Irrigation regimes modulate non-structural carbohydrate remobilization and improve grain filling in rice(Oryza sativa L.)by regulating starch metabolism

Recently developed ‘super’ rice cultivars with greater yield potentials often suffer from the problem of poor grain filling, especially in inferior spikelets. Here, we studied the activities of enzymes related to starch metabolism in rice stems and grains, and the microstructures related to carbohydrate accumulation and transportation to investigate the effects of different water regimes on grain filling. Two ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown under two irrigation regimes of well-watered(WW) and alternate wetting and moderate soil drying(AWMD). Compared with the WW treatment,the activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase), starch synthase(StSase) and starch branching enzyme(SBE), and the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs) in the stems before heading were significantly improved, and more starch granules were stored in the stems in the AWMD treatment. After heading, the activities of α-amylase, β-amylase, sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) and sucrose synthase in the synthetic direction(SSs)were increased in the stems to promote the remobilization of NSCs for grain filling under AWMD. During grain filling, the enzymatic activities of sucrose synthase in the cleavage direction(SSc), AGPase, StSase and SBE in the inferior spikelets were increased, which promoted grain filling, especially for the inferior spikelets under AWMD.However, there were no significant differences in vascular microstructures. The grain yield and grain weight could be improved by 13.1 and 7.5%, respectively, by optimizing of the irrigation regime. We concluded that the low activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism is the key limitation for the poor grain filling, as opposed to the vascular microstructures, and AWMD can increase the amount of NSC accumulation in the stems before heading, improve the utilization rate of NSCs after heading, and increase the grain filling, especially in the inferior spikelets, by altering the activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism.

Effects of drought on non-structural carbohydrates and C,N,and P stoichiometric characteristics of Pinus yunnanensis seedlings

To study non-structural carbohydrate character-istics and nutrient utilization strategies of Pinus yunnanen-sis under continuous drought conditions,2-year-old seed-lings were planted in pots with appropriate water,light and moderate and severe drought treatments[(80±5),(65±5),(50±5),and(35±5)%of field water-holding capacity].Non-structural carbohydrates,carbon(C),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus(P)concentrations were measured in each plant component.The results show that:(1)With increasing drought,non-structural carbohydrates gradually increased in leaves,stems,and coarse roots,while gradually decreased in fine roots;(2)C concentrations of all were relatively stable under different stress levels.Phosphorous utilization of each component increased under light and moderate drought conditions,while N and P utilization efficiency of each plant component decreased under severe drought.Growth was mainly restricted by N,first decreasing and then increasing with increased drought;(3)There was a correlation between the levels of non-structural carbohydrates and C,N,and P in each component.Changes in N concentration affected the interconversion between soluble sugar and starch,which play a regulatory role in the fluctuation of the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates;and,(4)Plasticity analysis showed that P.yunnanensis seedlings responded to drought mainly by altering starch concentration,the ratio of soluble sugar to starch in leaves and stems,and further by alter-ing N and P utilization efficiencies.Overall,these results suggest that the physiological activities of all organs of P.yunnanensis seedlings are restricted under drought and that trade-offs exist between different physiological indicators and organs.Our findings are helpful in understanding non-structural carbohydrate and nutrient adaptation mechanisms under drought in P.yunnanensis seedlings.

Impacts of Defoliation on Morphological Characteristics and Non-Structural Carbohydrates of Populus talassica × Populus euphratica Seedlings

Leaves are important‘source’organs that synthesize organic matter,providing carbon sources for plant growth.Here,we used Populus talassica×Populus euphratica,the dominant species in ecological and timber forests,to simulate carbon limitation through artificial 25%,50%,and 75%defoliation treatments and explore the effects on root,stem,and leaf morphology,biomass accumulation,and carbon allocation strategies.At the 60th d after treat-ment,under 25%defoliation treatment,the plant height,specific leaf weight,root surface area and volume,and concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates in stem and root were significantly increased by 9.13%,20.00%,16.60%,31.95%,5.12%,and 9.34%,respectively,relative to the control.There was no significant change in the growth indicators under 50%defoliation treatment,but the concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates in the leaf and stem significantly decreased,showing mostly a negative correlation between them.The opposite was observed in the root.Under 75%defoliation treatment,the plant height,ground diameter,leaf number,single leaf area,root,stem,and total biomass were significantly reduced by 14.15%,10.24%,14.86%,11.31%,11.56%,21.87%,and 16.82%,respectively,relative to the control.The concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates in various organs were significantly reduced,particularly in the consumption of the starch concentrations in the stem and root.These results indicated that carbon allocation strategies can be adjusted to increase the con-centration of non-structural carbohydrates in root and meet plant growth needs under 25%and 50%defoliation.However,75%defoliation significantly limited the distribution of non-structural carbohydrates to roots and stems,reduced carbon storage,and thus inhibited plant growth.Defoliation-induced carbon limitation altered the carbon allocation pattern of P.talassica×P.euphratica,and the relationship between carbon reserves in roots and tree growth recovery after defoliation was greater.This study provides a theoretical basis for the comprehen-sive management of P.talassica×P.euphratica plantations,as well as a reference for the study of plantation car-bon allocation strategies in the desert and semi-desert regions of Xinjiang under carbon-limitation conditions.

Increasing grain weight and yield stability by increasing pre-heading non-structural carbohydrate reserves per spikelet in short-growth duration rice

Rice yield stability is a breeding goal,particularly for short-growth duration rice,but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear.In an attempt to identify the relationship between yield stability and source–sink characteristics in short-growth duration rice,a field experiment was conducted at three sites(Yueyang,Liuyang,and Hengyang)in 2021 and 2022.This study compared yield,yield components,source–sink characteristics,and their stability between two stable-yielding short-growth duration rice cultivars,Zhongzao 39(Z-39)and Lingliangyou 268(L-268),and two unstable-yielding short-growth duration rice cultivars,Zhongjiazao 17(Z-17)and Zhuliangyou 819(Z-819).The stability of agronomic parameters was represented by the coefficient of variation(CV).The respective CVs of yield in Z-17,Z-819,Z-39,and L-268 were 10.2%,10.1%,4.5%,and 5.7%in 2021 and 19.7%,15.0%,5.4%,and 6.5%in 2022.The respective CVs of grain weight were 6.3%,5.7%,3.4%,and 4.5%in Z-17,Z-819,Z-39,and L-268 in 2021,and 8.1%,6.3%,1.5%,and 0.8%in 2022.The mean source capacity per spikelet and pre-heading non-structural carbohydrate reserves per spikelet(NSC_(pre))were 7%–43%and7%–72%lower in Z-819 and Z-17than in L-268 and Z-39 in 2021 and 2022.The mean quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry of leaf,leaf area index,and specific leaf weight of L-268 and Z-39 were higher than those of Z-819 and Z-17 at the heading stage.This study suggests that high NSC_(pre),caused by great leaf traits before heading,increases source capacity per spikelet and its stability,thereby increasing the stability of grain weight and yield.Increasing NSC_(pre)is critical for achieving grain weight and yield stability in short-growth duration rice.

Effects of Panicle Nitrogen Fertilization on Non-Structural Carbohydrate and Grain Filling in Indica Rice

Grain filling, a crucial stage of grain yield formation in rice, is usually affected by the panicle nitrogen （N） fertilization. Field and pot culture experiments were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms of N effect. Two rice cultivars with high lodging resistance were grown in the field and pot. Four panicle N fertilization treatments were conducted in 2006 and repeated in 2007. The result showed that medium level of panicle N fertilization treatment （NM） enhanced the accumulation and translocation of non-structural carbohydrate （NSC） in the stem and sheath. Compared with non-nitrogen treatment （NO）, NM promoted the translocation of labeled ^13C from stem and sheath to grain. But, low level of panicle N fertilization treatment （NL） and high level of panicle N fertilization treatment （NH） showed the negative effect. The endosperm cell, grain length, and grain width of NM increased more quickly than that of NO from 4 to 10 d after anthesis. During the early period of grain filling, sucrose-phosphate synthase （EC 2.4.1.14, SPS） activity were significantly higher for the NM treatment than those of the NL and NH treatments. Sucrose synthase （EC 2.4.1.13, SuSase） activity in the grains was substantially enhanced by NM, with the duration of higher activity being longer than those of the other treatments. At maturing stage, NM significantly increased the filled grain number, the seed-setting rate, and the grain weight compared with NL and NH. The results suggest that NM have a positive effect on the activities of enzymes of physiological importance, thereby increasing the grain size and promoting grain filling.

Non-structural carbohydrate levels of three co-occurring understory plants and their responses to forest thinning by gap creation in a dense pine plantation

We investigated non-structural carbohydrates（NSC） levels and components（starch,glucose,fructose and sucrose） in the leaves of three typical co-occurring forestfloor plants,moss Eurhynchium savatieri（ES）,fern Parathelypteris nipponica（PN） and forb Aruncus sylvester（AS） in a 30-year-old Chinese pine（Pinus tabulaeformis）plantation forest on the eastern Tibetan Plateau.We also explored their responses to three gap creation treatments（control and two gap creations of 80 and 110 m2） based on NSC levels.PN had the highest leaf NSC level of the three plants,with AS second and ES lowest.Starch was the predominant component of NSC and the contents of glucose were higher than those of fructose or sucrose for all three species.The NSC level of ES in intermediate gaps was significantly higher than at control sites.PN also had higher NSC levels in both small and intermediate gaps than in control sites.But the differences between treatments were not obvious for AS.Our results suggest that ES and PN benefit from gap formation while the two species have different NSC response sensitivities to gap size,but the leaf NSC level of AS is less sensitive to the disturbance.

Radial growth and non-structural carbohydrate partitioning response to resin tapping of slash pine(Pinus elliottii Engelm.var.elliottii)

Slash pine(Pinus elliottii Engelm.var.elliottii)is a resin-producing species grown worldwide for significant economic benefits for wood production.Resin tapping cre-ates a carbon sink at the expense of carbon allocation for growth and consequently,wood production may be reduced.Non-structural carbohydrates comprising starch and sugars stored in plant organs,may serve as intermediate pools between assimilation and utilisation.However,the effect of resin tapping between tree growth and non-structural carbo-hydrates is not well understood.This study investigated(1)the effects of resin tapping on radial growth,(2)the effects of resin tapping on non-structural carbohydrate pools in different compartments,and(3)the feasibility of resin pro-duction without disruption of tree growth.Twenty one-year-old slash pines were subjected to resin tapping over two suc-cessive years.Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in needles,branches,stem phloem,and roots of tapped and untapped trees in summer and winter were determined after the second year of resin harvest.The results showed that tapping had no significant effects on annual increments.Starch was the dominant non-structural carbohydrate frac-tion,regardless of tissues and season,and constituted up to 99%of the total non-structural carbohydrates in the phloem and roots.Glucose and fructose were the dominant sugars;sucrose was negligible.Compared with the controls,tapped trees showed 26%lower non-structural carbohydrate concen-tration in the phloem above the tapping wound in summer,which was attributable to the decreased abundance of starch,glucose,fructose,and sucrose.In winter,the altered non-structural carbohydrate profiles in the phloem above the tap-ping wounding were minimised as a result of recovery of the sugar concentrations.In contrast to free sugars,which accu-mulated substantially in needles and branches during winter,starch was enriched in the phloem,roots,and current-year needles.The results provide evidence for a localised effect of resin tapping,and highlight the observation that resin extrac-tion does not always cause a sacrifice in wood growth under a moderate resin-tapping intensity in slash pine plantations.

关帝山不同海拔和季节对沙棘黄酮含量的影响

为探究海拔和季节对沙棘黄酮类化合物含量的影响,本研究以山西吕梁山中部关帝山区不同海拔高度的野生中国沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.subsp.sinensis Rousi)为研究对象,比较了叶片、一年生枝、果实总黄酮含量及主要组分在季节和海拔高度(1150~2100 m)上的变化,同时检测了沙棘树木生长情况、光合作用、叶形态、不同部位的非结构性碳(NSC)含量,并分析了黄酮类化合物含量与生长和生理指标的关系。结果表明,叶片、枝条、果实的总黄酮含量均随海拔的升高呈先升高后降低趋势,均在中海拔(1650 m)处达到最大值,叶片总黄酮含量在9月最高,为17.32 mg·g^(-1),果实总黄酮含量最高达10.31mg·g^(-1),一年生枝中总黄酮含量在7月最高,为4.90 mg·g^(-1)。总黄酮含量总体上表现为叶片>果实>一年生枝。1650 m海拔高度植株综合生长状况最好,沙棘叶片NSC含量也高于其他海拔。果实总黄酮含量与果实可溶性糖、果实NSC、叶片可溶性糖、叶片NSC含量呈极显著正相关,叶片总黄酮含量与果实可溶性糖和果实NSC含量呈显著正相关。上述结果表明,中海拔(1650 m)沙棘叶、果黄酮含量较高,生长季后期沙棘的叶黄酮积累较多,沙棘体内总黄酮含量除受环境条件影响外,还与植物生长状况和碳代谢密切相关。本研究结果为全面了解沙棘黄酮类化合物的积累和分布规律及其对海拔的响应提供了参考。

Carbon allocation in Picea jezoensis:Adaptation strategies of a non-treeline species at its upper elevation limit

Understanding the physiological adaptations of non-treeline trees to environmental stress is important to understand future shifts in species composition and distribution of current treeline ecotone.The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms of the formation of the upper elevation limit of non-treeline tree species,Picea jezoensis,and the carbon allocation strategies of the species on Changbai Mountain.We employed the^(13)C in situ pulse labeling technique to trace the distribution of photosynthetically assimilated carbon in Picea jezoensis at different elevational positions(tree species at its upper elevation limit(TSAUE,1,700 m a.s.l.)under treeline ecotone;tree species at a lower elevation position(TSALE,1,400 m a.s.l.).We analyzed^(13)C and the non-structural carbohydrate(NSC)concentrations in various tissues following labeling.Our findings revealed a significant shift in carbon allocation in TSAUE compared to TSALE.There was a pronounced increase inδ^(13)C allocation to belowground components(roots,soil,soil respiration)in TSAUE compared to TSALE.Furthermore,the C flow rate within the plant-soil-atmosphere system was faster,and the C residence time in the plant was shorter in TSAUE.The trends indicate enhanced C sink activity in belowground tissues in TSAUE,with newly assimilated C being preferentially directed there,suggesting a more conservative C allocation strategy by P.jezoensis at higher elevations under harsher environments.Such a strategy,prioritizing C storage in roots,likely aids in withstanding winter cold stress at the expense of aboveground growth during the growing season,leading to reduced growth of TSAUE compared to TSALE.The results of the present study shed light on the adaptive mechanisms governing the upper elevation limits of non-treeline trees,and enhances our understanding of how non-treeline species might respond to ongoing climate change.

不同防护措施对早熟朱柿抽条的防护效果及其生理机制

选取定植1 a的早熟朱柿幼树为研究对象,设置树干缠防寒布+反光膜、树干培土、树干涂白、树干缠防寒布、枝条喷涂水果保鲜剂、枝条喷涂高脂膜、枝条喷涂石蜡乳化剂共7个防抽条处理,测定不同处理的抽条率以及一年生枝的水分状况、细胞活力和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量。结果表明:防寒布+反光膜处理和培土处理抽条率为0,水果保鲜剂、高脂膜、石蜡乳化剂处理抽条率介于30%~60%之间,涂白、防寒布处理及对照的抽条率为100%。石蜡乳化剂、防寒布+反光膜处理和培土处理的凌晨水势显著高于水果保鲜剂处理和高脂膜处理(P<0.05),两组差值为0.5 MPa左右。培土处理的枝条导水损失率(PLC)较水果保鲜剂处理和高脂膜处理显著降低,分别降低10.95%和11.24%(P<0.05);韧皮部细胞活力显著高于其他处理,增幅为13.53%~34.87%(P<0.05)。培土处理的韧皮部可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量和NSC含量显著高于其他处理,分别提高13.79%~28.80%、9.15%~39.65%和14.87%~29.61%(P<0.05),培土处理的木质部可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量和NSC含量显著高于其他处理,分别提高20.59%~35.27%、14.19%~37.90%和17.40%~37.00%(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,不同防抽条技术措施下的抽条率与枝条PLC呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),与枝条凌晨水势、木质部相对含水量、韧皮部细胞活力、木质部淀粉含量、木质部NSC含量呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。可见,防寒布+反光膜处理和培土处理对柿树冬春季抽条有较好的防护效果,能维持枝条水分状况和韧皮部细胞活力,并促进NSC向枝条运输。

The effects of stump size and within-gap position on sprout non-structural carbohydrates concentrations and regeneration in forest gaps vary among species with different shade tolerances

Background:To restore secondary forests(major forest resources worldwide),it is essential to accelerate the natural regeneration of dominant trees by altering micro-environments.Forest gaps are products of various disturbances,ranging from natural storms or wildfires to anthropogenic events like logging and slashing-andburning,and sprouts of most tree species with non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)storage can regenerate from stumps after gap formation.However,how the stump sprouts with diverse NSCs storages and stump sizes(i.e.,diameters)adapt to various micro-environments of within-gap positions remains unclear.Therefore in this study,we monitored the stump sprout regeneration(density,survival,and growth)and NSCs concentrations of three dominant tree species with different shade tolerances and varying stump diameters at five within-gap positions for the first two consecutive years after gap formation.Results:Stump diameter was positively correlated with sprout density,growth,and survival of all three tree species,but insignificantly related with sprout NSCs concentrations at the early stage after gap formation.The effect of within-gap position on sprout NSCs concentrations was different among species.After an environmental adaptation of two growing seasons,the north of gap(higher light availability and lower soil moisture habitat)was the least conducive for shade-intolerant Quercus mongolica to accumulate leaf NSCs,and the east of gap(shadier and drier habitat)was conducive to increasing the leaf NSCs concentrations of shade-tolerant Tilia mandshurica.Conclusions:Within-gap position significantly affected leaf NSCs concentrations of all three tree species,but most of the sprout growth,survival,and stem NSCs concentrations were independent of the various within-gap positions.Besides stump diameter,the NSCs stored in stump and root systems and the interspecific differences in shade tolerance also contributed more in sprout regeneration at the early stage(2 years)of gap formation.A prolonged monitoring(>10 years)is needed to further examine the long-term effects of stump diameter and within-gap position on sprout regeneration.All of these findings could be applied to gap-based silviculture by promoting sprout regeneration of dominant tree species with different shade tolerances,which would help accelerate the restoration of temperate secondary forests.

Border effects of the main and ratoon crops in the rice ratooning system

The border effect(BE)is widely observed in crop field experiments,and it has been extensively studied in many crops.However,only limited attention has been paid to the BE of ratoon rice.We conducted field experiments on ratoon rice in Qichun County,Hubei Province,Central China in 2018 and 2019 to compare the BE in the main and ratoon crops,and to quantify the contribution of BE in the main crop to that in the ratoon crop.The BE of two hybrid varieties was measured for the outermost,second outermost,and third outermost rows in each plot of both crops.To determine the contribution of BE between the two crops,portions of hills in the outermost and second outermost rows were uprooted during the harvest of the main crop so that the second and third outermost rows then became the outermost rows in the ratoon crop.Overall,the BE on grain yield was greater in the main crop than in the ratoon crop.In the main crop,the BE on grain yield was 98.3%in the outermost row,which was explained by the BE on panicles m^(–2),spikelets/panicle,spikelets m^(–2),and total dry weight.In the ratoon crop,the BE on grain yield was reduced to 60.9 and 27.6%with and without the contribution of the BE in the main crop,respectively.Consequently,55.1%of the BE on grain yield in the ratoon crop was contributed from the main crop.High stubble dry weight and non-structural carbohydrate(NSC)accumulation at the harvest of the main crop were responsible for the contribution of BE in the main crop to that in the ratoon crop.Our results suggest that increases in stubble dry weight and NSC accumulation at the harvest of the main crop could be important strategies for developing high-yielding cropping practices in the rice ratooning system.

华南超大穗型水稻种质DS23“源-库-流”特征及其超高产潜力研究

【目的】研究超大穗型水稻新品系DS23在早季的产量表现和“源-库-流”特征,探明DS23“源-库-流”特征及其超高产潜力挖掘方向,为华南早稻高产育种与栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以超大穗型新品系DS23为供试材料,以中大穗型品种粤禾丝苗为对照,在大田条件下开展研究。试验测定并比较了不同穗型水稻的叶面积指数、SPAD值、茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物(Non structural carbohydrate,NSC)积累与转运特征、穗茎节间解剖特征、产量及其构成因子等性状。【结果】DS23每穗总粒数、粒重、库容量和产量分别比粤禾丝苗增加37.3%、4.0%、33.7%和15.9%,有效穗数和结实率比粤禾丝苗显著降低6.8%和15.1%。两品种间抽穗期叶面积指数和剑叶SPAD值无显著差异。与粤禾丝苗相比,DS23抽穗期茎鞘NSC积累量与茎鞘NSC对籽粒的表观贡献率分别显著降低15.3%和19.8%,茎鞘NSC表观转运率显著提高10.3%,大维管束数量显著增加17.3%,两品种穗茎大小维管束面积无显著差异;DS23粒叶比无显著变化,糖花比显著降低34.2%,维管束负荷量指标增加20.4%~60.2%。【结论】超大穗型水稻DS23在早季种植库容量大、穗颈节间转运组织发达、后期物质转化能力强,高产与增产潜力大,提高结实率是挖掘其超高产潜力的主要方向,研究结果可为超大穗型早稻品种选育与高产栽培技术研发提供理论依据。

Grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and physiological performance of indica/japonica hybrid rice in response to various nitrogen rates

Utilizing the heterosis of indica/japonica hybrid rice(IJHR)is an effective way to further increase rice grain yield.Rational application of nitrogen(N)fertilizer plays a very important role in using the heterosis of IJHR to achieve its great yield potential.However,the responses of the grain yield and N utilization of IJHR to N application rates and the underlying physiological mechanism remain elusive.The purpose of this study was to clarify these issues.Three rice cultivars currently used in rice production,an IJHR cultivar Yongyou 2640(YY2640),a japonica cultivar Lianjing 7(LJ-7)and an indica cultivar Yangdao 6(YD-6),were grown in the field with six N rates(0,100,200,300,400,and 500 kg ha^(-1))in 2018 and 2019.The results showed that with the increase in N application rates,the grain yield of each test cultivar increased at first and then decreased,and the highest grain yield was at the N rate of 400 kg ha^(-1)for YY2640,with a grain yield of 13.4 t ha^(-1),and at 300 kg ha^(-1)for LJ-7 and YD-6,with grain yields of 9.4–10.6 t ha^(-1).The grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE)of YY2640 were higher than those of LJ-7 or YD-6 at the same N rate,especially at the higher N rates.When compared with LJ-7 or YD-6,YY2640 exhibited better physiological traits,including greater root oxidation activity and leaf photosynthetic rate,higher cytokinin content in the roots and leaves,and more remobilization of assimilates from the stem to the grain during grain filling.The results suggest that IJHR could attain both higher grain yield and higher NUE than inbred rice at either low or high N application rates.Improved shoot and root traits of the IJHR contribute to its higher grain yield and NUE,and a higher content of cytokinins in the IJHR plants plays a vital role in their responses to N application rates and also benefits other physiological processes.

刺槐苗木干旱胁迫过程中水力学失败和碳饥饿的交互作用

【目的】通过分析刺槐在干旱和复水过程中水力学性状和非结构碳(NSC)储藏的变化,研究在水力学失败和碳饥饿对刺槐苗木的影响,以探讨在经历导致落叶的严重干旱胁迫之后叶片恢复的影响因素。研究的结果可以阐明刺槐干旱和复水过程中水力学结构和碳代谢的交互作用方式,同时为揭示干旱半干旱地区刺槐衰败死亡的生理学机制提供思路和试验证据。【方法】测定3年生刺槐苗在严重干旱导致落叶后和复水后叶片长成时的小枝凌晨和正午水势、枝条正午气穴栓塞、叶片最大光合速率和气孔导度、单株叶面积、枝条和根的非结构碳含量,测定严重干旱后刺槐枝条的栓塞脆弱性,并比较复水后茎干基部和上部新发叶片的叶面积、比叶质量和光合作用及新发小枝的凌晨和正午水势、枝条气穴栓塞。【结果】在干旱导致全部落叶时,凌晨和正午水势分别达到-3.01和-3.73 MPa,显著低于对照;正午导水损失率(PLC)达到91%,显著高于对照;干旱导致刺槐90%以上落叶时其叶片的光合速率为负值,气孔导度也降低到趋近于0。在复水后30天叶片长成时,枝条正午PLC为81%,仍显著高于对照。经历干旱和复水处理的枝条P50(栓塞为50%时的枝条水势)为-1.09 MPa,比对照高0.37 MPa,经历干旱胁迫的枝条抗气穴栓塞能力显著降低。干旱和复水过程均显著降低了刺槐枝条和根的NSC含量,复水过程NSC降低程度更大。复水后的单株总叶面积仅为对照的38%。复水后叶片恢复的主要部位是茎基部和枝条上部,茎基部恢复叶片的叶面积、光合速率、气孔导度均显著大于枝条上部恢复叶片,茎基部新发小枝的凌晨和正午水势显著高于上部新发小枝。【结论】严重干旱导致水势降低,木质部导管栓塞加重,限制了刺槐的水分输导,进而抑制叶片光合作用,导致出现负的碳平衡。在复水阶段,前期严重干旱导致木质部导水能力下降和NSC含量下降限制了复水后新叶的生长,NSC含量降低可能会影响木质部栓塞的即时修复,水力学失败和碳饥饿的交互作用加重了干旱对刺槐的影响。

茭白肉质茎膨大过程中的糖代谢与激素含量变化

以单季茭白品种‘蒋墅茭’和双季茭白品种‘葑红早’为试材,研究了秋季肉质茎膨大过程 中物质运转的相关生理生化变化。结果表明,随着肉质茎鲜质量、干质量快速增加,非结构性碳水化合物 主要成分含量总体上升,后期出现下降,蒋墅茭肉质茎中蔗糖含量较高;糖分转化关键酶活性总体较高, 转化酶活性以酸性转化酶较高且呈快速下降,蒋墅茭的酸性转化酶活性高于葑红早而中性转化酶活性较低; 蔗糖合成酶的分解方向活性显著高于合成方向,且后期维持较高水平,葑红早的双向活性均高于蒋墅茭; Z+ZR总体含量最高、下降最明显,GA4其次,IAA也呈缓慢下降趋势,GA3、ABA含量极低,且各激素 均以葑红早高于蒋墅茭。茭白肉质茎干、鲜质量处于快速增长阶段的同时,而内部生理生化快速下降,说 明茭白肉质茎膨大过程具有特殊性,并且品种间存在差异。

氮肥对水稻节间和叶鞘非结构性碳水化合物积累转运特征的影响

以两优培九和扬稻6号为材料进行盆栽试验,研究低氮(N1)和高氮(N2)处理下水稻主茎上部3个节间和叶鞘非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的积累转运特征及对氮肥用量的响应。结果表明:1)与N2处理相比,N1处理总体上显著促进灌浆早期两优培九倒2、倒3节间和叶鞘NSC的转运,对扬稻6号的影响差异不明显;N1处理显著增加了扬稻6号上部3个节间及叶鞘和两优培九倒3节间及叶鞘NSC表观转运量,也增加了两品种上部3个节间及叶鞘的NSC(总)表观贡献率。2)两个氮肥处理下,供试品种的叶鞘(两优培九倒3叶鞘除外)NSC转运量和表观贡献率大于节间。3)两优培九倒2、倒3节间及叶鞘NSC表观转运量和贡献率、上部3节间及叶鞘的NSC总转运量与总表观贡献率在两个氮肥处理下均高于扬稻6号。4)N1处理下,两优培九和扬稻6号倒2、倒3节间及叶鞘的转运量分别占总转运量的92%和75%,贡献率分别占91%和76%;而N2处理下两优培九倒2、倒3节间及叶鞘的转运量占90%,扬稻6号倒2、倒3节间则无输出。本研究表明水稻上部3个节间和叶鞘的NSC(总)转运量品种间存在差异,并受施氮量和节/叶位的影响。在水稻高产和减氮栽培中,通过选用适宜品种和优化氮肥管理,增加花前茎鞘NSC积累和花后NSC再分配,对提高水稻产量潜力和氮效率,特别是对花后逆境和减氮条件下产量稳定具有重要意义。

中国东北典型森林生态系统植物叶片的非结构性碳水化合物研究

植物叶片的非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)不仅可以反应植物的碳供应状况,也能反应植物对外界环境的适应策略。利用传统的蒽酮比色法测定了东北3个典型森林生态系统(呼中、凉水和长白山)242种常见植物叶片的非结构碳水化合物,探讨了温带主要森林植物叶片NSC沿纬度梯度的变化趋势及其在物种-生活型-群落间的分布规律。实验结果表明:3个典型森林生态系统植物叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均呈偏正态分布,多数物种的含量偏中低水平;242种植物叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC的平均含量分别为63.31、65.66和128.96 mg/g。在所调查的森林生态系统中,叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量在不同生活型中表现各异。此外,乔木植物叶片的可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量从北到南呈递增趋势,呼中最低,凉水次之,长白山最高。乔木淀粉含量均表现为落叶树种大于常绿树种,可溶性糖和NSC含量变化趋势复杂。研究结果不仅为阐明东北主要森林生态系统植被碳代谢和生长适应对策提供数据基础,而且对理解植物对未来气候变化的响应机理提供数据支撑。

亚高山草甸植物群落对气候变化的响应

为了研究气温升高、氮素增加和人为干扰对亚高山草甸植物生长和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的影响,该研究采用开顶式生长箱(OTC)模拟增温,同时进行施加氮肥和除草处理,对青藏高原东南缘邛崃山脉东坡巴郎山(四川盆地向青藏高原的过渡地带)的亚高山草甸植物的生长和NSC含量进行测定分析。结果显示:(1)各处理土壤全磷(P)和全钾(K)含量与对照均无显著差异,增温加施肥处理的土壤全氮(N)含量与对照无显著差异,但增温处理、施肥处理、除草处理、增温加除草处理、施肥加除草处理和增温加施肥加除草处理的土壤全氮含量较对照均显著降低。(2)增温促进禾本科和杂类草功能群生长,抑制莎草科功能群生长,提高禾本科功能群重要值,降低杂类草功能群重要值,且对莎草科功能群重要值的作用受施氮和除草的影响;施肥促进禾本科和杂类草功能群的高生长,并且促进莎草科功能群生长;除草促进莎草科功能群生长,抑制禾草科和杂类草功能群的生长;而施肥和除草的交互作用有利于禾草科功能群生长,施肥和除草都提高了莎草科功能群的重要值,降低了禾草科功能群的重要值。(3)不同物种NSC含量及分配对于各处理的响应有所不同,紫地榆的NSC含量与物种分盖度相关性显著,珠芽蓼的NSC含量与物种高度相关性显著。研究表明,气候变暖和土壤氮素增加有利于禾本科和莎草科植物的生长,并使植物改变体内非结构性碳水化合物的分配来抵御环境压力。

水分和光照条件对核桃-黄豆农林复合系统中黄豆光合作用和生长的影响

【目的】研究核桃-黄豆农林复合系统中不同种植位置间作作物在不同水分、光照条件下的水分利用和碳代谢,为更好了解种间相互作用对植物生长的影响提供参考。【方法】2017年,在太行山南麓低山丘陵区核桃-黄豆农林复合系统中,测定不同种植位置黄豆在旱季(7月中旬)和雨季(8月下旬)的土壤含水量、凌晨和正午水势、正午茎秆导水损失率(PLC)、株高和基径、生物量以及根、茎、叶的非结构性碳(NSC)含量。【结果】1)在旱季,随着与核桃树距离的增加,土壤含水量降低,黄豆凌晨和正午水势下降,正午茎秆PLC上升,距核桃树1.5和2.5 m的黄豆光合速率和气孔导度较大,距核桃树0.6 m和单作的黄豆光合速率偏低,但总体上间作和单作的黄豆气体交换没有显著差异。旱季生物量、根冠比和NSC随着与核桃树距离增加而增大。2)在雨季,除距核桃树0.6 m处土壤含水量偏低外,其余位置均无显著性差异,土壤含水量比旱季高60%以上。不同种植位置黄豆凌晨水势没有显著性差异,但单作黄豆正午水势更低,茎秆PLC较间作黄豆严重。光合速率、气孔导度、生物量、NSC含量、根冠比均随着与核桃树距离增加而增大。根、茎、叶NSC含量均显著高于旱季,主要由淀粉储藏增加引起。【结论】在旱季,不同种植位置黄豆水分状况均受一定程度的干旱影响,复合系统中间作黄豆水分状况好于单作,但旱季水分胁迫没有显著影响光合作用和生长;遮荫的影响覆盖了水分状况改善的作用。在雨季,复合系统中黄豆主要受遮荫影响,距离树木越远生长情况越好。在研究年份水分不是主要限制因子的情况下,间作互利作用未体现,而复合系统中的光能竞争会导致间作黄豆生长量明显下降。