Mathematical Modeling,Field Calibration and Numerical Simulation of Low-Speed Mixed Traffic Flow in Cities

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Analysis and Calibration of Internal Flow Force of EjectorPowered Engine Simulator System in Wind Tunnels

The ejector-powered engine simulator(EPES)system is an important piece of equipment in conducting an influence test of the intake and jet flow in low-speed wind tunnels.In this work,through the analysis of the structure and principle of EPES,three parts of the internal flow force were obtained,namely,the additional resistance before the inlet,the internal flow force in the inlet and the thrust produced by the ejector.On the assumption of one-dimensional isentropic adiabatic flow,the theoretical formulae for calculating the forces were derived according to the measured total pressure,static pressure and total temperature of the internal flow section.Subsequently,a calibration tank was used to calibrate the EPES system.On the basis of the characteristics of the EPES system,the process and method of its calibration were designed in detail,and the model installation interface of the calibration tank was reformed.By applying this method,the repeatability accuracy of the inlet flow rate calibration coefficient was less than0.05%,whereas that of the exhaust flow rate and velocity was less than 0.1%.Upon the application of the calibration coefficients to the correction of the wind tunnel experiment data,the results showed good agreement with the numerical simulation results in terms of regularity and magnitude before stall,which validates the reasonableness and feasibility of the calibration method.Analysis of the calibration data also demonstrated the consistency in the variation law and trend between the theoretical calculation and actual measurement of internal flow force,further reflecting the rationality and feasibility of the theoretical calculation.Nevertheless,the numerical difference was large and further widened with a higher ejection flow rate mainly because of the accuracy of flow measurement and the inhomogeneity of internal flow.The thrust deflection angle of EPES is an important factor in correcting this issue.In particular,the thrust deflection angle becomes larger with small ejection flow and becomes smaller with an increase in flow rate,essentially exhibiting a general change of less than 10°.

Complex granular flows of sticky-wet material on flip-flow screens:Calibration of discrete element simulations

Discrete element method(DEM)is an effective approach for studying the screening process of flip-flow screens.However,there have been few studies focusing on the thick layer of sticky-wet particles on flip-flow screens.To achieve accurate simulations of the thick layer of sticky-wet particles on a flip-flow screen,firstly,the movement law of particle flow was studied,and a multi-regime combination cali-bration method based on characteristics of particle flow regimes was proposed.Based on the Plackett-Burman experiment,the curse of dimensionality caused by multi-state and multi-contact parameters was overcome.Subsequently,the lifting cylinder,rotating drum,and trampoline tests were carried out to obtain macroscopic reference values under various granular flow regimes.The calibration results were then determined using the response surface method and climbing algorithm.Finally,the calibration results were tested at both macroscopic and mesoscopic scales and compared with a commonly used calibration method.The results demonstrate that the calibration method,which considers the multi-state characteristics,improves simulation accuracy by 2%-10%and reduces the simulation error to less than 10%,thus meeting the requirements for engineering optimization of flip-flow screens.

Hierarchy structure characteristics analysis for the China Loess watersheds based on gully node calibration

A land surface region can be decomposed into a series of watershed units with a hierarchical organizational structure. For loess landform, the watershed is a basic spatial–structural unit that can express natural landforms, surface morphology characteristics, spatial organization and developmental evolution. In this research we adopted the concept of node calibration in the watershed structure unit, selected six complete watersheds on China Loess Plateau as the research areas to study the quantitative characteristics of the hierarchical structure in terms of watershed geomorphology based on digital elevation model(DEM) data, and then built a watershed hierarchical structure model that relies on gully structure feature points. We calculated the quantitative indices, such as elevation, flow accumulation and hypsometric integral and found there are remarkably closer linear correlation between flow accumulation and elevation with increasing gully order, and the same variation tendency of hypsometric integral also presented. The results showed that the characteristics of spatial structure become more stable, and the intensity of spatial aggregation gradually enhances with increasing gully order. In summary, from the view of gully node calibration, the China Loess watershed structure shows more significantly complex, and the developmental situation variation of the loess landforms also exhibited a fairly stable status with gully order increasing. So, the loess watershed structure and its changes constructed the complex system of the loess landform, and it has the great significance for studying the spatial pattern and evolution law of the watershed geomorphology.

Calibration and uniqueness analysis of microparameters for DEM cohesive granular material

The differential evolution(DE)algorithm was deployed to calibrate microparameters of the DEM cohesive granular material.4 macroparameters,namely,uniaxial compressive strength,direct tensile strength,Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio,can be calibrated to high accuracy.The best calibration accuracy could reach the sum of relative errors RE_(sum)<0.1%.Most calibrations can be achieved with RE_(sum)<5%within hours or RE_(sum)<1%within 2 days.Based on the calibrated results,microparameters uniqueness analysis was carried out to reveal the correlation between microparameters and the macroscopic mechanical behaviour of material:(1)microparameters effective modulus,tensile strength and normal-to-shear stiffness ratio control the elastic behaviour and stable crack growth,(2)microparameters cohesion and friction angles present a negative linear correlation that controls the axial strain and lateral strain prior to the peak stress,and(3)microparameters friction coefficient controls shear crack friction and slip mainly refers to the unstable crack behaviour.Consideration of more macroparameters to regulate the material mechanical behaviour that is dominated by shear crack and slip motion is highlighted for future study.The DE calibration method is expected to serve as an alternative method to calibrate the DEM cohesive granular material to its peak strength.

Calibration of Hydrognomon Model for Simulating the Hydrology of Urban Catchment

Due to chaotic nature of flow in natural open channels and the physical processes and the unknown in a river basin variable, the parameters to be used in studying the behavior of river basin to a given rainfall data cannot be measured directly for this reason, a hydrological model was calibrated and applied to simulate the hydrology of Kaduna River (7112 sq miles) North West Nigeria. Prior to the model calibration, a sensitivity analysis of the hydrognomon model to the parameters was carried out to gain a better understanding of the correspondence between the data and the physical processes being modeled.

微小气体流量在线校准装置的研制

该文研制了一种微小气体流量在线校准装置,可用于工业生产、医疗卫生、环境监测等领域中不便于拆卸的微小气体流量被测仪器的在线校准。详细介绍了微小气体流量在线校准装置的原理、装置的构成、控制系统的设计及校准操作流程,最后通过性能测试验证了校准装置的准确度和可靠性,最后探讨了该装置的应用前景。

正交-响应面法在PBM细观参数标定中的应用

数值模拟作为研究岩石力学特性、再现细观裂纹演化的主要途径,已受到大量关注。现有的数值模拟参数标定方法主要为试错法及正交试验法,但二者都未能充分考虑细观参数交互作用的影响,模拟精度欠佳且宏观破坏形态与室内试验存在较大差异。因此,采用正交-响应面法相结合的数值分析方法,首先通过正交试验筛选出具有显著影响的平行黏结模型(PBM)细观参数,其次应用响应面法(RSM)研究其交互作用对模型试样宏观参量的影响规律,最后结合岩石宏观破坏形态提出一套PBM参数标定流程。结果表明:有效模量E*与刚度比k n/k s对弹性模量E影响显著;k n/k s、接触摩擦系数μ、最小颗粒半径R_(min)对泊松比ν影响显著;黏聚力c与法向黏结强度σc及其交互作用对单轴抗压强度UCS影响显著,应用响应面法计算分析得出的细观参数的模拟值与试验值误差绝对值小于7%,且二者应力应变曲线力学特征相似,宏观破坏形态相同,证明所提出的PBM细观参数标定流程具备科学性和可靠性。

基于信号重采样频移处理的宽带ADCP分层校准方法

针对宽带声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)现有校准方法无法有效实现流速分层校准的问题,提出基于信号重采样频移处理的声波应答校准方法,通过应答换能器组分别接收ADCP各波束换能器发射信号,经分段重采样、时间窗补偿等处理,产生包含多普勒频移信息的模拟回波信号,实现对宽带ADCP流速分层校准。为更符合真实水体散射情况,基于主动声呐方程建立了回波信号幅度计算模型。搭建了可适用于陆上和水下的宽带ADCP分层快速校准装置,对两个ADCP样机开展了校准实验,流速范围在0.01~10 m/s,测量不确定度优于0.3%v+5 mm/s(v为流速测量值)(k=2),并与水槽拖车法进行了对比验证。

基于物联网的流量仪表智能标定系统设计

针对流量仪表因采用手工或半自动方式标定所造成的费时、低效等问题,设计了基于物联网的流量仪表智能标定系统。在物联网边缘通过数字化感知、边缘计算、数据网关,实现数据采集和传输,满足了各种标定设备的数据互联互通。根据流量仪表标定过程的特殊性,在云端建立了基于规则的流量仪表标定专家系统。通过数据共享、数据可视化等数字化、智能化的系统设计,模拟人类标定专家的思维过程。运用知识进行推理,根据不同的流量仪表产品,及时给出满意的标定解决方案。该方案赋能流量仪表的智能标定过程,实现了标定生产过程的全自动化。该设计使标定周期由原来的120min缩短到40min,提升了流量计生产装备智能化程度,提高了生产效益。

明渠非标准断面法测流水位流量关系的率定及影响因素分析

为探究明渠非标准断面法测流的水位流量关系曲线的率定问题,以新疆第三师某团场25处渠道量水断面为研究对象,利用FlowTracker 2手持式声学多普勒流速仪进行了水位流量关系率定工作.根据实测结果,率定了各渠道量水断面的水位流量关系曲线,并对所率定出的曲线进行了符号检验、适线检验和偏离数值检验及误差分析,在此基础上,对流量拟合参数的影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:所率定的25处渠道量水断面中,14处具有稳定的水位流量关系,5处受回水影响、6处受渠道淤积影响为不稳定的水位流量关系;在渠道粗糙系数Ra、边坡系数m及坡降i相同的条件下,流量拟合参数与渠道底宽b总体上呈正相关;在渠道粗糙系数Ra、边坡系数m及底宽b相同的条件下,流量拟合参数与渠道坡降i总体上呈负相关.研究结果可以为灌区自动化量水设备测流准确性的校核提供参考依据.

圆形流管内高阶混合模态激发的全局标定方法

声模态发生器是通过调控扬声器阵列,进而在管道内激发特定阶次声模态的一种装置,可用于流管内气动噪声传播和环形声衬的降噪研究。使用多圈布置的扬声器阵列模态发生器,通过调节各个声源的幅值和相位,可实现高阶周向、径向和混合模态的激发。然而,扬声器阵列系统的通道输出偏差会在目标模态激发时产生显著的干扰模态。为消除扬声器系统通道输出差异对模态激发的影响,提出了基于最小二乘全局标定的流管内高阶混合模态激发方法。通过对扬声器声源的通道输出偏差进行全局建模,引入激励补偿因子和流场校正因子,将有流情况下各扬声器的系统输出偏差求解问题转换为无流情况下单个扬声器工作时的模态识别问题,通过矩阵变换和最小二乘法求解各扬声器的激励补偿因子,最终实现扬声器的幅值和相位激励修正。将所发展的模态激发与全局标定方法应用于所研制的圆形流管模态激发装置,结果表明:干扰模态的强度被显著抑制,且在工作频率范围内,目标激发模态的相对目标模态系数不低于10 dB。

基于恒定功率的热式流量计设计与测试

针对热式流量计的温度漂移问题,提出了一种恒定功率模式下的热式流量计结构,并对其数字校准方法进行了研究。与传统热式流量计相比,增加了环境探头,该探头内嵌于流体管道壁。各传感器之间采用隔热措施,利用环境探头和感温探头测量得到的电压信号进行实时数字校准。采用音速喷嘴法燃气表检验装置对流量计进行检测。检测结果显示:流量在0.016~0.25 m^(3)/h范围内误差率小于0.5%,流量在0.25~6 m^(3)/h范围内误差率小于1.0%,温度漂移现象有效改善。

江汉平原地下水混合的^(14)C年龄曲线投影校正研究

地下水^(14)C年龄的分布可以指示地下水渗流的方向及其变化。经典校正模型可以消除水化学组成变化对^(14)C年龄的影响,但很难识别地下水混合,导致得到的^(14)C年龄代表的是地下水的混合年龄。本文根据地下水化学组分变化提出了识别混合和校正a^(14)C值的方法,并以江汉平原为研究实例进行解剖。江汉平原地下水中硫酸盐矿物溶解导致SO_(4)^(2-)含量增加,且SO_(4)^(2-)含量与a^(14)C值的关系曲线可以识别混合,并利用曲线投影校正a^(14)C值,提出了混合-IAEA模型。IAEA年龄和混合-IAEA年龄的分布差异揭示出地下水渗流变化。年轻地下水混合区为年轻地下水的汇聚方向;老地下水混合区为老地下水的汇集方向。因此,对于大型沉积平原(或盆地)的地下水流系统,使用^(14)C定年时需要考虑地下水混合的影响,混合校正后的^(14)C年龄可以用来识别地下水渗流变化。

自驱移动雷达在线双向流量测验技术在常州石堰闸的应用

自驱移动雷达波在水文测流中的运用越来越广泛,尤其在山区或航运等条件受限的河道,常规接触式设备难以开展流量测验,可以运用雷达这类非接触式设备开展监测。为了新沟河石堰闸水文站双向流量在线测验,研发流向仪,改造双向流量测验硬件和软件,安装自驱移动雷达在线双向流量监测系统,并开展双向流量测验比测率定,进行运行精度和误差分析。研究成果可为新沟河调度运行以及移动雷达波技术运用提供技术参考。

基于SVR的PFC微观参数辅助标定方法研究

PFC数值模拟所需的微观参数通常通过人工试算的方式进行标定,该方法受标定人员经验的影响,效率较低,难以快速处理大量岩石试件。以平行黏结模型为例,建立微观参数正交试验表并进行数值模拟,以此为样本分别使用支持向量回归机(SVR)和BP神经网络模型进行训练,对室内测得的宏观参数进行预测,得到的微观参数进行数值模拟分析预测效果,若效果不佳则将模拟数据加入样本继续训练直至获得理想的结果。研究表明:利用数值模拟和机器学习相结合的正反演方法,可以高效标定微观参数,其中BP神经网络模型需要试算7次,而支持向量机模型仅需试算3次,标定效率更高。因此,基于正反演结合的SVR微观参数辅助标定方法不仅效率高、可重复性强、不受标定人员经验影响,而且适用于批量试件的标定工作。

熟料冷却风机锥形口流量测量装置的现场改造

某海外水泥项目熟料冷却风机锥形口流量测量装置选型偏小,导致冷却风机风量PID调节回路投运不稳,为满足PID投运要求,提高测量装置灵敏度,对冷却风机锥形口流量测量装置进行了改造。详细介绍了锥形口流量测量装置现场改造及制作安装要求、流量系数计算方法、现场标定结果等。改造后,在设计风量为29 965m^(3)/h时,差压值达373Pa,管道系统静压增加了248Pa,提高了流量测量装置的风量检测灵敏度,保证了PID调节回路的稳定自动调节。

单侧热绝缘热流计校准装置的研制

热流计是量化热能转移的仪器。为解决非对称平面热流计、热流传感器校准的难题,基于绝对法原理,对保护板法进行改进,建立一种单侧热绝缘的热流计校准装置,由主加热器、绝热层、保护加热器、功率输出系统、温度反馈调节系统和数据采集系统组成,装置可溯源至标准功率计。在400~1 000 W/m2范围内对装置进行验证,测试结果与传统保护板法热流计校准装置标定结果基本一致。根据测试结果评估电流源偏差、背向和侧向热损失、蓄热损失、测量重复性、面积不一致、装载方式对测量结果的影响。经过实验和分析,该装置的不确定度可以达到3%以内。

基于差压零点自校准的气体流速传感器设计

煤矿用气体流速测量设备主要包含矿井风速监测和管道用气体流速测量,是煤矿安全监测系统中的重要监测设备之一,对保障煤矿安全生产有着举足轻重的作用。目前,采用常规差压式测量气体流速,存在标准取压装置易受粉尘水汽易堵塞的影响问题,并且差压元件本身固有的非常规、多值对应的迟滞非线性特性和零点温度漂移特性,也会造成测量下限精度不够、不稳定。因此,该文提出了一种差压零点自校准流速检测方法,从本质上解决了微差压元件在工矿条件下测量下限不稳定、精度不高的问题,可实现矿井风速监测和管道气体流速的高精度、准确测量。

多管线流量仪表标定控制策略设计

以某企业现有流量仪表标定系统为研究对象,针对其单一管线标定效率低下、小流量时标定结果稳定性较差等问题,设计水泵、电动调节阀相互协调的多管线流量仪表标定控制策略。实施过程中,将若干个待校正流量仪表与标准表串联在管路上,计算出标定流量与实际流量之差,根据差值范围进行分段控制,在不同分段控制策略中,将阀门开度和水泵转速作为主调节量。另外,还建立了电动调节阀数学模型,通过理论计算和MATLAB仿真验证了控制策略的稳定性,取得了满意的结果。