The Impact of Bank-Specific and Macroeconomic Factors on Non-performing Loans in Sri Lankan Commercial Banks

The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans in systemically and non-systemically important commercial banks in Sri Lanka over 10 year’s period from 2004 to 2013.Also,the study examines the impact of civil war that prevailed in the country for 30 years on the ex-post credit risk of the banking sector.The study employed panel data methodology to investigate the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans.Panel unit root test has been undertaken in order to test the stationary of the variables.Hausman test and Wald coefficient restriction test were used to select the appropriate model out of pooled,random,and fixed effect.A dummy variable panel regression model adopted to study the war effect,considering 2009 as the structural year.Findings revealed that return on assets as a proxy for bank efficiency has a significant negative influence,while non-interest income as a proxy for income diversity is positively correlated with non-performing loans of systemically important banks.Both real gross domestic products and lending rates were highly significant in both bank types.On contrary with literature,growth in bank branches is negatively correlated.Public banks do not account for higher level of non-performing loans compared to their private counterpart.Finally,it was identified that civil war had an effect on the level of non-performing loans in commercial banks.The research would have benefited if the analysis is carried out among classified types of loans offered by commercial banks.Future researchers should involve in identifying the most significant contributing loan type to the non-performing loans and its determinants.This study is one of the few studies which have investigated the causes of non-performing loans in the commercial banking industry in Sri Lanka.The analysis of civil war and its impact on non-performing loans is the first study of that nature to be conducted in the context.

Non-performing loans(NPLs),liquidity creation,and moral hazard:Case of Chinese banks

This study analyzes the impact of non-performing loans(NPLs)on bank liquidity creation to investigate the existence of moral hazard problem in Chinese banks.It uses data from 197 listed and unlisted Chinese banks,spanning the period 2005 to 2014.Total liquidity creation by Chinese banks is declining,and NPLs ratio has started to increase following a continuous decline between 2005 and 2012.Using one-step system GMM estimation,fixed and random effect model,and pool data analysis,we find that liquidity creation by Chinese banks does not depend on NPLs ratio,i.e.,we did not find the evidence of moral hazard problem in Chinese banks.We repeated the analysis for small and large banks and the results of these sub-samples reinforced our findings for the aggregate sample.

Do Macroeconomic Determinants of Non-Performing Loans Vary with the Income Levels of Countries?

This paper explores the macroeconomic determinants of non-performing loans(NPL) in 19 Asian countries(low to high income economies) using the Generalized Method of Moments estimation approach based on the economic data for the period between 1998 and 2015. The categorization of the economies is based on the average gross national income per capita as set by the World Bank.Specifically, the paper aims to evaluate if the determinants of NPL vary with the income levels of the countries. The results indicate that the NPL is strongly influenced by the inflation rate. The effect is,however, negative in the high-income and the middle-income countries and positive in the low-income countries. The GDP per capita has a dynamic negative relationship with the NPL in the high-income and the low-income countries. The remittance has a significant positive association in the high-income and a significant negative association in the low-income countries. Similarly, the unemployment rate has a positive effect on NPL in the middle-income and the low-income countries. With the rise in the official exchange rate, the NPL level increases in the low-income countries. The overall estimation results suggest that the NPL in Asian banking system depend on some key macroeconomic variables,such as unemployment rate, inflation rate, official exchange rate, remittance received and gross domestic product per capita, and these associations vary with the income level of the countries. Therefore,economic level of a country should be carefully considered while formulating credit policy to minimize credit risks in the banking system.

Review of Arbitral Award of Network Loan and Analysis of Construction of Implementation Review Rules

The network arbitration cases arising from the network lending disputes are pouring into the courts in large numbers.It is reported that the network arbitration system of some arbitration institutions even“can accept more than 10,000 cases every day,”while online lending is booming,it has also caused a lot of contradictions and disputes,and traditional dispute resolution methods have failed to effectively respond to the need for efficient and convenient resolution of online lending disputes.This paper tries to study the arbitral award of online loans and proposes the construction of implementation review rules.

A Knowledge-based System for the Analysis of the Ability of Paying back Loans

This paper describes the development of a knowledgebased system (KBS) for determining whether or not, and under what conditions, a bank Ioan officer should grant a business loan to a company. The prototype system developed focuses on what is bank loans risks management, how to prevent risk by the analysis of the ability of paying back loans. The paper makes the structural analysis involved in the system's decision situation, the structured situation diagram or model, dependency diagram and the document needed by the KBS prototype system thus are developed. Through testing the samples from loan business, the quality for the analysis of the ability of paying back loans can be effectively evaluated by the KBS prototype system.

Intelligent Decision Support System for Bank Loans Risk Classification

Intelligent Decision Support System (IISS) for Bank Loans Risk Classification (BLRC), based on the way of integration Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Expert System (ES), is proposed. According to the feature of BLRC, the key financial and non-financial factors are analyzed. Meanwhile, ES and Model Base (MB) which contain ANN are designed . The general framework,interaction and integration of the system are given. In addition, how the system realizes BLRC is elucidated in detail.

Designing of Commercial Bank Loans Risk Early Warning System Based on BP Neural Networks

According to the index early warning method, a commercial bank loans risk early warning system based on BP neural networks is proposed. The warning signal is mainly involved with the financial situation signal of loaning corporation. Except the structure description of the system structure the demonstration of attemptive designing is also elaborated.

Problems in Development of Micro-credit Loans to Farmers in China and Countermeasures

There are problems of inadequate natural endowment and weak stamina in the development of micro-credit loans to farmers in China. Specifically,existing problems include narrow profit space,serious non-agricultural trend of funds,high dependence on government support,short life cycle,and constantly increasing operating risks. These problems are related to endogenous drawback in design,defect in operating procedure,lagging in relevant policies and measures,and vacancy in risk compensation mechanism.

An Empirical Study of the Allocation Efficiency of Rural Financial Resources in Hubei Province from the Perspective of Agricultural Loans

The incompatibility of China's economy and finance has to some extent inhibited the development of rural economy. Taking Hubei Province for example,we measure the allocation efficiency of rural financial resources from the perspective of agricultural input and output,and use the modern rural financial development theory to set forth some policy recommendations on how to build a new rural financial resource allocation system. Studies have shown that the allocation efficiency of rural financial resources is low in China,and improving the allocation efficiency of rural financial resources is the key to perfecting rural financial environment while increasing financial support for agriculture.

Loans to Foreign-Funded Enterprises

With the implementation of the opening policy, the Bank of China(BOC) started lending to foreignfunded enterprises early in the 1980s. At the end of 1993, 50 percent of foreignfunded enterprise had opened accounts with the BOC. BOC has made US dollar loans worth $16.8 billion, and RMB ioans of ￥ 135.55 billion to

The cascade development scheme of the Hongshui River Tapping the nation's wealth of rivers,from Yangtze,Yellow River to Hongshui River Cooperation from Hongkong,Macao,Taiwan and abroad in terms of loans,provision of equipment and technology,and investmen

China is very rich in hydropower resources.The country’s theoreticalpotential is 680 GW,of which the exploitable is 380 GW,correspond-ing to an annual electricity generation of 1923 TWh.But the installedhydropower capacity is only 36,900 MW through 1989 with an electricitygeneration of 114 TWh.Together with the 12,000 MW of hydropowerstation under construction,the total hydropower exploited is still onlyabout 13% of the exploitable.In order to speed up the hydropower construction,Chinese governmenthas mapped out the development strategy for hydropower.Efforts shouldbe concentrated on continuous cascade exploitation of some river

World Bank loans help ease Central China's power Supply Shortage

Central China’s power sup-ply will get a major boostfrom the expansion of Henan Province’sYanshi Thermal Power Plant --a project involving $180 million worth of WorldBank loans. Yanshi Plant is situated on thesouth bank of Yellow River, about 30 kmeast of Luoyang Municipality. Once com-pleted at the end of 1995, the plant willboast an installed capacity of 1000 MW,

Predictive Modeling and Expectable Loss Analysis for Borrower Defaults of Mortgage Loans

Home mortgage loan lending firms are exposed to many business risks.This paper focuses on the mortgage loan borrower risks and proposes a prospective loss analysis approach in regard to loan repayment defaults of borrowers.For this purpose,a predictive modeling is presented in three stages.In the first stage,occurrence of borrower defaults in a mortgage loans portfolio is modeled through the generalized linear models(GLMs)type regressions for which we specify a logistic distribution for default events.The second stage of modeling develops a survival analysis in order to estimate survival probability and hazard rate functions for individual loans.Ultimately,an expectable loss amount model is presented in the third stage as a function of conditional survival probabilities and corresponding hazard rates at loan levels.Throughout all modeling stages,a large and real data set is used as an empirical analysis case by which detailed interpretations and practical implications of the obtained results are stated.

Analyzing China's Non-performing Financial Assets

The non-performing assets of China’s financial institutions totaled RMB l,800 billion. Has this threatened the safety of China’s financial industry? Where do this large amount of nonperforming assets come from?

Guidelines Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits

I. INTRODUCTIONPurpose1.1 The purpose of these Guidelines is to informthose carrying out a project that is financed in wholeor in part by a loan from the International Bank forReconstruction and Development (IBRD) or a creditfrom the International Development Association(IDA), of the arrangements to be made for procur-ing the goods and works (including relatedservices) required for the project. The Loan Agree-ment governs the legal relationships between the Bor-rower and the Bank, and the Guidelines are made ap-plicable to procurement of goods and works for theproject, as provided in the agreement. The rightsand obligations of the Borrower and the providers ofgoods and works for the project are governed by thebidding documents, and by the contracts signed bythe Borrower with the providers of goods and works,and not by these Guidelines or the Loan Agreements.No party other than the parties to the Loan Agree-ment shall derive any rights therefrom or have anyclaim to loan proceeds.

企业内外资金持有量对研发补贴激励作用的门槛效应——来自民营科技企业的数据分析

以2010—2020年402家民营科技企业数据为研究样本,实证分析企业内外资金持有量对政府研发补贴激励效果的影响,进而追本溯源地剖析影响中国民营科技企业研发补贴激励效果的根本原因。结果显示:企业内外资金持有量对研发补贴的激励效果具有双重门槛效应。一方面,内部资金过多或过少均不利于研发补贴发挥激励作用,当企业内部资金水平过高时,研发补贴对企业研发投入的促进作用最弱;另一方面,外部贷款较少的企业,研发补贴激励作用最显著,随着外部贷款水平提高,研发补贴的激励作用逐渐下降,直至不再显著。