Characteristics and application of Baosteel's Cr-free ultrathick J coat for non-oriented silicon steel sheets

Baosteel＇ s Cr-free ultrathick J coat for non-oriented silicon steel sheets has excellent insulation performance and has been successfully applied to middle and large scale electric power trains and wind electric power devices, which have stricter requirements than typical for coat insulation. In this paper, the characteristics and application of this type of coating for non-oriented silicon steel sheets were described in detail.

Effects of calcium treatment on non-metallic inclusions and magnetic properties of non-oriented silicon steel sheets

Based on the industrial production of non-oriented silicon steel,calcium treatment by CaSi wire feeding during the RH refining process was studied. The thermodynamics of CaS inclusion formation was analyzed, and the morphology and the size distribution were observed. Furthermore, the change in inclusion characteristics after calcium treatment and the effect of calcium treatment on magnetic properties were discussed. The results show that the formation of MnS and A1N inclusions were restrained, and the aggregating, floating and removing of microinclusions after calcium treatment were effectively promoted. The cleanliness of liquid steel was obviously increased. The main type of inclusions was single phase of CaO, with some complex inclusions composed of CaO, SiO2 and MgO. No CaS inclusion was observed after an appropriate calcium treatment. The size of all inclusions was distributed in the range of 2 - 20 μm, and the number was about 1.8 × 10^5/mm3. In addition, as an increasing amount of calcium was added,the core loss gradually decreased to a stable level, and the magnetic induction decreased quickly after a slow increase. The optimal calcium treatment mode depends on the chemical composition of steel.

Control of nonmetallic inclusions of non-oriented silicon steel sheets by the rare earth treatment

Based on the industrial production of non-oriented silicon steel, the rare earth （RE） treatment during the Ruhrstahl Heraeus （RH） refining process was studied. The morphology and the size distribution were observed for the steel specimens treated with different RE treatment conditions. Furthermore, the formation and change of the nonmetallic inclusion characteristics of finished steel sheets after the RE treatment were discussed. The results have shown that in the present work,the suitable RE metal additions are 0.6 -0.9 kg/t steel. After the suitable RE treatment,the formation of AIN and MnS inclusions were restrained, and the aggregation, flotation and removal of nonmetallic inclusions were efficiently promoted and the cleanliness of liquid steel was significantly increased. Meanwhile, the total oxygen concentration reached the minimum value and thle desulfurization efficiency was optimal ,and the type of main inclusions was approximately spherical or elliptical spherical RE radicle inclusions whose size was relatively large.

Manufacture and application of a Cr-free insulation coat for non-oriented silicon steel sheets

The manufacturing techniques of a Cr-free coat for non-oriented silicon steel sheets with excellent magnetic properties were developed. The ingredients of the coat mainly include phosphate, epoxy resin, an amine solidified agent and water. Through the adjustment of ingredients, superior adhesiveness, corrosion-resistance performance, welding performance and stamping preformance have been obtained. Thus ,the non-oriented silicon steel sheets with the above Cr-free coat have been used successfully in the fields of compressors ,transformers, and small and medium motors.

Transverse thickness difference control technology for non-oriented silicon steel

Transverse thickness difference is an important quality index of non-oriented silicon steel strips. In order to fulfill users＇ accuracy requirements on the transverse thickness of silicon steel and improve the production yield, the factors influencing transverse thickness difference were analyzed. Then the work roll shape, control strategy and incoming hot-rolled strips were optimized. Since the optimization measures were implemented in the actual production, the thickness difference of non-oriented silicon steel has been reduced greatly and fulfilled the requirements placed by users. These measures have achieved remarkable effects.

Recent Developments in the Study on Oriented Silicon Steel Sheets

Over the past several decades, the texture, properties and manufacture of quality silicon steels have been investigated for application in magnetic devices requiring magnetically soft materials, such as transformers, inductive devices, etc. Most recently, the factors effecting the texture and magnetic properties, e.g. impurities, rolling process and annealing process, have been greatly studied. The benefits of this study are that low core loss silicon steels with stable high-performance can be obtained through an economic production process. This review is intended to summarize the recent developments in the texture, properties, manufacture and application of oriented silicon steel sheets.

Magnetic Properties and Workability of 6.5% Si Steel Sheet Manufactured by Siliconizing Process

A siliconizing process to manufacture 6.5% Si steel sheet has been developed. Electric components, such as transformers and reactors are made easily from 6.5% Si steel sheet. However, improved workability is desirable to increase the applications. Therefore the improvement of workability of 6.5% Si steel sheet was investigated, and the results were obtained as follows: (a) workability of 6.5% Si steel sheet is deteriorated by grain boundary oxidization, (b) grain boundary oxidization can be restrained by the addition of C. Workability and magnetic properties of 6.5% Si steel sheet with C addition are discussed. Furthermore, it was found that the workability of high Si steel sheet was improved remarkably by varying the Si content gradient along the thickness without deterioration of high frequency magnetic properties. This newly developed magnetic gradient high Si steel sheet is also discussed.

Texture Characteristics of Thin Grain Oriented Silicon Steel Sheet Produced by Cross Shear Rolling

Commercial grain oriented silicon steel was cold rolled to thickness from 0.06 to 0.10 mm by cross shear rolling, then annealed in vacuum or a hydrogen atmosphere furnace. Deformation textures of the sheets were researched by ODF method and reverse pole figure quantitative analyses. The results indicate that: in the condition of the cross shear rolling, the deformation texture of rolled sheet is generally similar to that of conventional rolled sheet, however, the texture distribution through the thickness is asymmetrical. With mismatch speed ratio increasing, the amount of Goss texture increases. With reduction ratio increasing, the intensity of γ-fiber becomes strong.

Study on Calculation Model of High Speed Machine Silicon Steel Sheet Electromagnetic Characteristics Considering Magnetic, Stress and Temperature Condition

High-speed motor has the characteristics of high frequency, high temperature, and more stress, resulting in the field distribution inside the motor being complicated. To better study the electromagnetic characteristics of silicon steel sheet for high-speed motor. In this article, a study on the calculation model of silicon sheet electromagnetic characteristics considers the effects of electromagnetic, stress, and temperature factors. The study is divided into two parts, one is to propose the calculation model of silicon steel sheet’s permeability;the other is to improve the calculation model of silicon steel sheet’s loss. Then, the magnetic field, stress field, and temperature field of a surface mount high speed permanent magnet motor(SMHSPMSM) are analyzed by finite element method(FEM), and the results under the consideration of magnetic, stress, and temperature factors are brought into the calculation model for calculation. Finally, the accuracy of the calculation model for electromagnetic characteristics of silicon steel sheet is verified by comparing the calculated results with the finite element results.

STUDY ON REDUCING THE CORE LOSS OF GRAIN ORIENTED SILICON STEEL AND IMPROVING ITS AGING PROPERTY BY LASER NITRIDING TECHNIQUE IN ATMOSPHERIC AMBIENT

CW-CO2 laser nitriding technique was applied to improve the properties （such as aging property and the core loss） of grain oriented silicon steel. The samples were nitrided with regular space. Laser power density and scanning speed were chosen as 7.8×10^5W·cm^-2 and 100mm·min^-1. By some laser irradiation, Fe4N and Fe3N were formed in the nitrided zone. The nitrided samples were annealed at the temperatures ranged from 100 to 90℃. The core loss of some interested samples was tested. The results show that the core loss of the nitrided samples with different thickness of 0.23 and 0.30mm decreased by 14.9% and 9.4% respectively, and the aging property were improved up to 800℃. The mechanism of laser nitriding to improve the properties of grain oriented silicon steel is discussed.

Balancing Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of Non-oriented Electrical Steel:Correlation Between Microstructure and Properties

High performance e-motors require a continuous enhancement of physical and mechanical properties for non-oriented electrical steel(NOES).However,the optimization of mechanical and magnetic properties simultaneously during NOES processing is extremely challenging where both properties directly influenced by alloy grain size,crystallographic texture,and dislocation density.In the current investigation,recrystallization annealing cycles were employed to modify the microstructure with the aim of balance magnetic and mechanical properties of NOES concurrently.The results showed that with increasing annealing temperatures,the degree of recrystallization and grain size increased,while the dislocation density reduced considerably at the early stage of recrystallization.Meanwhile,the values of texture parameter A*_(overall)(which is a function of overall individual grain orientations and their alignments with easy magnetization directions)were increased.It was evident that the magnetic properties were significantly improved,however the alloy strength was reduced with increasing annealing temperatures.Here,the correlation between magnetic properties as well as alloy strength on grain size,texture,and dislocation density were determined.From crystallographic texture intensity and measured properties quantitative analyses it was concluded that grain size was the predominant factor in balancing the mechanical and magnetic properties of the studied steel.Furthermore,the optimal comprehensive properties(both magnetic and mechanical)were achieved by annealing at 800℃,which yielded a magnetic induction B5000 of 1.616 T,a high-frequency iron loss P_(1.0/400)of 22.43 W/kg,and a yield strength of 527 MPa.

Effect of lanthanum on recrystallization behavior of non-oriented silicon steel

Non-oriented silicon steels containing different mass fractions of lanthanum were prepared using a high-frequency suspended furnace.Microstructures were observed by a metallographic microscope and micro-orientations were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope（SEM）.The results showed that at the annealing temperature of 870℃,recrystallization started at 90 s and completed at 120 s during annealing.Without lanthanum,no matter Cube or {111 }110 grains,recrystallized grains nucleated mainly in deformed {111}110 and {113}031 grains.With lanthanum,however,they nucleated in the deformed {110} and {112}132grains.This indicated that addition of lanthanum changed the micro-orientation relationship between new grains and the matrix.

Recrystallization texture development in rare-earth(RE)-doped non-oriented silicon steel

High-grade non-oriented silicon steel with higher permeability and lower core loss has become the pursed target with the rapid developnient of electrical machines.The effects of rare-earth(RE)element on recrystallization texture in RE-doped Fe-3.1 wt.%Si-1.2 wt.%Al non-oriented silicon steel were investigated by macro-and micro-texture analyses.Nonlinear variation of recrystallization texture with RE element content was observed.In the competition among main recrystallization texture components,favorable{113}<361>and X fiber(<001>//ND)are strengthened and unfavorable y fiber is evidently decreased by the addition of RE element,whereas the effect of RE element is reversed by excess RE element.The recrystallization texture development is determined by RE-affected nucleation and grain growth in terms of grain boundary migration related to segregation and inclusion.The properly inhibited grain boundary mobility can promote favorable recrystallization texture by the improved nucleation and efficient grain growth.

Significant effect of as-cast microstructure on texture evolution and magnetic properties of strip cast non-oriented silicon steel

In this study, two types of as-cast microstructure produced by strip casting were cold rolled and annealed to investigate the effect of initial microstructure on the textural evolution and magnetic properties of non-oriented silicon steel. The results indicated that the cold-rolled sheets of coarse-grained strip with pronounced {100} components exhibited stronger 入 fiber(<100>//ND) and weaker γ fiber(<111>//ND)texture as composed to the fine-grained strip with strong Goss({110}(001)) texture. After annealing, the former was dominated by η fiber(<001>//RD) texture with a peak at {110}<001)orientation, while the latter consisted of strong {111}(112) and relatively weak {110}(001) texture. In addition, a number of precipitates of size ～30-150 nm restricted the grain growth during annealing, resulting in recrystallization of grain size of ～46 μm in the coarse-grained specimen and ～41μm in the fine-grained specimen.Ultimately, higher magnetic induction(～1.72 T) and lower core loss(～4.04 W/kg) were obtained in the final annealed sheets of coarse-grained strip with strong {100} texture.

Sheet material lifting mechanism of the manipulator

At present, machine fixed up and down repeatedly work is done by human. Although it is low cost and easy to change plate, there are many shortcomings of the work injury and the low work efficiency. Foreign automatic loading and unloading device has been developed, but the principle is more complex, the cost is higher, the energy consumption is larger, so the automatic loading and unloading robot came into being. Aiming at the transportation of mechanical raw material, an automatic device is designed to transport the scheduled raw materials to the specified position according to the processing requirements. The device has the characteristics of the simple operation, the rapid response and the large range of activities, and has obvious economic and environmental benefits. There is certain popularization value.

CPS-SPWM级联H桥激励的变压器铁耗快速计算方法

针对载波移相(CPS)正弦脉宽调制(SPWM)级联H桥激励的变压器,提出一种基于经典损耗分离模型的铁耗快速计算方法.首先,结合SPWM电压波形特征定义集总占空比,并推导其关于调制比的解析模型;其次,基于经典损耗分离模型和集总占空比,构建CPS-SPWM级联H桥的铁耗计算模型,该方法可以直接使用调制比、直流母线电压等参数对铁耗进行计算,从而避免传统方法中的谐波分析或者数值积分过程;再次,基于本文铁耗计算模型,提出了一种针对SPWM电压激励的有限元(FEM)仿真等效方法,最后,通过实验验证了本文计算方法的有效性.研究结果表明:等效仿真铁耗误差小于3.6%、仿真用时减少74.5%;最大铁耗计算误差为7.6%.

低温高速永磁电机硅钢片铁心电磁性能变化机理研究

由于低温泵用高速电机工作在低温环境中,探究低温环境对构件材料性能的影响、低温条件对电机特性的作用机理以及形成统一的选材原则已经成为该类电机亟待解决的问题。采用实验法在常温(25℃)和低温(-196℃)条件下对不同系列的冷轧无取向硅钢片的电磁性能进行了研究,分析了低温环境与频率对硅钢片电磁性能的影响情况。基于实测数据并采用有限元法计算了电机定子铁耗,得到了电机采用不同系列硅钢片的定子铁耗分布以及变化情况。为了探究低温环境下采用不同系列硅钢片时电机定子铁耗变化幅度不同的原因,采用低温冲击法对硅钢片的矫顽力进行测量,验证了有限元计算所得规律的正确性。探明低温条件对硅钢片电磁性能的影响机理,提出低温高速高频电机铁心材料的选材建议,为低温工作环境下低温电机铁心材料选材提供理论借鉴与参考。

利用等效复磁导率幅值对硅钢叠片铁心的改进均质化方法

工程上通常用电工钢等低损耗软磁材料制作电力变压器叠片铁心,并通过减少磁性材料叠片厚度和涂抹绝缘涂层来降低叠片的涡流损耗。在计算机仿真中通常用均质化方法对多层薄叠片进行建模,但需要在边缘处进行加密剖分以考虑集肤效应,计算成本较未均质化时有所下降,但依然较高。本文利用含有集肤效应的等效复磁导率幅值改进均质化公式,降低边缘网格的剖分数目,进一步降低计算成本。将国际基准问题TEAM 21d-M的20层硅钢片均质化并进行磁通以及损耗计算,结果显示本文所提方法在仿真数据上与实验结果最大误差不超过6%,内存占用、计算耗时上较已有的均质化方法大幅提升,表明改进均质化方法准确度高、速度快。

机械剪切对无取向硅钢磁性能的影响

结合工业化生产的无取向硅钢,开展了剪切间隙、试样尺寸、测试方向和材料的屈强比对磁性能的影响研究。结果表明,随着机械剪切间隙的增加,成品试样厚度方向上剪切面所占的比例逐渐变少,试样的铁损、磁感出现了不同程度的劣化。其中,铁损的劣化率远大于磁感的劣化率。平行轧向的试样铁损劣化率远大于垂直轧向的试样。此外,随着剪切次数的增加和剪切试样尺寸的减小,试样的铁损、磁感也会出现相应的劣化,并且还会受到材料的屈强比影响。材料的屈强比越高,经过机械剪切之后的试样磁性能劣化就越明显。

有取向硅钢片开关磁阻电机研究

开关磁阻电机结构简单、可靠性高,已在一些驱动场合得到应用,但为获得更大转矩和开关磁阻电机的双凸极结构,使开关磁阻电机铁芯磁密较为饱和。为提高开关磁阻电机定子磁极抗饱和能力,降低励磁电流,结合开关磁阻电机磁路特点,提出有取向硅钢拼块式定子铁芯结构,利用有取向硅钢材料优异的导磁性能,缓解定子磁极饱和情况,仿真结果表明,有取向硅钢片开关磁阻电机可以降低定子磁极饱和程度、降低励磁电流、减小转矩脉动。