的影响下进一步增大了冲击地压的发生危险。Ⅰ-2断裂、Ⅲ-4断裂和Ⅳ-7断裂等控制的区域是冲击地压和大能量微震事件显现的主要区域,且冲击地压和大能量微震事件大多位于应力梯度区范围内。在大能量微震事件孕育和发生期间,F_(16)断层位移分别增长50 mm和45 mm;大能量微震事件发生前,断层活动拉力的增幅均相对最高,分别为2.58 kN和2.93 kN,断层位移量的快速增加和较高的应力增幅构成了大能量微震事件的主要能量来源。表明大能量微震事件和冲击地压的发生均与断层的活动联系紧密。井下断层的实际定量监测方法可以广泛应用于矿井冲击地压预测与防控的指导工作中。

基于EM-KF算法的微地震信号去噪方法

针对微地震信号能量较弱,噪声较强,使微地震弱信号难以提取问题,提出了一种基于EM-KF(Expectation Maximization Kalman Filter)的微地震信号去噪方法。通过建立一个符合微地震信号规律的状态空间模型,并利用EM(Expectation Maximization)算法获取卡尔曼滤波的参数最优解,结合卡尔曼滤波,可以有效地提升微地震信号的信噪比,同时保留有效信号。通过合成和真实数据实验结果表明,与传统的小波滤波和卡尔曼滤波相比,该方法具有更高的效率和更好的精度。

煤矿微震监测与定位系统的研究与验证

针对我国采矿业不断发展,矿震事件不断发生,设计出了一种煤矿监测与定位系统,该系统以STM32F407为主控芯片,通过控制各个模块实现微震源的监测与定位,其中对到达时间差算法(TDOA)进行改进,提出了基于到达时间差的改进布谷鸟搜索算法(TDOA-ICS)的微震定位算法。经过实验验证,TDOA-ICS算法相较于传统TDOA算法定位精度更高,稳定性更强,对于煤矿安全设备研究具有重要的现实意义。

急倾斜巨厚煤层复杂空间结构区微震时空演化规律及诱冲机理

煤矿冲击地压灾害的发生与空间结构密切相关,尤其在复杂空间结构区灾害发生更频繁。掌握煤层开采复杂空间结构区煤岩灾变规律并揭示其发生机制对于冲击地压防控具有重要意义。以乌东煤矿为研究背景,采用数值模拟、微震监测、理论分析等方法,研究了岩柱应力异常尺寸效应,分析了复杂空间结构区微震时空演化规律,揭示了复杂空间结构下冲击地压发生机理,评估了煤层开采不同区域的冲击危险性。研究结果表明:①急倾斜岩柱厚度更窄、出露高度更大其撬动效应更强,岩厚变异应力异常形成5个分区。②岩柱厚度更窄区域微震频次更多,能量更高,时空活动度更强,离散性更高。高应力区、应力梯度区、应力平稳区依次呈现“低频次-高能量”、“高频次-高能量”、“低频次-低能量”的微震响应特征。③特殊空间结构区域微震事件簇集且能级增大,时空活动度及离散性陡增,尤其在结构边缘该特征更明显,能量积聚及释放速率增大,冲击地压发生的概率及强度更高。位于岩柱更窄区域的特殊空间结构内微震活动更剧烈。④岩柱厚度越窄(煤柱高度越大)则岩柱向深的弯矩及能量增长速率越快,冲击危险性更高。依据结构面强度效应推断出断裂带发生滑移错动,是能量积聚与释放的优势区域。揭示冲击地压发生机理为高静载及低临界载荷共同作用,基于应力集中特征评估煤层开采不同区域的冲击危险性。

覆岩高位整层爆破卸压“人造预裂层”源头防治冲击地压技术体系及应用

主动卸压防冲是落实强化煤矿冲击地压源头治理的重要措施。现行的主动卸压防控方式,或采用回采工作面平巷布孔卸压,或采用井下原位水力压裂技术,具有卸压保护范围有限、卸压施工进度制约等不足;或采用地面水力压裂防冲系统,具有卸压范围广时效长等优点,也需要解决前期投入等。因此,秉持源头防治、防患未然、经济高效的一体化的防冲卸压创新战略思想,研究一种实践易行、效果显著、可全面推广的新型区域卸压源头防冲技术体系势在必行。提出了覆岩高位超前整层爆破卸压技术体系,针对可产生动载荷的较高位关键层,创新高位岩巷、高位钻场、爆破钻孔布置,将高位坚硬岩层超前、整体、均匀爆破预裂,从而形成“人造预裂层”。该方法突破了一般的长钻孔距离限制,使得岩层爆破的卸压高度、卸压范围、卸压效果均大幅提高,可形成覆盖整个工作面区域甚至多个工作面的超前工作面开采的高位“人造预裂层”。高位爆破“人造预裂层”首先使得该高位坚硬岩层的来压步距和来压强度大幅减弱,其次也缓冲减弱了其上硬岩层向下传递的矿山压力,最后还可降低其下方硬岩层的来压步距。在陕西长武亭南煤业3409工作面首次进行了覆岩高位整层爆破卸压“人造预裂层”技术试验后,现场实测效果表明采用该方法较之常规爆破卸压区域,支架的平均来压强度、来压步距、来压持续距离和压力报警频次均大幅减少;巷道深孔和浅孔应力也均减少;微震事件总能量、大能量微震事件大幅度减少,且密集程度显著降低,工作面中段的微震事件尤为稀疏;地音高能事件、震源CT获得的冲击风险区域也有减少,各种实测手段均验证了高位爆破人造预裂层卸压防冲技术的优越性。

隐伏振动源的地震定位技术

隐伏目标探测是军事防护的重点之一,但是难以借助常规的光学或图像技术实现。针对这一问题,本文首先回溯和总结地震定位技术的发展和应用,展示了地震方法在隐伏振动目标探测和定位上具有显著的优势;然后利用中国柴达木盆地西部采集的微地震资料,采用非线性定位法和双差法对微地震事件进行了定位。最终结果表明:1)与非线性定位方法相比,重定位的微震震源分布得更集中,震群之间的边界更清晰,与已知的断裂构造相符;2)重定位的误差降低了一个量级,绝大多数地震事件经过非线性定位后的水平和深度误差在1000 m以内,而双差法的误差则控制在100 m以内。该实例证实了利用地震定位技术探测隐伏振动目标的可行性。

ABX MICROS 60-OT型血细胞分析仪的性能评价

目的 评价ABXMICROS 60 -OT(以下简称ABX -60 )血细胞分析仪的分析性能 ,推广临床应用。 方法 用EDTA -K2静脉抗凝血标本连续测定和每天随机插入常规标本测定及稀释法分别测定ABX -60的精密度 ,携带污染率和线性性能 ,并与COULTERJT -IR结果进行比较。 结果 ABX -60的批内和批间精密度的变异系数均 <5 ,病人标本测定携带污染率均≤ 0 4% ,对白细胞、红细胞、血红蛋白、血小板测定结果与COULTERJT -IR比较有良好的相关性。 结论 ABX -60是一种较为理想的中档血细胞分析仪 ,适合中心型单位使用。

基于地压监测的采空区稳定性评估方法研究

通过对国内外采空区稳定性地压监测评估方法现状分析,综合考虑微震事件的能量-空间-时间分布特征及多种监测技术手段,提出了微震事件时空演化规律、微震能量指数与累积视体积之比EV、微震b值、多参数融合等4种采空区稳定性评估方法。然后,在普朗铜矿、亚克斯矿、寿王坟矿等矿应用了这些方法,分析这些采空区影响下顶板、地表、巷道围岩破裂发展的发育演变规律,与现场实际相契合,验证了这些方法的有效性。

South China Sea Typhoon Hagibis enhanced Xinfengjiang Reservoir seismicity

There was an evident increase in the number of earthquakes in the Xinfengjiang Reservoir from June to July 2014 after the landing of Typhoon Hagibis.To understand the spatial and temporal evolution of this microseismicity,we built a high-precision earthquake catalog for 2014 and relocated 2275 events using recently developed methods for event picking and catalog construction.Seismicity occurred in the southeastern part of the reservoir,with the preferred fault plane orientation aligned along the Heyuan Fault.The total seismic energy peaked when the typhoon passed through the reservoir,and seismicity correlated with typhoon energy.In contrast,a limited seismic response was observed during the later Typhoon Rammasun.Combining data regarding the water level in the Xinfengjiang Reservoir and seismicity frequency changes in the Taiwan region during these two typhoon events,we suggest that typhoon activity may increase microseism energy by impacting fault stability around the Xinfengjiang Reservoir.Whether a fault can be activated also depends on how close the stress accumulation is to its failure point.

蒙陕接壤区典型煤层开采顶板周期性变形破坏及涌水响应特征

【目的】煤矿开采扰动破坏覆岩含/隔水层结构,造成集中涌水,影响矿井安全生产。【方法】以面临典型顶板砂岩水影响的蒙陕接壤区主采煤层3-1煤开采涌水过程为研究对象,采用物理相似材料模拟、数值仿真模拟、现场原位监测3种方法,并通过周边地质和开采条件相似矿井实测数据对比,分析3-1煤典型工作面开采煤体支承压力周期性演变规律、采空区覆岩垂直位移演变规律,定量获取实验室尺度顶板周期来压瞬间微震能量事件变化特征,综合确定顶板导水裂隙带随采发育特征,以及顶板涌水随覆岩周期来压变化趋势。【结果和结论】结果表明:工作面开采覆岩初次来压步距约40 m,周期性来压步距12~28 m,覆岩破断瞬间围岩周期性来压呈现“先增后稳定”的趋势,在推进至第5次周期来压(推进距离约140 m)时,超前支承压力达到最大,覆岩周期性来压、破断瞬间垂直位移峰值随采呈现“之”字型变化特征,同样,位移监测数据、微震事件总能量、事件频次等综合指标指示,在第5次周期来压瞬间,覆岩垂直位移变幅达到最大值,塑性区发育高度基本稳定;导水裂隙带发育最大高度在120 m左右,将直接沟通顶板直罗组砂岩含水层,地下水随采涌入过程呈现两种波动变化趋势,工作面全局尺度上呈现长周期“阶梯式”增长趋势,“阶梯式”增长周期约800 m,局部尺度呈现短周期“振荡”变化趋势,振荡周期16~48 m,并表现出与覆岩来压周期之间的较强关联性。研究结果为工作面涌水量预测以及防排水系统布设提供参考。

断层切割孤立煤体应力动态特征及协同卸压技术

为了研究由断层切割形成的孤立煤体应力特征,防止孤立煤体应力集中区域在工作面回采期间发生冲击危险;以新巨龙煤矿6305工作面为例,建立了孤立煤体受力估算模型,得到冲击危险性指数Ic;提出了针对孤立煤体区域两侧巷道实施的“大直径钻孔卸压+爆破切顶卸压”协同卸压技术,并通过FLAC^(3D)模拟协同卸压前后孤立煤体应力动态特征。结果表明:冲击危险性指数I_(c)=2.6>1.5,即孤立煤体平均支承压力超过临界冲击阈值易发生冲击;卸压前过F_(311)断层后XF_(2)断层处回采帮采动应力突增7.85 MPa,冲击危险程度升高;卸压后孤立煤体突出部位回采帮应力平均降低25.3%,非回采帮应力平均降低12.5%,卸压区域无大能量微震事件发生,钻屑量正常,卸压效果良好。

基于BP神经网络的微震多属性预测工作面煤厚判定方法

微震监测技术在国内外煤矿和非煤矿山中已经广泛使用,对预测岩爆、冲击地压、防治水害、深部采场稳定性及顶板冒落等突发灾害起到了重要作用。本文基于邯邢矿区九龙矿15249N工作面微震监测结果,提取其中10种微震属性数据,通过对微震属性的优化和误差分析,优选出矩震级、滑动位移、体变势、能量、静态应力降等5种震源参数,结合巷道揭露和钻孔约束方法进行BP人工神经网络方法计算,通过穷举式搜索(ES)算法和试凑递增法得最优属性顺序和隐含节点数,建立一种基于BP神经网络的微震多属性煤层厚度预测模型。对该预测模型进行误差分析和相似区域判定,结合实际地质条件验证得出该模型在工作面煤厚判定中具有良好的应用效果。

上分层回采工作面片帮微震时空演化规律研究

煤壁片帮的发生可能影响工作面安全回采。基于赵固一矿16111工作面煤壁片帮微震监测数据,研究片帮发生过程的微震事件时空演化规律,得出以下结论:厚煤层上分层回采时,顶板微震事件频次发育较高,除受采动影响外,频次发育受到断层构造、片帮、回采速度等因素影响显著;片帮发生时顶板事件频次增幅大,影响了工作面周期性变化,对顶板影响大,能量释放剧烈,易引发冒顶事故;片帮期间超前影响范围增大,最大值达到152 m,相比其他时段回采范围骤增;可以适当加快工作面推进速度,减少超前集中应力与煤壁间的作用时间,减弱上覆岩层对煤壁的破坏作用,减小片帮发生概率。