Event-Based Anomaly Detection for Non-Public Industrial Communication Protocols in SDN-Based Control Systems

As the main communication mediums in industrial control networks,industrial communication protocols are always vulnerable to extreme exploitations,and it is very difficult to take protective measures due to their serious privacy.Based on the SDN(Software Defined Network)technology,this paper proposes a novel event-based anomaly detection approach to identify misbehaviors using non-public industrial communication protocols,and this approach can be installed in SDN switches as a security software appliance in SDN-based control systems.Furthermore,aiming at the unknown protocol specification and message format,this approach first restructures the industrial communication sessions and merges the payloads from industrial communication packets.After that,the feature selection and event sequence extraction can be carried out by using the N-gram model and K-means algorithm.Based on the obtained event sequences,this approach finally trains an event-based HMM(Hidden Markov Model)to identify aberrant industrial communication behaviors.Experimental results clearly show that the proposed approach has obvious advantages of classification accuracy and detection efficiency.

A Multi-Agent Based Equipment Bidding System on the Web

This paper puts forward a new framework of multi-agent based equipment bidding system on the Web (MAEBSW). The purpose of the paper is to make the process of enterprise equipment bidding, especially the decision process of enterprise equipment bidding, more intelligent. The system discussed in this paper is an efficient method for the enterprises doing business electronically. We also present our opinion of the approaches to defining agents. We emphasize the importance of agent being able to provide explanation about its behavior for the user or other agents. Based on this opinion we design a new common architecture of most agents in MAEBSW.

Model for Bidding and Tendering with Bill of Quantities Based on Bid-Winning Estimate at Reasonable Low Price

The possibility and rationality of introducing an bid-winning estimate based on a reasonable low price into construction bidding mode with bill of quantities were analyzed by setting up a model for bidding and tendering, and the functions of the estimate of reasonable low price in the bidding were revealed. On this basis, a new bidding mode of the project with bill of quantities was pro- posed. The application of the new mode will be advantageous to the promotion of the bill of quantities in China.

Penalty model for delay of bidding section construction period in South-to-North Water Diversion Eastern Route Project from perspective of programs

According to the multi-project and program management theory, this paper analyzes the program generation principle and establishes a program based on progress goals. On the basis of the present situation of calculation of penalty for delay of the bidding section construction period with the critical path method, we studied the effects of contractor-induced delay of the bidding section construction period in detail, including the effects on the construction period of the bidding section itself, the earliest start times of the next bidding section and other subsequent bidding sections, and the construction period of the program, and then constructed a penalty model for delay of the bidding section construction period from the perspective of programs. Using the penalty model, we conducted a practical analysis of penalty for delay of the construction period of the Baoying station program in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The model can help determine the amount of penalty for delay of the construction period in bidding sections scientifically and reasonably,

The Research about the Trans-provincial Centralized Bidding Trading Market of East China Power Grid --I:Empirical Analysis

The clearing price and bidding price in electricity market are two key indicators to measure whether it is reasonable or not. Based on the grey incidence analysis, this paper studies the correlation coefficient between the clearing price and bidding price with the generation cost, the supervision and rules of the market, the supply and demand situation, the behavior of market members over the same period, which is based on the actual data of the trans-provincial centralized trading market of East China Power Grid. The results show that the factors affecting the clearing price and bidding price from largest to smallest are generation cost, supervision and rules of the market, the supply and demand situation, the behavior of market members. The conclusion is that the trans-provincial trading platform of East China Power Grid is a reasonable regional market which can discover the market cost, and regulate the market supply and demand balance, and promote healthy competition.

Effects of Hydrogen Storage System and Renewable Energy Sources for Optimal Bidding Strategy in Electricity Market

This work suggested a novel model for obtaining optimum bidding/offering strategy to improve the benefits in case of big users.Aiming this regard,several electrical energy resources including:micro turbines,green power sources(wind turbine and photovoltaic system),power storage unit such as Hydrogen storage system with fuel cell,as well as mutual treaties are taken into account in offered model.Considering various models for uncertain parameters based on their natures such as power demand,electricity market tariffs,solar irradiation,temperature and wind speed is one of the contributions of the proposed model.Uncertainty of power demand is modeled by robust optimal method whereas remain uncertain parameters are incorporated in model by stochastic method.Considering of wind speed cased is made by Weibull distribution.While,normal distribution is utilized for production of cases for electricity market tariffs,solar irradiation and temperature.In order to reduce the bidding error loss,the storage devices are corporate with green energy in power unbalanced conditions.Combined-integer linear programming method is applied for handling of pricing method profiles that have strength against considered uncertainties on power demand of big user.The obtained results confirm,the entire electrical energy supplement expenditure of big user in absence of demand uncertainty is$39.63 whereas it is augmented up to$49.47 to achieve robustness vs.demand uncertainty.Also,using of hydrogen storage system by considering the reliability index is reduced the bidding price of the system.

A method for power suppliers’optimal cooperative bidding strategies considering network losses

The bidding strategies of power suppliers to maximize their interests is of great importance.The proposed bilevel optimization model with coalitions of power suppliers takes restraint factors into consideration,such as operating cost reduction,potential cooperation,other competitors’bidding behavior,and network constraints.The upper model describes the coalition relationship between suppliers,and the lower model represents the independent system operator’s optimization without network loss(WNL)or considering network loss(CNL).Then,a novel algorithm,the evolutionary game theory algorithm(EGA)based on a hybrid particle swarm optimization and improved firefly algorithm(HPSOIFA),is proposed to solve the bi-level optimization model.The bidding behavior of the power suppliers in equilibrium with a dynamic power market is encoded as one species,with the EGA automatically predicting a plausible adaptation process for the others.Individual behavior changes are employed by the HPSOIFA to enhance the ability of global exploration and local exploitation.A novel improved firefly algorithm(IFA)is combined with a chaotic sequence theory to escape from the local optimum.In addition,the Shapley value is applied to the profit distribution of power suppliers’cooperation.The simulation,adopting the standard IEEE-30 bus system,demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method for solving the bi-level optimization problem.

A Grey Decision Model Used in Bidding for Equipment Purchase

Bidding has long been used as a method for allocating and procuring goods and services. An acurrate and comprehensive evaluation of bidders is the key to make the bidding a successful one for tenderee. However, evaluation of bidders is a tough work and the result of evaluation is always affected by the evaluator's understanding of the standards set for evaluation, and the evaluator's expertise, experience and preferrence. We make an effort to find a method for selecting bidders as accurately as possible. A grey decision model is presented, and an example is illustrated to make the practioners know how to use the model.

A Generation Pricing Method with Capacity Bidding

Due to historic reasons China encounters some special difficulties in ESI (electricity system industry) restructuring. An easy and simple electricity value equivalent (es EVE) method for day ahead pool purchase pricing of China is therefore presented in this paper. The es EVE method is different from two part and one part tariffs. It is more like the UK's method in form, but revised for China with some new concepts and procedure. The main contributions of it include: (1) Find two kinds of eigenvalue, namely EVEs, in an optimization model, (2) Define new concepts of virtual units and feasible region, (3) Twice merit orderings are employed successively to find marginal price. They are simple maximum and minimum comparison procedures and so on. The special economic significance of the method for China is discussed, and some suggestion for ESI restructuring based on es EVE method are provided. A case study is offered at the end of the paper.

Bidding Scheme Design of Central Recreational Area for Xiaogan Linkong Economic Zone

This paper elaborated the bidding scheme design of the Central Recreational Area in Linkong Economic Zone from the perspectives of site analysis, determination of properties, design theme and principle, scheme layout and conception, in order to explore the potential enlightenments of the scheme design process, and disclose significance of site analysis and its close relationship with the scheme design.

Research and Application of FAHP in Bidding Quotation for Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Project

This paper mainly talks about the main layer analytical method, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, fuzzy hierarchical analysis (AHP) method of a deeper connotation, and further discusses its application in bidding quotation for petroleum geophysical prospecting project. Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) integrates many merits of AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation organically. It determines the weight of each affecting factor using analytic hierarchy process at first, and then uses the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to determine each scheme index. FAHP can effectively enhance the decision-making efficiency.

Bidding Strategy in Deregulated Power Market Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

The primary objective of this research article is to introduce Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm for solving bidding strategy in deregulated power market. Suppliers (GENCOs) and consumers (DISCOs) participate in the bidding process in order to maximize the profit of suppliers and benefits of the consumers. Each supplier bids strategically by choosing the bidding coefficients to counter the competitors bidding strategy. Electricity or electric power is traded through bidding in the power exchange. GENCOs sell energy to power exchange and in turn ancillary services to Independent System Operator (ISO). In this paper, Differential Evolution algorithm is proposed for solving bidding strategy problem in operation of power system under deregulated environment. An IEEE 30 bus system with six generators and two large consumers is employed to demonstrate the proposed technique. The results show the adaptability of the proposed method compared with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Monte Carlo simulation in terms of Market Clearing Price (MCP).

Wind Power Bidding Strategy Based on the Minimax Regret Criterion with Limited Distribution Information

In optimal wind bidding strategy related literatures, it is usually assumed that the full distribution information (for example, the cumulative distribution function or the probability density function) of wind power output is known. In real world applications, however, only very limited distribution information can be obtained. Therefore, the “optimal bidding strategy” obtained based on the hypothetical distribution may be far away from the true optimal one. In this paper, an optimal bidding strategy is obtained based on the minimax regret criterion. The salient feature of the new approach is that it requires only partial information of wind power distribution, for example, the expectation and the support set. Numerical test is then performed and the results suggest that the method established in this paper is effective.

Computer Aided Call for Tenders: A Tool for Software Bidding

Under a broad comprehension of Software Engineering, it is preferred the term software life cycle instead of just software production. The reason is that cycle starts at software conception and stops when the software is relegated. Given contemporary companies’ market strategies of focusing on their competitive advantages, most of them have externalized their software production to outsourced services. Therefore, the call for software tenders has become a common step in the software life cycle. In this paper, we present a tool which aids non-experts to specify call for software tenders. The motivation was Chile situation of most of rural and semi-urban city halls which do not have engineering teams to build call for software tenders. We describe the problem in terms of lack of competitiveness and empty biddings generated by low quality calls for tenders. As a second step, we show the technical considerations to develop the proposed tool and its features. We include an initial tool perception from a first group of users.

Synthetic Evaluation on Decision of Public Bidding for Construction Project

Public bidding is the international current practice to contract construction project. But the decision on the bidding often is made according to the qualitative evaluation based on the subjective opinion of specialists. Therefore, the fuzzy mathematics principle was applied and a synthetic evaluation model was established to provide an effective method for the development of quantitative bidding decision in this paper.

Cooperative Petroleum Contracts of the First Bidding Round are Perfectly Implemented in Tarim Basin

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A Small Town Non-public Owned Enterprise

SHORTLY after Spring Festival in mid-February, as China prepared for its WTO entry, arbitration took place between a non-public owned enterprise in Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu Province, and an American company,

Introduction to the Second Round of Bidding for Petroleum Resource Exploration Onshore China

The bidding blocks are distributed in different regions of China,There are seven blocks in W est China,and seven blocks in Northeast China,the other twelve blocks are from North and Central China.All the blocks are located in prospective sedimentary basins with different geological condi-tions,some are from oil produced basin such as Bohai Bay Basin which is a prolific basin,it's production accounts for 50%in total prodcuction of China.Based on estimation,the total potential resource of oil is 3.55 billion tons and gas is 800 billion cubic meters in bidding areas.As far as the exploratory objectives are concerned,there are Paleozoic.Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata,as well as continental clastic and marine一carbonate re-servoir.These provide more choices for foreign companies.In addition,most of bidding blocks are adjacent to transport lines,so communication and petroleum transportation are very convenient.

Export Quotas on Bidding for Equal Competition

The Trial Methods of Export Quotas on Bidding was promulgated by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation in February 1994. It is an important step in deepening reform of the foreign trade system. The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation is responsible for supervision and instruction over the commodities

Application Research on Big Data in Material Bidding and Procurement Management

The 21st century is an era of rapid development of informatization.Under the background of the development of this era,people are increasingly researching the application of information technology.The application of big data technology is the development and application trend of an information technology formed after the rapid development of modem information technology.Big data technology has been applied to the development of many industries,including the material bidding and procurement management as well.With the aid of scientific analysis of big data,it is possible to help material procurement management to analyze the corresponding bidding procurement information,which is an important guarantee for improving its bidding procurement management capabilities.In view of this,this article has conducted special research on the application of big data in material bidding and procurement management,hoping to provide references for the application of big data technology in material bidding and procurement management with the help of the research in this article.