Drug-induced mucosal alterations observed during esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Several features of drug-induced mucosal alterations have been observed in the upper gastrointestinal tract,i.e.,the esophagus,stomach,and duodenum.These include pill-induced esophagitis,desquamative esophagitis,worsening of gastroesophageal reflux,chemotherapy-induced esophagitis,proton pump inhibitor-induced gastric mucosal changes,medication-induced gastric erosions and ulcers,pseudomelanosis of the stomach,olmesartan-related gastric mucosal inflammation,lanthanum deposition in the stomach,zinc acetate hydrate tabletinduced gastric ulcer,immune-related adverse event gastritis,olmesartan-associated sprue-like enteropathy,pseudomelanosis of the duodenum,and lanthanum deposition in the duodenum.For endoscopists,acquiring accurate knowledge regarding these diverse drug-induced mucosal alterations is crucial not only for the correct diagnosis of these lesions but also for differential diag-nosis of other conditions.This minireview aims to provide essential information on druginduced mucosal alterations observed on esophagogastroduodenoscopy,along with representative endoscopic images.

Epidermoid Cyst of Cerebellopontine Angle

Synonyms: Epidermoid tumor,non-neoplastic inclusion cyst, congenital cholesteatoma of the cerebellopontine angle cistern.Definition: Congenital lesion arising from inclusion of ectodermal epithelial elements at time of neural tube closure during 3rd to 5th week of embryonic life, resulting in migration abnormalities of epiblastic cells.Classic imaging appearance:(1)Signal shows an insinuating cisternal lesion with low T1, high T2 close to that of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).(2)FLAIR shows incomplete or absent attenuation.(3)Diffusion-weighted imaging shows epidermoid cyst has restricted diffusion(high-signal lesion).Other key facts:(1)3rd most common cerebellopontine angle-internal auditory canal (CPA-IAC) mass.(2)1% of all intracranial tumors.

Review of oral and pharyngolaryngeal benign lesions detected during esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Recent advancements in endoscopy equipment have facilitated endoscopists’detection of neoplasms in the oral cavity and pharyngolaryngeal regions.In particular,image-enhanced endoscopy using narrow band imaging or blue laser imaging play an integral role in the endoscopic diagnosis of oral and pharyngolaryngeal cancers.Despite these advancements,limited studies have focused on benign lesions that can be observed during esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the oral and pharyngolaryngeal regions.Therefore,this mini-review aimed to provide essential information on such benign lesions,along with representative endoscopic images of dental caries,cleft palate,palatal torus,bifid uvula,compression by cervical osteophytes,tonsil hyperplasia,black hairy tongue,oral candidiasis,oral and pharyngolaryngeal ulcers,pharyngeal melanosis,oral tattoos associated with dental alloys,retention cysts,papilloma,radiation-induced changes,skin flaps,vocal cord paresis,and vocal fold leukoplakia.Whilst it is imperative to seek consultation from otolaryngologists or dentists in instances where the diagnosis cannot be definitively ascertained by endoscopists,the merits of attaining foundational expertise pertaining to oral and pharyngolaryngeal lesions are unequivocal.This article will be a valuable resource for endoscopists seeking to enhance their understanding of oral and pharyngolaryngeal lesions.