Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access(NOMA) for Future Downlink Radio Access of 5G

Multiple access(MA) technology is of most importance for 5G. Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) utilizing power domain and advanced receiver has been considered as a promising candidate MA technology recently. In this paper, the NOMA concept is presented toward future enhancements of spectrum efficiency in lower frequency bands for downlink of 5G system. Key component technologies of NOMA are presented and discussed including multiuser transmission power allocation, scheduling algorithm, receiver design and combination of NOMA with multi-antenna technology. The performance gains of NOMA are evaluated by system-level simulations with very practical assumptions. Under multiple configurations and setups, the achievable system-level gains of NOMA are shown promising even when practical considerations were taken into account.

Joint Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) & Walsh-Hadamard Transform: Enhancing the Receiver Performance

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is a new access method to achieve high performance gains in terms of capacity and throughput, so it is currently under consideration as one of the candidates for fifth generation(5 G) technologies. NOMA utilizes power domain in order to superimpose signals of multiple users in a single transmitted signal. This creates a lot of interference at the receive side. Although the use of successive interference cancellation(SIC) technique reduces the interference, but to further improve the receiver performance, in this paper, we have proposed a joint Walsh-Hadamard transform(WHT) and NOMA approach for achieving better performance gains than the conventional NOMA. WHT is a well-known code used in communication systems and is used as an orthogonal variable spreading factor(OVSF) in communication systems. Application of WHT to NOMA results in low bit error rate(BER) and high throughput performance for both low and high channel gain users. Further, it also reduces peak to average power ratio(PAPR) of the user signal. The results are discussed in terms of comparison between the conventionalNOMA and the proposed technique, which shows that it offers high performance gains in terms of low BER at different SNR levels, reduced PAPR, high user throughput performance and better spectral efficiency.

Analysis of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G

The major challenge faced by the fifth generation(5G) mobile network is higher spectral efficiency and massive connectivity,i.e.,the target spectrum efficiency is 3 times over 4G,and the target connection density is one million devices per square kilometer.These requirements are difficult to be satisfied with orthogonal multiple access(OMA) schemes.Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has thus been proposed as a promising candidate to address some of the challenges for 5G.In this paper,a comprehensive survey of different candidate NOMA schemes for 5G is presented,where the usage scenarios of5 G and the application requirements for NOMA are firstly discussed.A general framework of NOMA scheme is established and the features of typical NOMA schemes are analyzed and compared.We focus on the recent progress and challenge of NOMA in standardization of international telecommunication union(ITU),and 3rd generation partnership project(3GPP).In addition,prototype development and future research directions are also provided respectively.

Symbol Error Rate Performance Analysis of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for Visible Light Communications

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is considered as one of promising radio access techniques for visible light communications(VLC) in next-generation wireless communications systems.In order to provide theoretical support for designing VLC-NOMA,we derive its analytic expressions for the symbol error rate(SER).Specifically,NOMA is first incorporated with appropriate VLC to establish a VLC-NOMA framework.Afterwards,mathematical expressions of the SER for the VLC-NOMA are developed.Moreover,numerical results are provided carefully to demonstrate that the proposed VLC-NOMA scheme outperforms than state-of-the-art orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) one in terms of SER performance.Finally,relationships between the SER performance and the number of users,power allocation coefficient and semi-angle are well investigated,which can give us a scientific guide to devise the VLC-NOMA system for achieving better SER performance.

A Survey of Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G Wireless Communication Networks

Non-orthogonal multiple access （NOMA） has been recognized as a promising multiple access technique for the next generation cel-lular communication networks. In this paper, we first discuss a simple NOMA model with two users served by a single-carrier si-multaneously to illustrate its basic principles. Then, a more general model with multicarrier serving an arbitrary number of users on each subcarrier is also discussed. An overview of existing works on performance analysis, resource allocation, and multiple-in-put multiple-output NOMA are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the key features of NOMA and its potential re-search challenges.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Networks

In this paper, we investigate the downlink performance of cell-free massive multi-input multi-output non-orthogonal multiple access(CF-m MIMO-NOMA) system with conjugate beamforming precoder and compare against the orthogonal multiple access(OMA) counterpart. A novel achievable closed-form spectral efficiency(SE) expression is derived, which characterizes the effects of the channel estimation error, pilot contamination, imperfect successive interference cancellation(SIC) operation, and power optimization technique. Then, motivated by the closedform result, a sum-SE maximization algorithm with the sequential convex approximation(SCA) is proposed, subject to each AP power constraint and SIC power constraint. Numerical experiments indicate that the proposed sum-SE maximization algorithms have a fast converge rate, within about five iterations. In addition, compared with the full power control(FPC) scheme, our algorithms can significantly improve the achievable sum-SE. Moreover, NOMA outperforms OMA in many respects in the presence of the proposed algorithms.

Frameworks of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques in Cognitive Radio Communication Systems

Recently,the increasing demand of radio spectrum for the next generation communication systems due to the explosive growth of applications appetite for bandwidths has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity.The potential approaches among the proposed solutions to resolve this issue are well explored cognitive radio(CR)technology and recently introduced non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)techniques.Both the techniques are employed for efficient spectrum utilization and assure the significant improvement in the spectral efficiency.Further,the significant improvement in spectral efficiency can be achieved by combining both the techniques.Since the CR is well-explored technique as compared to that of the NOMA in the field of communication,therefore it is worth and wise to implement this technique over the CR.In this article,we have presented the frameworks of NOMA implementation over CR as well as the feasibility of proposed frameworks.Further,the differences between proposed CR-NOMA and conventional CR frameworks are discussed.Finally,the potential issues regarding the implementation of CR-NOMA are explored.

Resource Allocation Based on User Pairing and Subcarrier Matching for Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Networks

The traditional orthogonal multiple access(OMA)is unable to satisfy the needs of large number of smart devices.To increase the transmission rate in the limited spectrum resource,implementation of both non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)and successive interference cancelation(SIC)is essential.In this paper,an optimal resource allocation algorithm in NOMA is proposed to maximize the total system rate in a multi-sector multi-subcarrier relay-assisted communication network.Since the original problem is a non-convex problem with mixed integer programming which is non-deterministic polynomial-time(NP)-hard,a three-step solution is proposed to solve the primal problem.Firstly,we determine the optimal power allocation of the outer users by using the approach of monotonic discrimination,and then the optimal user pairing is determined.Secondly,the successive convex approximation(SCA)method is introduced to transform the non-convex problem involving central users into convex one,and the Lagrangian dual method is used to determine the optimal solution.Finally,the standard Hungarian algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal subcarrier matching.The simulation results show that resource allocation algorithm is able to meet the user performance requirements with NOMA,and the total system rate is improved compared to the existing algorithms.

Outage Performance of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Satellite Networks

With rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs), more and more UAVs access satellite networks for data transmission. To improve the spectral efficiency, non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is adopted to integrate UAVs into the satellite network, where multiple satellites cooperatively serve the UAVs and mobile terminal using the Ku-band and above. Taking into account the rain fading and the fading correlation, the outage performance is first analytically obtained for fixed power allocation and then efficiently calculated by the proposed power allocation algorithm to guarantee the user fairness. Simulation results verify the outage performance analysis and show the performance improvement of the proposed power allocation scheme.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Schemes for 5G

Multiple access scheme is one of the key techniques in wireless communication systems. Each generation of wireless communica-tion is featured by a new multiple access scheme from 1G to 4G. In this article we review several non-orthogonal multiple access schemes for 5G. Their principles, advantages and disadvantages are discussed, and followed by a comprehensive comparison of these solutions from the perspective of user overload, receiver type, receiver complexity and so on. We also discuss the applica-tion challenges of non-orthogonal multiple access schemes in 5G.

Secure Transmission in Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Based on Polar Codes

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)is deemed to have a superior spectral efficiency and polar codes have became the channel coding scheme for control channel of enhanced mobile broadband(eMBB)in the fifth generation(5G)communication systems.In this paper,NOMA combined with polar codes is used to achieve secure transmission.Both degraded wiretap channel and non-degraded wiretap channel are considered,where an eavesdropper intercepts the communication between base station(BS)and users.For the degraded wiretap channel scenario,a secure polar encoding scheme is proposed in NOMA systems with power allocation to achieve the maximum secrecy capacity.With regard to the nondegraded wiretap channel,a polar encoding scheme with multiple-input-single-output(MISO)system is proposed,where artificial noise is generated at BS to confuse the eavesdropper’s channel via transmit beamforming.The security and the secure rate are employed respectively in order to measure the secrecy performance.We prove that the proposed schemes for each scenario can achieve the secure rate and can transmit the signal securely and reliably.The simulation results show that the eavesdropper hardly decoding the secure signal when the legitimate receiver can decode the signal with very low block error rate(BLER).

A genetic algorithm based hybrid non-orthogonal multiple access protocol

Both high-dense wireless connectivity and ultra-huge network capacity are main challenges of next generation broadband networks.As one of its key promising technologies,non-orthogonal multi-ple access(NOMA)scheme can solve those challenges and meet those needs to some extent,in the way that different user equipments(UEs)multiplex on the same resource.Researchers around the world have presented numerous NOMA solutions.Among those,sparse code multiple access(SC-MA)technology is a typical NOMA solution.It supports scheduled access and random access which can be called granted access and grant-free access respectively.But resources allocated to granted UEs and grant-free UEs are strictly separated.In order to improve resource utilization,a hybrid non-orthogonal multiple access scheme is proposed.It allows granted UEs and grant-free UEs sharing the same resource unit in terms of fine-grained integration.On the basis,a resource allocation method is further brought forward based on genetic algorithm.It optimizes resource allocation of all UEs by mapping resource distribution issue to an optimization problem.Comparing throughputs of four meth-ods,simulation results demonstrate the proposed genetic algorithm has better throughput gain.

Exploiting Spectral-Energy Efficiency Tradeoff with Fairness in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Systems

The spectral efficiency(SE)and energy efficiency(EE)tradeoff while ensuring rate fairness among users in non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)systems is investigated.In order to characterize the SE-EE tradeoff with rate fairness,a multi-objective optimization(MOO)problem is first formulated,where the rate fairness is represented with theα-fair utility function.Then,the MOO problem is converted into a single-objective optimization(SOO)problem by the weighted sum method.To solve the converted non-convex SOO problem,we apply sequential convex programming,which helps to propose a general power allocation algorithm to realize the SE-EE tradeoff with rate fairness.We prove the convergence of the proposed algorithm and the convergent solution satisfies the KKT conditions.Simulation results demonstrate the proposed power allocation algorithm can achieve various levels of rate fairness,and higher fairness results in degraded performance of SE-EE tradeoff.A pivotal conclusion is reached that NOMA systems significantly outperform orthogonal multiple access systems in terms of SE-EE tradeoff with the same level of rate fairness.

Optimal UAV deployment in downlink non-orthogonal multiple access system:a two-user case

This paper investigates a unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)deployment problem in a non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)system,where the UAV is deployed as an aerial mobile base station to transmit data to two ground users.An optimization problem is formulated by deploying the UAV for maximizing the sum rate of the two users.In order to solve the optimization problem,the feasible solution region is first reduced to a line segment between two users.Then,the optimization problem is simplified to a univariate problem,which can be solved by derivation under a certain situation,and the corresponding analytical solution is also provided.Moreover,a generalized algorithm,which considers 2 situations,is proposed to further determine the optimal UAV’s location.Specifically,four cases are discussed in the first situation.Extensive simulations are depicted to demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and its superiority over the benchmarks in maximizing the two users’sum rate.

Joint multiple resource allocation for offloading cost minimization in IRS-assisted MEC networks with NOMA

Effective resource allocation can exploit the advantage of intelligent reflective surface(IRS)assisted mobile edge computing(MEC)fully.However,it is challenging to balance the limited energy of MTs and the strict delay requirement of their tasks.In this paper,in order to tackle the challenge,we jointly optimize the offloading delay and energy consumption of mobile terminals(MTs)to realize the delay-energy tradeoff in an IRS-assisted MEC network,in which non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)and multiantenna are applied to improve spectral efficiency.To achieve the optimal delay-energy tradeoff,an offloading cost minimization model is proposed,in which the edge computing resource allocation,signal detecting vector,uplink transmission power,and IRS phase shift coefficient are needed to be jointly optimized.The optimization of the model is a multi-level fractional problem in complex fields with some coupled high dimension variables.To solve the intractable problem,we decouple the original problem into a computing subproblem and a wireless transmission subproblem based on the uncoupled relationship between different variable types.The computing subproblem is proved convex and the closed-form solution is obtained for the edge computing resource allocation.Further,the wireless transmission subproblem is solved iteratively through decoupling the residual variables.In each iteration,the closed-form solution of residual variables is obtained through different successive convex approximation(SCA)methods.We verify the proposed algorithm can converge to an optimum with polynomial complexity.Simulation results indicate the proposed method achieves average saved costs of 65.64%,11.24%,and 9.49%over three benchmark methods respectively.

基于混合协作NOMA的安全MEC能耗优化

非正交多址接入(non-orthogonal multiple access,NOMA)技术的广泛应用改变了传统物理层安全对用户传输速率的限制,在降低时延的同时会引起系统能耗增加。针对安全通信与降低能耗问题,提出一种基于混合协作NOMA的安全边缘计算传输方法。该方法对每个用户数据处理过程设计了多时隙混合协作方案,根据不同用户的信道条件分别设置卸载决策,保证用户间公平,并推导出系统保密中断概率的闭合表达式。然后以最小化系统能耗为目标,采用基于块坐标下降的三步迭代优化算法求得最优卸载方案。仿真结果显示,所提出的传输方法能在保证信息安全的条件下有效地减少系统能耗。

NOMA增强型D2D组的鲁棒资源分配算法

为提高非正交多址接入(non-orthogonal multiple access,NOMA)增强型设备到设备(device-to-device,D2D)组链路的鲁棒性和能效,考虑非理想信道状态信息(channel station information,CSI),提出一种能效优化的鲁棒资源分配算法.首先,在保证子信道分配、蜂窝用户和D2D组最小速率以及D2D组最大传输功率约束下,建立最大最小鲁棒能效模型;其次,考虑最坏情况法将信道不确定性建模为有界信道估计误差,并用泰勒级数展开式、凸松弛、变量转换法将原多变量耦合问题转化为凸优化问题;最后,用拉格朗日对偶理论求解.仿真结果表明,所提出的算法将传输速率控制在最低速率阈值以上,具有良好的鲁棒性,与其他算法相比能效提高了8.3%.

基于SWIPT的无小区大规模MIMO-NOMA系统能量效率研究

无小区大规模多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)与非正交多址接入(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access,NOMA)都是未来6G的使能技术。无线携能通信(Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer,SWIPT)技术在进行信息解码的同时收集能量,与无小区大规模MIMO-NOMA优势互补。文中基于SWIPT研究无小区大规模MIMO-NOMA系统中的能量效率问题,通过联合优化功率分配系数和SWIPT的时隙切换(Time Switching,TS)系数,提高系统的能量效率。为了最大化能量效率,采用布谷鸟算法设计功率分配系数。考虑一种特殊情况,将所有终端的TS系数设置相同,进而推导了最佳TS系数的封闭表达式。仿真结果表明,相较于几种已有方案,文中提出的优化方案可以显著提升系统的能量效率。

Downlink Resource Allocation for NOMA-Based Hybrid Spectrum Access in Cognitive Network

To solve the contradiction between limited spectrum resources and increasing communication demand,this paper proposes a wireless resource allocation scheme based on the Deep Q Network(DQN)to allocate radio resources in a downlink multi-user cognitive radio(CR)network with slicing.Secondary users(SUs)are multiplexed using non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA).The SUs use the hybrid spectrum access mode to improve the spectral efficiency(SE).Considering the demand for multiple services,the enhanced mobile broadband(eMBB)slice and ultrareliable low-latency communication(URLLC)slice were established.The proposed scheme can maximize the SE while ensuring Quality of Service(QoS)for the users.This study established a mapping relationship between resource allocation and the DQN algorithm in the CR-NOMA network.According to the signal-to-interference-plusnoise ratio(SINR)of the primary users(PUs),the proposed scheme can output the optimal channel selection and power allocation.The simulation results reveal that the proposed scheme can converge faster and obtain higher rewards compared with the Q-Learning scheme.Additionally,the proposed scheme has better SE than both the overlay and underlay only modes.

An Overview of Non.Orthogonal Multiple Access

In recent years, non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has attracted a lot of attention as a novel and promising power-domain us-er multiplexing scheme for Long-Term Evolution(LTE) enhancement and 5G. NOMA is able to contribute to the improvement ofthe tradeoff between system capacity and user fairness(i.e., cell-edge user experience). This improvement becomes in particularemphasized in a cellular system where the channel conditions vary significantly among users due to the near-far effect. In this arti-cle, we provide an overview of the concept, design and performance of NOMA. In addition, we review the potential benefits and is-sues of NOMA over orthogonal multiple access(OMA) such as orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) adoptedby LTE, and the status of 3GPP standardization related to NOMA.