Effects of Non-starch Polysaccharide Enzyme Products on Meat Performance in Broilers

[ Objective] To investigate the effects of non-starch polysaccharide （NSP） enzyme products on meat performance of broilers and thus to provide a scientific basis for their rational use. [Method] Two hundred 21-day-old Ross broilers were assigned to five groups. The broilers in group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ were fed positive control diet and negative control diet, respectively, which were slightly different. The broilers in group Ⅲ, Ⅳ and V were fed the negative control diet respectively supplemented with different commercial NSP enzyme products. The broilers were slaughtered at 56 days old, and their meat yield was determined. [ Result] The percentage of carcass yield and percentage of abdominal fat were significantly higher in the group Ⅲ than in the group Ⅱ （P 〈 0.05）. The percentage of small intestine weight in slaughter weight was lower in the group Ⅱ than in other groups. [ Conclusion] Diets supplemented broad-rang and highly active NSP enzyme products can promote absorption of routine feed ingredients, increase meat yield, and improve meat performance.

Effects of Non-starch Polysaccharide Complex Enzymes on Meat Quality in Broilers

[Objective] The study aimed to research the effect of several commercial NSP complex enzymes products on broiler meat quality, and provide scientific basis for feed enterprise and breeding farmers choosing NSP complex enzymes. [ Method] Two hundred ROSS broilers at age of 21 days were designed to five treatment groups, including the positive and negative control treatments, and Group 1 to 3 with feed additive of the commercial non-starch polysaccharide complex enzymes each on base of the negative group diet. At 56 days of age, broilers were killed and meat quality was analyzed. [ Result] The thigh meat color CIELAB a value for the negative control broilers was lower （ P 〈 0.05） than those of the positive control and Group 1. The drip loss of breast meat for Group 1 was the lowest, and the drip loss of thigh meat for the negative control was the highest among all treatments. The shear force for the negative control and Group 3 were higher than those of other three groups. There were no differences （P 〉 0.05） on the contents of chemical components, crude moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, and inosine acid for breast and thigh meat among all treatments. [ Conclusion] NSP complex enzymes with complete enzyme categories and high enzyme activity can improve meat quality in broilers.

Effects of a multi-enzyme complex on growth performance,nutrient utilization and bone mineralization of meat duck

Background： Previous studies with broiler have shown dietary supplementation with multi-enzyme complex containing non-starch polysaccharides （NSP） degrading enzymes and phytase is efficient in releasing phosphorus （P）, calcium （Ca）, energy and amino acids from corn-soybean meal diets or corn-sorghum diets, hence compensating considerable levels of nutrients in formulation. Notwithstanding, such potentials have not been well defined in duck nutrition. Giving China being the largest duck producing country, we conducted this study to establish adequate specifications of major nutrients along with multi-enzyme complex to meat duck from day-old to slaughter, focusing on performance, utilization of nutrients and bone mineralization. Five dietary treatments were： Positive control （PC,T1）： the nutrients concentration of diet for 1 to 14 d of age were apparent metabolizable energy（AME） 2,800 kcal/kg, crude protein （CP）1 9.39%, Ca 0.85%, available phosphorus （avP） 0.42%; for 15 to 35 d of age these parameters were AME 2,900 kcal/kg, CP 16.47%,Ca 0.76%,avP 0.38%; Negative control 1（NC1,7-2）, the AME and digestible amino acids （DAA） were reduced by 70 kcal/kg and 2.0%, avP and Ca by 1.0 g/kg from PC diet; Negative control 2（NC2,T4）, the down- spec from PC diet was AME 100 kcal/kg, DAA 2.5%, avP 1.5 g/kg and Ca 1.2 g/kg; The enzyme complex was added at the same dosage （200 mL/1,000 kg） on NC1 （T3） and NC2 （T5） diets. Results： Comparing with the ducks fed on T1, T3 and T5 diets, the birds fed on NC2 diet showed the lowest （P 〈 0.05） body weight （ d 14 and 35）, feed intake （d 35）, tibia ash, Ca and P contents （d 14 and 35）, and the utilization of nutrients （P 〈 0.05）. The supplementation with the enzyme complex to the NC diets restored growth rate, utilization of nutrients and bone mineralization to the level of the PC diet, and increased AME by 60 kcal/kg and 117 kcal/kg, respectively for the NC1 and NC2 diets. Conclusion： These results suggest that down-spec AME by 100 kcal/kg, DAA by 2.5%, avP by 1.5 g/kg and Ca by 1.2 g/kg caused detrimental effects on duck performance compared with those fed on the PC diet, and these performance losses can be compensated by the addition of the multiple-enzyme complex.

iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of longissimus muscle from growing pigs with dietary supplementation of non-starch polysaccharide enzymes

Non-starch polysaccharide enzymes（NSPEs） have long been used in the feed production of monogastric animals to degrade non-starch polysaccharide to oligosaccharides and promote growth performance. However, few studies have been conducted on the effect of such enzymes on skeletal muscle in monogastric animals. To elucidate the mechanism of the effect of NSPEs on skeletal muscle, an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification（i TRAQ） for differential proteomic quantitation was applied to investigate alterations in the proteome in the longissimus muscle（LM） of growing pigs after a 50-d period of supplementation with 0.6% NSPEs in the diet. A total of 51 proteins were found to be differentially expressed in the LM between a control group and the NSPE group. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed protein species showed an increased abundance of proteins related to energy production, protein synthesis, muscular differentiation, immunity, oxidation resistance and detoxification, and a decreased abundance of proteins related to inflammation in the LM of the pigs fed NSPEs. These findings have important implications for understanding the mechanisms whereby dietary supplementation with NSPEs enzymes can promote growth performance and improve muscular metabolism in growing pigs.

Effects of non-starch polysaccharides from pure wheat malt beer on beer quality,in vitro antioxidant,prebiotics,hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties

Pure wheat malt beer (PWMB) with potentially functional properties may attract consumer interest.To explore the functional properties of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in PWMB,NSPs were extracted from PWMB and separated into PWMB non-starch polysaccharides-1 (PNSP-1) and PWMB non-starch polysaccharides-2 (PNSP-2) by Q-Sepharose Fast Flow column.PNSP-1 exhibited more effects on increasing the viscosity of beers,which had higher purity of 92.58% containing 88.53% arabinoxylan with arabinose/xylose (A/X) 0.60 and 2.78% β-glucan but no glucomannan and mannan;while PNSP-2 showed greater effects on promoting beer haze and foam retention,which had more diverse NSPs including 46.03% arabinoxylan with A/X 1.13,41.47% arabinogalactan,10.26% glucomannan,and 2.70% mannan but no β-glucan.Diversity of sugar composition resulted in a better antioxidant capacity of PNSP-2.NSPs proliferated Lactobacillus casei LC6117 and LC0331,but did not promote L.plantarum LP-28 and L.fermentium LF-2H.PNSP-2 was also utilized by L.rhamnosus SRG.PNSP-2 had better effects on prebiotics activities.PNSP,PNSP-1 and PNSP-2 all exhibited mild inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and lipase but not on α-amylase,and showed a binding capacity to fat and cholesterol.This work is of great reference significance for improving the viscosity,haze,foam retention and health value of wheat beer.

复合酶法提取海带多糖工艺优化

以海带为原料,复合酶法提取海带多糖。在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验及方差分析确定复合酶法提取海带多糖的最佳条件:纤维素酶0.5%、果胶酶1.0%、木瓜蛋白酶1.0%、木聚糖酶1.0%、温度30℃、时间3h、pH 5.0。在此条件下,海带中多糖的提取率为78.9%。使用复合酶前处理工艺,海带多糖产率较传统工艺提高了近3倍。

茶叶活性成分综合提取过程研究

以低档绿茶为原料,研究了茶多酚、咖啡碱和茶多糖的提取、分离、纯化等工艺条件,探索出一条综合提取新工艺。研究表明,以纤维素酶和果胶酶为主体的复合酶解提取,可提高茶叶中各有效成分的提取率,并可降低其活性损失;通过超滤膜过滤酶提液不但精制了料液而且利用膜浓缩液可方便地制备茶多糖;采用H-600树脂吸附阶段洗脱层析法分离茶多酚咖啡碱,解决了传统工艺中使用有毒溶剂脱除咖啡碱的难题。文章计算了吸附柱的传质区高度和总传质系数,为放大设计奠定了基础。

复合酶辅助微波技术提取红枣多糖的工艺研究

采用复合酶辅助微波技术提取红枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)中的多糖。结果表明,复合酶解的最佳工艺为木瓜蛋白酶添加量占原料干物质重量的0.6%,果胶酶添加量占原料干物质重量的1.0%,置于恒温45℃条件下,酶解90 min;微波提取最佳工艺为以蒸馏水作为提取溶剂,微波进料泵频率12 Hz,提取功率36 k W,物料比(m∶m)为1∶8,提取2次,红枣多糖的提取率可达5.24%。与其他提取方法相比,该方法高效、环保、选择性高。

非淀粉多糖复合酶在断奶仔猪日粮中应用效果的研究

选用90头系谱相近、体重相近(7±0.5)kg的健康杜长大三元杂交仔猪,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每重复8～12头,试验期20d。研究玉米豆粕型饲粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响。结果表明,非淀粉多糖复合酶能显著提高断奶仔猪的日增重(P<0.05),降低料重比(P<0.05),增加采食量(P>0.05)。

酶改性大豆种皮多糖对蛋白乳液稳定性的影响

利用β-半乳糖苷酶、β-葡聚糖酶和木瓜蛋白酶酶解大豆种皮多糖(soybean hull polysaccharide,SHP),确定不同酶解作用对SHP乳化能力的影响,从基本成分的测定、红外、原子力显微镜、粒径分布、Zeta电位、乳化活性和乳化稳定性及多重光散射等方面来分析酶解后的多糖对乳液性质的影响。结果表明,4种多糖总糖含量为35%~50%,β-葡聚糖酶处理多糖(SHP modified byβ-glucanase,GLU)含量最高,为47.82%;β-半乳糖苷酶酶解多糖(SHP modified byβ-galactosidase,GAL)糖醛酸含量最高,为34.27%。5种乳液中,添加木瓜蛋白酶酶解多糖(SHP modified by papain,PAP)的乳液Zeta电位最高,为-29.1 mV,未添加多糖与添加SHP,PAP的乳液液滴均较大,添加GAL与GLU的乳液液滴粒径较小且分散均匀。添加GLU的乳液乳化活性指数(emulsifying activity index,EAI)及乳化稳定性指数(emulsifying stability index,ESI)分别是39.72 m 2/g和4198.11 min,活性及稳定性最好,而添加PAP与SHP的乳液EAI及ESI相近,均比未添加多糖的乳液好。同时,添加PAP的乳液剪切应力和黏度随剪切速率增大变化最明显。此外,多重光散射数据表明,添加GAL和GLU的乳液较稳定,而添加PAP的乳状液稳定性较差,未添加多糖乳液稳定性最差,14 d后出现乳液分层。因此,β-半乳糖苷酶、β-葡聚糖酶酶解后的多糖可以用于改善食品乳液的稳定性。

大豆酶解蛋白复合酶组合试验研究

将非淀粉多糖酶、蛋白酶进行优化组合,酶解处理豆粕,能将大豆中大分子蛋白质降解成小分子肽,同时消除抗营养因子,以提高蛋白质消化吸收利用率。试验采用两次正交试验设计和单因素试验,结果表明,优化组合非淀粉多糖酶形成非淀粉多糖复合酶,酶解处理豆粕,处理后豆粕中非淀粉多糖去除率达到24.91%;优化中性蛋白酶,酶解处理豆粕,处理后豆粕中肽的质量分数达到18.34%,大豆球蛋白去除率达到97.61%,β-伴大豆球蛋白去除率达到96.60%;经非淀粉多糖复合酶、中性蛋白酶复合处理豆粕后得到大豆酶解蛋白:粗蛋白质49.15%、酸溶蛋白28.32%、肽质量分数18.49%、非淀粉多糖11.74%、大豆球蛋白3.40 mg/g、β-伴大豆球蛋白4.90 mg/g、棉籽糖1.00 mg/g、水苏糖3.20 mg/g、脲酶活性0.01 U/g、粗灰分6.44%、钙0.44%、水分8.10%。

Cereal type and combined xylanase/glucanase supplementation influence the cecal microbiota composition in broilers

Dietary fiber-degrading enzyme supplementation in broilers aims at off-setting the anti-nutritive effect of non-starch polysaccharides and at promoting broiler health.Recently,we demonstrated that xylanase/glucanase addition in wheat-based diet improved nutrient digestibility,arabinoxylan fermentability and broiler growth.Conversely,maize arabinoxylan was found to be recalcitrant to xylanase action.These findings suggested that enzyme-mediated improvement of nutrient digestion and carbohydrate fermentation depended on the cereal type present in the diet,and may have contributed to broiler growth.Hence,we aimed at further investigating the link between dietary enzymes and carbohydrate fermentation in broilers,by studying the impact of enzyme supplementation in cereal-based diets,to the microbial communities in the ileum and ceca of broilers.For that purpose,96 one-day-old male broilers were randomly reared in two pens and received either wheat-based or maize-based starter and grower diets.At d 20,the broilers were randomly assigned to one out of four dietary treatments.The broilers received for 8 d the wheat-based or maize-based finisher diet as such(Control treatments;WC,MC)or supplemented with a xylanase/glucanase combination(Enzyme treatments;WE,ME).At d 28,samples from the digestive tract were collected,and the ileal and cecal microbiota composition was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing.A similar phylogenetic(alpha)diversity was observed among the four treatments,both in the ileal and the cecal samples.Furthermore,a similar microbial composition in the ileum(beta diversity)was observed,with lactobacilli being the predominant community for all treatments.In contrast,both cereal type and enzyme supplementation were found to influence cecal communities.The type of cereal(i.e.,wheat or maize)explained 47% of the total variation in microbial composition in the ceca.Further stratifying the analysis per cereal type revealed differences in microbiota composition between WC and WE,but not between MC and ME.Furthermore,the prevalence of beneficial genera,such as Faecalibacterium and Blautia,in the ceca of broilers fed wheat-based diets coincided with arabinoxylan accumulation.These findings indicated that fermentable arabinoxylan and arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides released by dietary xylanase may play an important role in bacterial metabolism.

Hulless barley and β-glucanase affect ileal digesta soluble β-glucan molecular weight and digestive tract characteristics of coccidiosis-vaccinated broilers

Exogenousβ-glucanase(BGase)in barley-based feed has been shown to reduce digesta viscosity in chickens,and thereby improve performance.Less well studied is the potential for BGase to convert barleyβ-glucan into low molecular weight carbohydrates,which might influence digestive tract function and enteric disease.Coccidiosis-vaccinated broiler chickens were fed graded levels of hulless barley(HB)and BGase to determine their effects onβ-glucan depolymerization and digestive tract characteristics.Broilers were fed highβ-glucan HB(0%,30%and 60%replacing wheat)and BGase(0%,0.01%and 0.1%)in a 3×3 factorial arrangement.A total of 5,346 broilers were raised in litter floor pens and vaccinated for coccidiosis on d 5.Each treatment was assigned to 1 pen in each of 9 rooms.The significance level was set at P≤0.05.At both 11 and 33 d of broiler ages,peak molecular weight ofβ-glucan in ileal digesta decreased with increasing BGase for 30%and 60%HB.The maximum molecular weight for the smallest 10%β-glucan molecules(MW-10%)decreased with BGase at both ages for 30%and 60%HB;for birds fed 0%HB,only 0.1%BGase decreased MW-10%.The 0.1%BGase increased caecal short chain fatty acids(SCFA)compared to the 0.01%BGase at d 11 only for the 60%HB.Ileal pH increased with increasing HB and BGase at d 11 and 33.Caecal pH was lower for 0.1%BGase than 0%BGase for 60%HB at d 11.Relative mRNA expression of interleukin 6(IL-6)and IL-8 in the ileum increased with 0.1%BGase at d 11 and 33,respectively,whereas expression of ileal mucin 2(MUC2)decreased with 0.1%BGase at d 33.In the caeca,interactions between HB and BGase were significant for monocarboxylate transporter 1(MCT1)and mucin 5AC(MUC5AC)on d 11,but no treatment effects were found at d 33.In conclusion,BGase depolymerized high molecular weightβ-glucan in HB in a dose-dependent manner.Hulless barley and BGase did not increase SCFA concentrations(except for 60%HB with 0.1%BGase at d 11)and caused minor effects on digestive tract histomorphological measurements and relative mRNA gene expression.