Effective transmittance of Fabry–Perot cavity under non-parallel beam incidence

The Fabry–Perot(FP) resonant cavity is widely used in laser and spectroscopic measurements due to its unique interference transfer function(ITF). In the ideal case of parallel incident light, the ITF of the FP resonant cavity can be expressed by the Airy function. However, in reality, it is difficult to achieve perfect parallelism with collimated beams. In this article, a theoretical model is established for non-parallel light incidence, which assumes that the non-parallel incident light is a cone-shaped beam, and the cone angle is used to quantify the non-parallelism of the beam. The transmittance function of the FP resonant cavity under non-parallel light incidence is derived. The accuracy of the model is experimentally verified. Based on this model, the effects of divergence angle, tilt angle and FP cavity parameters(reflectivity, cavity length)on the ITF are studied. The reasons for the decrease in peak value, broadening and asymmetry of the interference peak under non-parallel light incidence are explained. It is suggested that a fine balance between the interference peak and the collimation effect of the incident light should be considered in the design and application of FP resonant cavities, especially for tilted applications such as angle-scanned spectroscopy. The research results of this article have certain significance for the design and application of FP resonant cavities.

Experimental study on cracking behaviour of moulded gypsum containing two non-parallel overlapping flaws under uniaxial compression

Failure of rock mass that is subjected to compressive loads occurs from initiation, propagation, and linkage of new cracks from preexisting fissures. Our research investigates the cracking behaviour and coalescence process in a brittle material with two non-parallel overlapping flaws using a high-speed camera. The coalescence tensile crack and tensile wing cracks were the first cracks to occur from the preexisting flaws. The initiation stresses of the primary cracks at the two tips of each flaw were simultaneous and decreased with reduced flaw inclination angle. The following types of coalescence cracks were identified between the flaws: primary tensile coalescence crack, tensile crack linkage, shear crack linkage, mixed tensile-shear crack, and indirect crack coalescence. Coalescence through tensile linkage occurred mostly at pre-peak stress. In contrast, coalescence through shear or mixed tensile-shear cracks occurred at higher stress. Overall, this study indicates that the geometry of preexisting flaws affect crack initiation and coalescence behaviour.

Non-parallel double-crack propagation in rock-like materials under uniaxial compression

Coalescence among fractures would have influence on the stability of rock masses. Deep understanding of mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses is an important mean to identify failure mechanism of geological disaster. In this study, crack propagation processing was studied through loading pre-fractured specimens of concrete block, termed as rock-like material, in uniaxial compression tests. New non-parallel double-crack geometry was introduced to observe crack coalescence. The flaw combinations are different from the normally used flaw configurations. In addition, ultrasonic detection tests were performed on the test blocks. The stress and strain data of these tests and characteristic parameters of sound wave were recorded. The stress-strain curves of each test block under the uniaxial compression test were drawn, relations among deformation characteristics and crack angle of the crack specimens, and their overall strength were analyzed. It is found that strength of the specimen decreases as crack inclination increases under two crack inclinations. The highest uniaxial compressive strength is found in the specimen with the cracks at the same angle in different directions. Based on description of the crack initiation location, crack surface and the ultimate failure patterns, failure modes of eight subtype for test blocks are divided into three categories. It is expected that the study results could be beneficial for engineering application of jointed rock masses.

Stability analysis method considering non-parallelism:EPSE method and its application

The e-N method is widely used in transition prediction. The amplitude growth rate used in the e-N method is usually provided by the linear stability theory （LST） based on the local parallel hypothesis. Considering the non-parallelism effect, the parabolized stability equation （PSE） method lacks local characteristic of stability analysis. In this paper, a local stability analysis method considering non-parallelism is proposed, termed as EPSE since it may be considered as an expansion of the PSE method. The EPSE considers variation of the shape function in the streamwise direction. Its local characteristic is convenient for stability analysis. This paper uses the EPSE in a strong non-parallel flow and mode exchange problem. The results agree well with the PSE and the direct numerical simulation （DNS）. In addition, it is found that the growth rate is related to the normalized method in the non-parallel flow. Different results can be obtained using different normalized methods. Therefore, the normalized method must be consistent.

Local receptivity in non-parallel boundary layer

The research on boundary-layer receptivity is the key issue for the laminarturbulent transition prediction in fluid mechanics. Many of the previous studies for local receptivity are on the basis of the parallel flow assumption which cannot accurately reflect the real physics. To overcome this disadvantage, local receptivity in the non-parallel boundary layer is studied in this paper by the direct numerical simulation （DNS）. The difference between the non-parallel and parallel boundary layers on local receptivity is investigated. In addition, the effects of the disturbance frequency, the roughness location, and the multiple roughness elements on receptivity are also determined. Besides, the relations of receptivity with the amplitude of free-stream turbulence （FST）, with the roughness height, and with the roughness length are ascertained as well. The Tollmien- Schlichting （T-S） wave packets are excited in the non-parallel boundary layer under the interaction of the FST and the localized wall roughness. A group of T-S waves are separated by the fast Fourier transform. The obtained results are in accordance with Dietz＇s measurements, Wu＇s theoretical calculations, and the linear stability theory （LST）.

基于修正Loganathan公式的非水平布置双线平行盾构隧道施工引起土体位移计算方法

[目的]为研究双线平行盾构隧道非水平布置方式下,由施工引起的周围土体位移规律,提出一种基于修正Loganathan公式的土体位移计算方法。[方法]介绍了Loganathan公式及相关假设;考虑盾构隧道开挖扰动引起的地层损失、土体卸荷回弹和土体损失率沿掘进路径变化的综合影响,修正Loganathan公式并建立单线盾构隧道周围土体位移解;建立双线平行盾构隧道非水平布置方式下,由施工引起的土体位移计算方法;通过实际工程的现场监测和数值模拟结果,验证所提计算方法的工程适用性。[结果及结论]所提计算方法能够考虑隧道轴心连线与水平面夹角、双线隧道半径、隧道轴心间距、双线隧道埋深等双线隧道布置因素,以及隧道盾构施工扰动造成的地层损失、土体卸荷回弹和土体损失率沿掘进路径变化等施工因素对土体位移的影响。地面沉降及土体水平位移的理论计算结果同现场监测结果和数值模拟结果之间的平均误差分别为5.6%、0.6%和5.5%、5.3%,均满足工程经验规定的20%的精度要求,说明所提计算方法能够有效解决双线平行盾构隧道非水平布置方式下施工引起的土体位移计算问题,具有良好的工程适用性。

基于应变片法的非平行多裂纹相互作用及起裂机理

通过计算3条非平行斜裂纹的最大应力强度因子KⅠ,kmax(θ)和KⅡ,kmax(θ),揭示其相互作用机理,并采用多裂纹起裂准则预测非平行多裂纹的起裂参数。对含3条非平行斜裂纹的红砂岩试样开展单轴压缩试验,采用应变片测量方法监测裂纹尖端附近的应变,以确定裂纹起裂顺序。结果表明:裂缝相对倾角的变化对破坏轨迹影响不大且多裂纹尖端很少同时起裂。单轴压缩下含3条非平行斜裂纹红砂岩试件破坏形式可分为两种:翼裂纹贯通和翼裂纹-次生裂纹贯通。断裂机理均为Ⅰ型(拉伸)起裂。预测结果与试验结果吻合较好,验证了理论结果的有效性。

基于多目标狼群算法的机场行李导入系统仿真优化研究

针对民航机场行李导入系统运行过程中旅客行李注入等待时间长、系统能耗高等问题,综合考虑虚拟视窗控制方式、收集带式输送机运行速度、虚拟视窗长度及同时开放值机柜台数量等关键控制参数对机场行李导入系统运行效率的影响,提出一种求解该问题的仿真优化框架。通过分析机场行李导入系统实际运行工况,建立参数化仿真优化模型。以最小化旅客行李注入平均等待时间和系统能耗为优化目标,结合系统设计和运行过程中的实际约束条件,建立该问题的数学模型,并设计了一种多目标自适应并行狼群算法进行求解。该算法针对所提问题特性及经典狼群算法易陷入局部最优和收敛速度慢等不足,提出一种混合整实数单链编码方式,融合反向学习策略生成初始种群,引入自适应游走概率机制和智能行为并行机制,采用局部和全局自适应邻域搜索及启发式保优策略实现狼群算法智能行为搜索,使用Pareto非支配排序进行寻优迭代并获得最优解集。以国内某大型国际航空枢纽机场行李导入系统为例设计不同规模多种算法对比实验,验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。

引入旋转二面角模型的极化SAR七分量分解方法

在排列方向与传感器飞行方向不平行的建筑物区域(即非平行建筑),常规的二面角散射模型基于反射对称的条件,无法准确描述非反射对称成分的电磁波散射过程,相干矩阵中的T 33项被归因于体散射成分,造成城区建筑物体散射高估的现象。现有极化分解模型大多采用扩展体散射模型的方式来构建倾斜城区非反射对称分量,此类方法能降低建筑物区域体散射,但同时也会导致森林区体散射的低估。从对倾斜城区建筑物建模的角度出发,在不改变已有体散射模型的基础上,提出一种定向角补偿的各向同性二面角模型,该模型能解释极化相干矩阵T 23项的实部,且能描述城区具有不同方位角的建筑物的散射过程。在此基础上,将此二面角散射模型与Singh提出的六分量分解模型相结合,扩展一种新的七分量分解模型。文中选取L波段ALOS-2/PALSAR-2全极化数据,分别在旧金山实验区、长沙实验区进行引入旋转二面角模型的七分量分解实验。实验结果表明,在倾斜的建筑物区域,文中提出的方法能有效改善体散射高估的情况,并能有效地区分倾斜建筑物和森林,对识别和提取城区建筑物具有重要的意义。

数据驱动模式下基于非平行超平面SVM算法的贸易经济预测

数据驱动的多元化发展导致数据异构性增强、维度提升和特征量规模扩大,给贸易经济分析带来更大挑战。为了提高贸易经济分析的科学性,采用非平行超平面支持向量机算法(support vector machine,SVM)对贸易经济进行预测分析。首先,根据贸易经济影响因素进行主成分分析,获取影响贸易经济的关键特征,并对特征进行量化和去噪处理。然后,采用广义特征值最接近支持向量机(proximal support vector machine via generalized eigenvalues,GEPSVM)进行贸易经济预测分类。根据预测指标要求,选择核函数GEPSVM算法(KGEPSVM算法)对分类的非平行超平面求解,通过类别划分函数获得经济预测结果。实证分析表明,对比常用的非平行超平面支持向量机算法,所提算法的贸易经济预测性能更优,而且在常用贸易经济指标的预测中,表现出较高预测精度和稳定性。

带并行卷积的水下图像背景前景分割方法

光电探测是水下目标近距离探测时不可缺少的技术手段。水下光学图像具有低信噪比和对比度、照明不均匀等特点,使得光电探测在水下应用时效果不佳。常见的水下光学图像处理方法是对图像进行背景前景分割。目前主要有2种分割方法,传统分割方法易受光照、噪声等因素影响,效果不佳;深度学习方法易受训练数据限制,泛化能力不强。设计了一个带并行卷积的神经网络结构以及带约束的损失函数,通过大量实验获得了损失函数的超参数最优取值,并在不同照明条件、不同浑浊度、光照不均匀的条件下进行了实验分析。结果表明:该方法实验所获的MAE值远小于FCN8,UNet等方法,mIoU值大于FCN8,Unet等方法,P-R曲线优于其他方法的P-R曲线,更加适应水下环境复杂多变的特点,可获得更好的目标分割结果。

基于Lp范数的非负矩阵分解并行优化算法

非负矩阵分解算法可以从高维数据中提取出低维和稀疏的有用信息,是处理图像聚类、数据压缩和特征提取等问题的重要手段。传统非负矩阵分解算法大多采用欧几里得距离来度量重构误差,尽管其在许多任务中已经显示出有效性,但在解决实际应用问题时仍面临着聚类效果欠佳、收敛速度慢、稳定性较差等问题。为解决这些问题,文中采用Lp范数作为非负矩阵分解的损失函数,通过调节系数p来获得更好的聚类结果。基于协同优化理论和Majorization-Minimization算法,使用粒子群优化算法来并行求解基于Lp范数的非负矩阵分解问题,并在多个真实数据集上验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性。实验结果表明所提算法明显提升了程序的执行效率且一系列评价指标均优于传统非负矩阵分解算法。

基桩检测中声测管不平行问题及桩身完整性评估方法综述

基桩检测中桩身完整性的评估很有必要,声波透射法因优势突出而被广泛应用于基桩完整性检测领域。为系统地了解和认识声波透射法在基桩完整性检测领域中的研究进展和不足之处,首先,有序梳理了1997-2021年间的相关文献,整理归纳了声波透射法在基桩检测领域中的主要研究内容和发展历程,结果发现,声测管不平行问题和桩身完整性评估方法的选用是影响基桩完整性评估结果的关键因素;其次,按照先识别、再修正、后评估的逻辑顺序,阐述了声测管不平行问题对桩身完整性评估结果的影响,分析声测管不平行现象有别于桩身缺陷的声学参数曲线识别特征,总结概括了专家学者提出的声测管不平行修正方法和桩身完整性评估方法的种类、原理、适用性和优缺点,结果发现,目前修正方法只能减小却不能消除声测管不平行问题对评估结果的影响,且目前基桩完整性评估方法的精确性、可操作性及经济性间平衡性较差;最后,基于研究现状不足和时代技术发展,提出声测管不平行修正方法和桩身完整性评估方法应向智能化方向发展的建议,以期对基桩完整性检测的研究有所裨益。

基于有限长线接触理论的齿轨列车齿轮齿条接触分析及齿形优化设计

为了探究齿轨列车曲线行驶时驱动齿轮与齿条轨道啮合中心距误差和轴线不平行度误差对接触应力分布的影响,基于有限长线接触理论,建立了综合考虑两种误差的齿轮齿条接触应力分析模型;通过与误差条件下的齿轮齿条接触有限元仿真进行对比,证明建立的模型具有良好的计算精度。基于该模型,研究了不同误差水平和综合两类误差作用下的接触应力响应,揭示了两类误差对接触应力分布的影响机理,并据此提出应对措施。研究结果表明,提出的接触应力分析模型能准确反映啮合中心距误差和轴线不平行度误差综合作用下齿轮齿条的接触情况;接触应力水平随啮合中心距误差的增大而增大,接触应力轴向不均匀程度随轴线不平行度误差的增大而增大;啮合中心距误差会加剧轴线不平行度误差引起的轴向接触应力不均匀性,轴线不平行度误差对啮合中心距误差的作用效果有轻微的抑制作用;啮合中心距误差的内在作用机理是减小了相同载荷水平处的承载面积,轴线不平行误差的内在作用机理是曲线内侧的齿轮齿条率先接触,产生了更大的变形;齿轮挖根可消除轴线不平行误差的影响,齿轮螺旋线修形可降低轴线不平行误差的影响。

人体部位量词构式中“一”“满”不平行性的认知识解

认知主体对意象图式不同成分或关系的突显,导致“一”“满”进入构式后呈现为既相互联系又彼此区别的形式变体。联系体现为两者基于同一概括的语法义;区别体现为两者形式与语义上的不平行性。这种不平行性主要通过图式化过程的突显差异进行认知识解。“一”从整体上突显数量信息,提供概量,具体表现为极限程度的不充分性和极限程度的充分性。“满”突显充盈度的饱和,提供全量,具体表现为概括程度的充分性。

非平行双墙施工缝液压联动撑合模板的设计与施工

为解决非平行双墙施工缝支设传统做法存在的施工烦琐、材料不可周转使用且不符合绿色环保要求、施工质量不易控制的问题,创新了一种低成本、高质量、可周转、施工简便的施工方法。在结合以往施工经验的基础上,通过方案比选,最终选择借鉴雨伞撑合的方式实现模板联动撑合。介绍了撑合式模板的设计思路,并对施工关键技术进行了总结,以期为类似工程提供参考。

汽车滚筒反力式制动检验台和平板制动检验台的差异性分析

影响机动车制动率和制动不平衡率的主要因数是车轮在制动检验台上附着系数。在汽车滚筒反力式制动检验台和平板制动检验台上分别进行在用机动车5组制动率和制动不平衡率测定,比较分析检测结果。结果表明:使用汽车滚筒反力式制动检验台时,由于车轮抱死,车身后移,影响检测结果的准确性,需要在非检测车轮后放置三角木才能保证结果的准确性;使用平板制动检验台检测时,4个车轮都在检测台上,附着力比滚筒反力式汽车制动检验台高,能够仿真汽车在路面上行驶制动。由于平板制动检验台同时具有轮重和制动功能,而滚筒反力式汽车制动检验台没有轮重功能,需配置轮重台才能进行检验,所以平板制动检验台比滚筒反力式汽车制动检验台检测数据准确率更高,时间更短。

球罐对接焊缝横向裂纹无损检测方法探讨

对某石油化工厂在制3台LPG球罐对接焊缝,采用外表面100%TOFD检测和100%超声检测。检测过程中发现有横向埋藏缺陷,采用超声检测和γ射线检测对横向缺陷部位进行复验,通过现场解剖渗透检测,分析验证TOFD图谱中横向裂纹的特征。横向裂纹图谱特征是弧形抛物线两端较长,抛物线顶部比较尖锐而且黑白灰度不明显。出现横向裂纹特征图谱时,需要进行补充检测,对横向裂纹筛查确认,同时利用超声检测K1探头对有怀疑的部位进行平行扫查判断是横向裂纹还是点状缺陷。TOFD检测和超声检测组合提高了焊缝横向裂纹TOFD非平行扫查检测结果的准确性,减少了TOFD非平行扫查检测横向裂纹漏检的概率。

自优化双模态多通路非深度前庭神经鞘瘤识别模型

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