基施硫肥对水稻吸收和积累镉的影响

通过田间小区试验,探究基施硫化钠(S1)、硫磺(S2)、亚硫酸钠(S3)、硫酸钠(S4)及半胱氨酸(S5)等5种硫肥对2种具有不同镉积累特性的水稻品种(玉针香、湘晚籼13号)在不同生育期内,各器官对镉吸收和积累的影响及其作用机理。结果表明:添加5种硫肥均能降低2个品种水稻糙米镉含量,与不施硫肥(CK)相比,玉针香的降低了27.03%~83.78%,湘晚籼13号的降低了14.28%~57.14%,且玉针香的S3、S4、S5和湘晚籼13号的S3、S5的糙米镉含量均低于国家食品安全限量标准(GB 2672-2017);添加5种硫肥均降低了2个品种水稻糙米的镉富集系数和转运系数,且均是S3和S5的降幅较大;水稻根、茎、叶非蛋白巯基物质(NPT)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量受水稻品种和生育期及硫肥种类影响较大,但各条件下NPT和GSH含量大多呈增大趋势,其中,3个生育期中,拔节期的增幅更大,2个品种中,玉针香的增幅更大,5种硫肥处理中,半胱氨酸处理的增幅更大;基施硫肥能显著降低2个品种水稻成熟期根际土壤可交换态镉含量和S3、S4、S5的根际土壤碳酸盐结合态镉含量,可提高根际土壤残渣态镉含量(湘晚籼13号的S2除外),其他2种形态镉含量受硫肥种类影响较大,但2个品种不同形态镉含量随硫肥种类的变化趋势基本一致;基施硫肥均能显著降低水稻根际土壤pH(湘晚籼13号的S1除外),其中S2的pH降低幅度最大,显著低于其他处理的。综合考虑,基施半胱氨酸硫肥抑制水稻吸收和积累镉的效果较好,且对玉针香的作用效果强于湘晚籼13号的。

Protein and non-protein sulfhydryls and disulfides in gastric mucosa and liver after gastrotoxic chemicals and sucralfate: Possible new targets of pharmacologic agents

AIM： To investigate the role of major non-protein and protein sulfhydryls and disulfides in chemically induced gastric hemorrhagic mucosal lesions （HML） and the mechanism of gastroprotective effect of sucralfate.METHODS： Rats were given 1 mL of 75% ethanol, 25%NaCl, 0.6 mol/L HCI, 0.2 mol/L NaOH or 1% ammonia solutions intragastrically （i.g.） and sacrificed 1, 3, 6 or 12 min later. Total （reduced and oxidized） glutathione （GSH ＋ GSSG）, glutathione disulfide （GSSG）, protein free sulfhydryls （PSH）, protein-glutathione mixed disulfides （PSSG） and protein cystine disulfides （PSSP） were measured in gastric mucosa and liver.RESULTS： Reduced glutathione （GSH） was depleted in the gastric mucosa after ethanol, HCI or NaCl exposure,while oxidized glutathione （GSSG） concentrations increased, except by HCI and NaOH exposure. Decreased levels of PSH after exposure to ethanol were observed,NaCl or NaOH while the total protein disulfides were increased. Ratios of reduced to oxidized glutathione or sulfhydrils to disulfides were decreased by all chemicals.No changes in thiol homeostasis were detected in the liver after i.g. abbreviation should be spelled out the first time here administration of ethanol. Sucralfate increased the concentrations of GSH and PSH and prevented the ethanol-induced changes in gastric mucosal thiol concentrations.CONCLUSION： Our modified methods are now suitable for direct measurements of major protein and nonprotein thiols/disulfides in the gastric mucosa or liver.A common element in the pathogenesis of chemically induced HML and in the mechanism of gastroprotective drugs seems to be the decreased ratios of reduced and oxidized glutathione as well as protein sulfhydryls and disulfides.

Production Technology and Application of Slow-Release Non-protein Nitrogen Extruded Feed Additive

Slow-release non-protein nitrogen feed has a large market demand. It has a long research history, but its production technology needs further improvement in order to realize the industrial production of slow-release non-protein nitrogen extruded feed. By designing the best formula and using chelating and emulsifying process, the slow-release non-protein nitrogen extruded feed additives were produced. This product increases milk yield and improves milk quality, thus increasing economic efficiency.

Accumulation Characteristics of Protein and Non-Protein Components and Their Correlations with Protein Concentration in Rice Grains

Protein in rice grains is an important source of nutrition for rice consumers.This study mainly aimed to identify the critical factors that determine grain protein concentration in rice.Accumulation parameters,including mean accumulation rate(Rmean)and active accumulation duration(Dactive),for protein and non-protein components and their correlations with protein concentration in rice grains were investigated in field experiments conducted over two years with six rice cultivars.Results showed that grain protein concentration ranged from 9.6%to 11.9%across cultivars and years.Accumulation processes of protein and non-protein components were well fitted by the logistic equation for all six rice cultivars in both years,and the ratio of protein to non-protein for R_(mean) and D_(active) ranged from 0.08 to 0.12 and 1.01 to 1.33,respectively.Grain protein concentration was significantly correlated with protein to non-protein ratio for R_(mean).This study suggests that grain protein concentration is not solely determined by the accumulation of protein or non-protein component,but by the coordination of protein and non-protein accumulation.

Effects of Non-protein Nitrogen Supplement on Growth Performance of Graze Cattle

[Objective] The experiment was conducted to investigate the growth performance of graze cattle fed on non-protein nitrogen （NPN） supplement. [ Method] The experiment was conducted in late spring and early summer before grazing. Thirty Chinese SimmentaI-Taihang taxa bulls at the age of 9-10 months weighing 150-170 kg were divided into the control group, experimental group 1 and experimental group 2, 10 in each group, Each cattle in the experimental group 1 fed on the basal diet supplemented 1.0 kg cornmeal every day. Each cattle in the experimental group 2 fed on the basal diet supplemented 1.0 kg cornmeal and 0.25 kg NPN supplement every day. Those in the control group were fed on the basal di- et. The experiment was performed for 100 d. [Result] The average daily gain of the experimental group I was 217 g larger than that of the control group, while the average daily gain of the experimental group 2 was 429 g larger than that of the control group. The differences in the average daily gain were significant between the three groups. [ Conclusion ] The growth performance of cattle grazed in northern slopes was obviously improved by supplementing a small amount of concentrate in feed. The improvement was more remarkable if a small amount of NPN supplement was also added in feed.

A critical role of gastric mucosal ascorbic acid in the progression of acute gastric mucosal lesions induced by compound 48/80 in rats

AIM: To study the role of gastric mucosal ascorbic acid(AA) in the progression of acute gastric mucosal lesions induced by compound 48/80 (C48/80), a mast cell degranulator, in rats.METHODS: C48/80 (0.75 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to fasted Wistar rats. Oral administration of AA (10, 50 or 100 mg/kg) was performed 0.5 h after C48/80treatment. Determinations for gastric mucosal lesion severity and blood flow, and assays for gastric mucosal total AA, reduced AA, oxidized AA, vitamin E, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), adherent mucus, nitrite/nitrate (NOx), non-protein SH (NPSH), and myeloperoxidase(MPO), and serum total AA, reduced AA, oxidized AA,and NOx were conducted 0.5 and 3 h after C48/80treatment.RESULTS: Gastric mucosal lesions occurred 0.5 h after C48/80 treatment and progressed at 3 h. Gastric mucosal blood flow decreased 0.5 h after C48/80 treatment but the decrease was recovered at 3 h. Gastric mucosal total AA, reduced AA, vitamin E, and adherent mucus concentrations decreased 3 h after C48/80 treatment.Gastric mucosal oxidized AA concentration remained unchanged after C48/80 treatment. Gastric mucosal NPSH concentration decreased 0.5 h after C48/80 treatment,but the decrease was recovered at 3 h. Gastric mucosal TBARS concentration and MPO activity increased 0.5 h after C48/80 treatment and further increased at 3 h.Serum total AA and reduced AA concentrations increased 0.5 h after C48/80 treatment and further increased at 3 h, while serum oxidized AA concentration increased at 0.5 h. Serum and gastric mucosal NOx concentrations increased 3 h after C48/80 treatment. AA administration to C48/80-treated rats at 0.5 h after the treatment prevented the gastric mucosal lesion progression and the changes in gastric mucosal total AA, reduced AA, vitamin E, adherent mucus, NOx, and TBARS concentrations and MPO activity and serum NOx concentration found at 3 h after the treatment dose-dependently. The AA administration to C48/80-treated rats caused further increases in serum total AA and reduced AA concentrations at 3 h after the treatment dose-dependently.CONCLUSION: Gastric mucosal AA plays a critical role in the progression of C48/80-induced acute gastric mucosal lesions in rats.

L-Homoarginine Accumulation in Grass Pea (<i>Lathyrus sativus</i>L.) Dry Seeds. A Preliminary Survey

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) has great agronomic potential as grain and forage legume, and presently is con-sidered as a model crop for sustainable agriculture. However, the development into an important food legume has been hin- dered by the presence of the neurotoxic amino acid β-N-Oxalyl-α, β-diaminopropionic acid (β-ODAP). Recent studies reported that homoarginine (Har) can counteract this toxic action. This research was undertaken to shed light on the variation of Har amount within grass pea. The influence of the environment and of the year-to-year variation of cli- matic conditions was also investigated. Seven Italian grass pea ecotypes were evaluated for two subsequent growing seasons in two locations of southern Italy. In contrast with previous studies collected data evidenced a significant variation of Har amount among the tested ecotypes. Moreover, a significant positive correlation between Har and ODAP level was observed. The effect of year-to-year variation of temperature and rainfall quantity is also discussed.

Quantitative Estimation of γ-Glutamylethylamide in Commercially Available Made Teas [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, Theaceae] in Kenya

A study was carried out to quantitatively estimate the L-theanine content in 19 teas commercially available in the Kenyan market by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The test tea samples analyzed were green (n = 4), black (n = 8) and flavored (n = 7) teas from different origins viz., Kenya (n = 4), Uganda (n = 2), Tanzania (n = 5), Rwanda (n = 4), Cameroon (n = 1) and Sri-Lanka (n = 2) commercially available in the Kenyan market. The estimated Limit of Detection (LOD) of the current method was 0.01% L-theanine. The L-theanine content ranged from below the detection limit (<0.01% L-theanine) to 1.60% L-theanine on a dry weight (d.w) basis. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the L-theanine contents of black, green and flavoured teas. Rwandan green tea contained the highest L-theanine content with 1.60% d.w. whereas six of the seven flavoured teas had very low theanine levels (<0.01%) that could not be quantified by the current method.

Comparative Assessment of Melatonin-Afforded Protection in Liver, Kidney and Heart of Male Mice against Doxorubicin Induced Toxicity

Melatonin (MEL) was investigated for protection against the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (Dox) that is well known for its oxidative damage to various body organs. It was aimed to have a comparison of this protection to heart, liver and kidney in the treated subjects. In this study, groups of mice were treated with Dox and melatonin and their individual or combined effects were evaluated by assessing lipidperoxidation, non-protein sulfhydryls (NP-SH) and nitrate/nitrite (NO) contents in these tissues. Plasma aminotransferases, LDH and CK-MB enzyme activities were measured. Moreover, these tissues were subject to histopathological assessment. MEL co-treatment significantly prevented any rise in lipidperoxides more significantly in heart and liver as compared to kidney. In tandem, MEL prevented a decline in GSH that was observed by Dox alone in liver and kidney. Dox significantly increased total NO levels in all the tissues. Melatonin at both dose levels could not afford protection against nitrosative stress. MEL in combination treatment provided significant

Pb-Stress Induced Oxidative Stress Caused Alterations in Antioxidant Efficacy in Two Groundnut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>L.) Cultivars

Lead (Pb) is an important environmental pollutant extremely toxic to plants and other living organisms including humans. To assess Pb phytotoxicity, a pot culture experiment was carried out using two groundnut cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L. cultivar K6 and cultivar K9) on plant growth, ROS levels, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant metabolism using biochemical, histochemical methods. Plants were grown in pots for 14 days, in the botanic garden, and subjected to Pb-stress (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm) by adding Pb (NO3)2 solution and further allowed to grow for 10 days. The results showed that cultivar K6 registered lower Pb accumulation than cultivar K9, however, localization of Pb was greater in roots than leaves in both groundnut cultivars. The Pb-stress results in an increase in free radicals (O2?- and H2O2) generation in both groundnut cultivars, but more significantly in cultivar K9 than K6. Pb-stress also caused significant changes in the rate of peroxidation as shown in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in roots and leaves of both groundnut cultivars. Free proline, ascorbic acid (AsA) and non-protein thiol (NP-SH) contents were increased in cultivar K6 due to Pb-stress, but less in cultivar K9. Pb treated plants showed increased levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Isozyme band intensities of SOD, GPX and APX were more consistent with the respective changes in antioxidative enzyme activities. These results indicate that cultivar K6 possesses greater tolerance potential for Pb toxicity than cultivar K9.

Stress Ameliorative Effects of Indole Acetic Acid on Hordeum vulgare L. Seedlings Subjected to Zinc Toxicity

The heavy metals present in the environment accumulate in the plants and affect their productivity and yield.By entering the food chain,metals cause several serious health problems in human beings as well as in other organisms.Indole acetic acid(IAA)is known to act as a signaling molecule between symbiotic association of metal accumulating plants and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR).Present study demonstrated a protective role of IAA against surplus Zinc(Zn)-induced toxicity to Hordeum vulgare seedlings.Elevated Zn concentrations suppressed the plant growth,caused a reduction in leaf relative water contents(RWC)and elevated free proline and non-protein thiols(NPT)accumulation.Zinc treatment also led to enhanced lipid peroxidation(MDA contents)as well as the activity of ascorbate peroxidase(APX),showing the involvement of antioxidative defense mechanism to reduce Zn induced toxicity.IAA oxidase activity was also observed to increase due to Zn treatment.IAA pretreatment of H.vulgare caryopsis could partly revert the Zn-induced toxicity in seedlings.

Exaptation at the molecular genetic level

The realization that body parts of animals and plants can be recruited or coopted for novel functions dates back to, or even predates the observations of Darwin. S.J. Gould and E.S. Vrba recognized a mode of evolution of characters that differs from adaptation. The umbrella term aptation was supplemented with the concept of exaptation. Unlike adaptations, which are restricted to features built by selection for their current role, exaptations are features that currently enhance fitness, even though their present role was not a result of natural selection. Exaptations can also arise from nonaptations; these are characters which had previously been evolving neutrally. All nonaptations are potential exaptations. The concept of exaptation was expanded to the molecular genetic level which aided greatly in understanding the enormous potential of neutrally evolving repetitive DNA—including transposed elements, formerly considered junk DNA—for the evolution of genes and genomes. The distinction between adaptations and exaptations is outlined in this review and examples are given. Also elaborated on is the fact that such distinctions are sometimes more difficult to determine; this is a widespread phenomenon in biology, where continua abound and clear borders between states and definitions are rare.

Bioactivities and Pharmaceutical Effects of 1-Aminocyclopro-panecarboxylic Acid

Objective The 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid(ACPC) is a natural micromolecule non-protein amino acid that exists only in plants.Despite the determination of its regulating effects on plants,several bioactivities and effects on animals or humans are still unclear.This review focuses the pharmaceutical effects,above all,the neuroprotective effects of ACPC on the cerebro-and cardiovascular system.Methods Two hundred and seventy nine studies were selected and identified from a total of 2457 references in Medline and Chemical Abstracts from 1957 to 2008.Only 38 articles on neuroprotective effects of ACPC from seven different countries qualified to be included in the analysis.Results ACPC has altogether following six general neuroprotective effects on the brain and nervous system:anti-neurotoxicity induced by NMDA,dynorphin-A,glutamate,and morphine;protection from cerebral neurological injury induced by ischemia;antidepressant and anxiolytic effects;anti-convulsion and-seizures and control of epilepsy;facilitation of spatial learning and memory;and the effect of reducing alcohol consumption.Conclusion ACPC has shown a variety of effects on plants and animals.The bioactivities and pharmaceutical effects on animals are of great significance to medical research and public health.Further clinical trials or epidemiological studies are needed to determine its effect in humans.Food intervention with ACPC-rich vegetables and fruits may be a suitable therapy for cerebro-and cardiovascular system diseases.Administration of trace exogenous ACPC could produce vegetables and fruits of rich endogenous ACPC.

Long non-coding RNAs regulation of therapeutic resistance

Non-protein coding RNAs have emerged as a regulator of cell signaling and cancer progression through regulation of cell proliferation,metastatic burden,and cancer stem cell capacity.A subtype of non-protein coding RNA is long non-protein coding RNA(lncRNA).Besides their aforementioned roles in cancer cell biology,dysregulation of lncRNAs contribute to resistance to therapeutic treatments.A couple of important therapeutic classes are chemotherapy and targeted/hormone therapies.This review highlights the variety of malignancies affected by lncRNA dysregulation and the underlying mechanism causing therapeutic resistance.