Effects of drought on non-structural carbohydrates and C,N,and P stoichiometric characteristics of Pinus yunnanensis seedlings

To study non-structural carbohydrate character-istics and nutrient utilization strategies of Pinus yunnanen-sis under continuous drought conditions,2-year-old seed-lings were planted in pots with appropriate water,light and moderate and severe drought treatments[(80±5),(65±5),(50±5),and(35±5)%of field water-holding capacity].Non-structural carbohydrates,carbon(C),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus(P)concentrations were measured in each plant component.The results show that:(1)With increasing drought,non-structural carbohydrates gradually increased in leaves,stems,and coarse roots,while gradually decreased in fine roots;(2)C concentrations of all were relatively stable under different stress levels.Phosphorous utilization of each component increased under light and moderate drought conditions,while N and P utilization efficiency of each plant component decreased under severe drought.Growth was mainly restricted by N,first decreasing and then increasing with increased drought;(3)There was a correlation between the levels of non-structural carbohydrates and C,N,and P in each component.Changes in N concentration affected the interconversion between soluble sugar and starch,which play a regulatory role in the fluctuation of the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates;and,(4)Plasticity analysis showed that P.yunnanensis seedlings responded to drought mainly by altering starch concentration,the ratio of soluble sugar to starch in leaves and stems,and further by alter-ing N and P utilization efficiencies.Overall,these results suggest that the physiological activities of all organs of P.yunnanensis seedlings are restricted under drought and that trade-offs exist between different physiological indicators and organs.Our findings are helpful in understanding non-structural carbohydrate and nutrient adaptation mechanisms under drought in P.yunnanensis seedlings.

Irrigation regimes modulate non-structural carbohydrate remobilization and improve grain filling in rice(Oryza sativa L.)by regulating starch metabolism

Recently developed ‘super’ rice cultivars with greater yield potentials often suffer from the problem of poor grain filling, especially in inferior spikelets. Here, we studied the activities of enzymes related to starch metabolism in rice stems and grains, and the microstructures related to carbohydrate accumulation and transportation to investigate the effects of different water regimes on grain filling. Two ‘super’ rice cultivars were grown under two irrigation regimes of well-watered(WW) and alternate wetting and moderate soil drying(AWMD). Compared with the WW treatment,the activities of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase(AGPase), starch synthase(StSase) and starch branching enzyme(SBE), and the accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs) in the stems before heading were significantly improved, and more starch granules were stored in the stems in the AWMD treatment. After heading, the activities of α-amylase, β-amylase, sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS) and sucrose synthase in the synthetic direction(SSs)were increased in the stems to promote the remobilization of NSCs for grain filling under AWMD. During grain filling, the enzymatic activities of sucrose synthase in the cleavage direction(SSc), AGPase, StSase and SBE in the inferior spikelets were increased, which promoted grain filling, especially for the inferior spikelets under AWMD.However, there were no significant differences in vascular microstructures. The grain yield and grain weight could be improved by 13.1 and 7.5%, respectively, by optimizing of the irrigation regime. We concluded that the low activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism is the key limitation for the poor grain filling, as opposed to the vascular microstructures, and AWMD can increase the amount of NSC accumulation in the stems before heading, improve the utilization rate of NSCs after heading, and increase the grain filling, especially in the inferior spikelets, by altering the activities of key enzymes in carbon metabolism.

Impacts of Defoliation on Morphological Characteristics and Non-Structural Carbohydrates of Populus talassica × Populus euphratica Seedlings

Leaves are important‘source’organs that synthesize organic matter,providing carbon sources for plant growth.Here,we used Populus talassica×Populus euphratica,the dominant species in ecological and timber forests,to simulate carbon limitation through artificial 25%,50%,and 75%defoliation treatments and explore the effects on root,stem,and leaf morphology,biomass accumulation,and carbon allocation strategies.At the 60th d after treat-ment,under 25%defoliation treatment,the plant height,specific leaf weight,root surface area and volume,and concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates in stem and root were significantly increased by 9.13%,20.00%,16.60%,31.95%,5.12%,and 9.34%,respectively,relative to the control.There was no significant change in the growth indicators under 50%defoliation treatment,but the concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates in the leaf and stem significantly decreased,showing mostly a negative correlation between them.The opposite was observed in the root.Under 75%defoliation treatment,the plant height,ground diameter,leaf number,single leaf area,root,stem,and total biomass were significantly reduced by 14.15%,10.24%,14.86%,11.31%,11.56%,21.87%,and 16.82%,respectively,relative to the control.The concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates in various organs were significantly reduced,particularly in the consumption of the starch concentrations in the stem and root.These results indicated that carbon allocation strategies can be adjusted to increase the con-centration of non-structural carbohydrates in root and meet plant growth needs under 25%and 50%defoliation.However,75%defoliation significantly limited the distribution of non-structural carbohydrates to roots and stems,reduced carbon storage,and thus inhibited plant growth.Defoliation-induced carbon limitation altered the carbon allocation pattern of P.talassica×P.euphratica,and the relationship between carbon reserves in roots and tree growth recovery after defoliation was greater.This study provides a theoretical basis for the comprehen-sive management of P.talassica×P.euphratica plantations,as well as a reference for the study of plantation car-bon allocation strategies in the desert and semi-desert regions of Xinjiang under carbon-limitation conditions.

Study on the Changes of Non-structural Carbohydrates and Nitrogen Contents of Quercus aquifolioides Scrub along Different Elevation Gradient

[Objective] The aim was to compare the content changes between the non-structural carbohydrates（NSC）and the total nitrogen in various growing seasons,and to explore the response relationship between altitude and the contents.[Method] Taking Quercus aquifolioides scrub which widely distributed in Zheduoshan in the west of Sichuan as the experimental objects,the changes between NSC and the toal nitrogen in various growing seasons at different altitude were studied.[Result] The results showed that the content of NSC in Quercus aquifolioides underground increased with the lift of elevation in the dormancy,but decreased in the early germination,growing period and growth stage.The content of NSC in the ground tissue changed non-linearly with increasing elevation.In addition,the total nitrogen of Quercus aquifolioides organizations was decreasing with increasing elevation in the dormant period,which did not change significantly in the other periods.This result implied that the content of NSC in Quercus aquifolioides underground was more sensitive to temperature.[Conclusion] The experiment laid basis for the exploration of the physical and ecological mechanism of underground plants adaptability to highland environment,their response to global climate changes and adjustment to high altitude ecological system.

Increasing grain weight and yield stability by increasing pre-heading non-structural carbohydrate reserves per spikelet in short-growth duration rice

Rice yield stability is a breeding goal,particularly for short-growth duration rice,but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear.In an attempt to identify the relationship between yield stability and source–sink characteristics in short-growth duration rice,a field experiment was conducted at three sites(Yueyang,Liuyang,and Hengyang)in 2021 and 2022.This study compared yield,yield components,source–sink characteristics,and their stability between two stable-yielding short-growth duration rice cultivars,Zhongzao 39(Z-39)and Lingliangyou 268(L-268),and two unstable-yielding short-growth duration rice cultivars,Zhongjiazao 17(Z-17)and Zhuliangyou 819(Z-819).The stability of agronomic parameters was represented by the coefficient of variation(CV).The respective CVs of yield in Z-17,Z-819,Z-39,and L-268 were 10.2%,10.1%,4.5%,and 5.7%in 2021 and 19.7%,15.0%,5.4%,and 6.5%in 2022.The respective CVs of grain weight were 6.3%,5.7%,3.4%,and 4.5%in Z-17,Z-819,Z-39,and L-268 in 2021,and 8.1%,6.3%,1.5%,and 0.8%in 2022.The mean source capacity per spikelet and pre-heading non-structural carbohydrate reserves per spikelet(NSC_(pre))were 7%–43%and7%–72%lower in Z-819 and Z-17than in L-268 and Z-39 in 2021 and 2022.The mean quantum yield of photosystem II photochemistry of leaf,leaf area index,and specific leaf weight of L-268 and Z-39 were higher than those of Z-819 and Z-17 at the heading stage.This study suggests that high NSC_(pre),caused by great leaf traits before heading,increases source capacity per spikelet and its stability,thereby increasing the stability of grain weight and yield.Increasing NSC_(pre)is critical for achieving grain weight and yield stability in short-growth duration rice.

Alterations of Panicle Antioxidant Metabolism and Carbohydrate Content and Pistil Water Potential Involved in Spikelet Sterility in Rice under Water-Deficit Stress

Two rice genotypes with different drought tolerance, namely Jin 23B （drought tolerant） and Zhenshan 97B （drought sensitive）, were used to study the antioxidant enzyme activities, soluble sugar and starch contents in spikelets, pistil water potential and pollen number on a stigma under water-deficit stress at the flowering stage, which were involved in the spikelet sterility. Compared with respective controls, drought stress induced more serious decreases of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD） and catalase （CAT） activities and more significant increase of malonaldehyde （MDA） content in spikekets of Zhenshan 97B than in Jin 23B on 9 and 12 days after water stress （DAWS）. The soluble sugar and starch contents increased significantly in spikelets of Jin 23B, but decreased significantly in spikelets of Zhenshan 97B during 9-12 DAWS. The pistil maintained higher water potential in Jin 23B than in Zhenshan 97B during 3-6 DAWS and 9-12 DAWS. In addition, water stress induced more significant decrease in the pollen number on a stigma as well as the percentage of unfilled grains in Zhenshan 97B than in Jin 23B. Thus, it is suggested that water stress induced spikelet sterility by damaging antioxidant enzyme activities, reducing carbohydrate content in spikelets and decreasing pistil water potential at the flowering stage in rice.

Effects of Panicle Nitrogen Fertilization on Non-Structural Carbohydrate and Grain Filling in Indica Rice

Grain filling, a crucial stage of grain yield formation in rice, is usually affected by the panicle nitrogen （N） fertilization. Field and pot culture experiments were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms of N effect. Two rice cultivars with high lodging resistance were grown in the field and pot. Four panicle N fertilization treatments were conducted in 2006 and repeated in 2007. The result showed that medium level of panicle N fertilization treatment （NM） enhanced the accumulation and translocation of non-structural carbohydrate （NSC） in the stem and sheath. Compared with non-nitrogen treatment （NO）, NM promoted the translocation of labeled ^13C from stem and sheath to grain. But, low level of panicle N fertilization treatment （NL） and high level of panicle N fertilization treatment （NH） showed the negative effect. The endosperm cell, grain length, and grain width of NM increased more quickly than that of NO from 4 to 10 d after anthesis. During the early period of grain filling, sucrose-phosphate synthase （EC 2.4.1.14, SPS） activity were significantly higher for the NM treatment than those of the NL and NH treatments. Sucrose synthase （EC 2.4.1.13, SuSase） activity in the grains was substantially enhanced by NM, with the duration of higher activity being longer than those of the other treatments. At maturing stage, NM significantly increased the filled grain number, the seed-setting rate, and the grain weight compared with NL and NH. The results suggest that NM have a positive effect on the activities of enzymes of physiological importance, thereby increasing the grain size and promoting grain filling.

Non-structural carbohydrate levels of three co-occurring understory plants and their responses to forest thinning by gap creation in a dense pine plantation

We investigated non-structural carbohydrates（NSC） levels and components（starch,glucose,fructose and sucrose） in the leaves of three typical co-occurring forestfloor plants,moss Eurhynchium savatieri（ES）,fern Parathelypteris nipponica（PN） and forb Aruncus sylvester（AS） in a 30-year-old Chinese pine（Pinus tabulaeformis）plantation forest on the eastern Tibetan Plateau.We also explored their responses to three gap creation treatments（control and two gap creations of 80 and 110 m2） based on NSC levels.PN had the highest leaf NSC level of the three plants,with AS second and ES lowest.Starch was the predominant component of NSC and the contents of glucose were higher than those of fructose or sucrose for all three species.The NSC level of ES in intermediate gaps was significantly higher than at control sites.PN also had higher NSC levels in both small and intermediate gaps than in control sites.But the differences between treatments were not obvious for AS.Our results suggest that ES and PN benefit from gap formation while the two species have different NSC response sensitivities to gap size,but the leaf NSC level of AS is less sensitive to the disturbance.

Radial growth and non-structural carbohydrate partitioning response to resin tapping of slash pine(Pinus elliottii Engelm.var.elliottii)

Slash pine(Pinus elliottii Engelm.var.elliottii)is a resin-producing species grown worldwide for significant economic benefits for wood production.Resin tapping cre-ates a carbon sink at the expense of carbon allocation for growth and consequently,wood production may be reduced.Non-structural carbohydrates comprising starch and sugars stored in plant organs,may serve as intermediate pools between assimilation and utilisation.However,the effect of resin tapping between tree growth and non-structural carbo-hydrates is not well understood.This study investigated(1)the effects of resin tapping on radial growth,(2)the effects of resin tapping on non-structural carbohydrate pools in different compartments,and(3)the feasibility of resin pro-duction without disruption of tree growth.Twenty one-year-old slash pines were subjected to resin tapping over two suc-cessive years.Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in needles,branches,stem phloem,and roots of tapped and untapped trees in summer and winter were determined after the second year of resin harvest.The results showed that tapping had no significant effects on annual increments.Starch was the dominant non-structural carbohydrate frac-tion,regardless of tissues and season,and constituted up to 99%of the total non-structural carbohydrates in the phloem and roots.Glucose and fructose were the dominant sugars;sucrose was negligible.Compared with the controls,tapped trees showed 26%lower non-structural carbohydrate concen-tration in the phloem above the tapping wound in summer,which was attributable to the decreased abundance of starch,glucose,fructose,and sucrose.In winter,the altered non-structural carbohydrate profiles in the phloem above the tap-ping wounding were minimised as a result of recovery of the sugar concentrations.In contrast to free sugars,which accu-mulated substantially in needles and branches during winter,starch was enriched in the phloem,roots,and current-year needles.The results provide evidence for a localised effect of resin tapping,and highlight the observation that resin extrac-tion does not always cause a sacrifice in wood growth under a moderate resin-tapping intensity in slash pine plantations.

Seismic performance of non-structural components and contents in buildings: an overview of NZ research

This paper summarizes the research on non-structural elements and building contents being conducted at University of Canterbury in New Zealand. Since the 2010-2011 series of Canterbury earthquakes, in which damage to non-structural components and contents contributed heavily to downtime and overall financial loss, attention to seismic performance and design of non-structural components and contents in buildings has increased exponentially in NZ. This has resulted in an increased allocation of resources to research leading to development of more resilient non-structural systems in buildings that would incur substantially less damage and cause little downtime during earthquakes. In the last few years, NZ researchers have made important developments in understanding and improving the seismic performance of secondary building elements such as partitions, facades, ceilings and contents.

土壤含水量对树番茄苗木生长及非结构性碳水化合物的影响

【目的】为树番茄苗木水分管理提供参考。【方法】采用双因素随机区组试验,以1年生的树番茄苗木为研究对象,设置4个水分处理,即适宜水分含量处理、轻度亏水处理、中度亏水处理、重度亏水处理,土壤含水量分别为26.83%~30.41%、21.46%~25.04%、16.10%~19.67%、10.73%~14.31%,比较树番茄苗木在经过不同胁迫时间(15、30、45、60 d)后生长量、各器官生物量和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量及积累量的变化规律,了解土壤含水量对树番茄苗木生长与NSC的关系。【结果】在适宜的水分含量和轻度亏水处理下树番茄苗高和地径持续生长,中度和重度亏水处理对苗高和地径生长有明显的抑制作用。随着土壤水分含量减少和胁迫时间的延长,茎生物量最高,各器官生物量由高到低依次为茎、叶、根;叶片可溶性糖和NSC含量逐渐增加;茎可溶性糖和NSC含量先增加后减少;根可溶性糖和NSC含量均高于叶和茎。根、茎、叶淀粉含量在适宜水分含量、轻度亏水、中度亏水处理下先减少后增加。胁迫15、30、60 d时,各处理下叶、茎可溶性糖与淀粉的含量比值高于适宜水分含量处理,胁迫45 d时,叶、茎、根可溶性糖与淀粉含量比值随土壤含水量的减少而逐渐减少。【结论】树番茄苗木生长和各器官的可溶性糖、淀粉、NSC含量随着胁迫时间延长有不同的响应,随着土壤含水量减少,树番茄苗木在一定的胁迫时间下,NSC不断积累,以此来缓解水分胁迫对树番茄苗木生存的影响。

不同防护措施对早熟朱柿抽条的防护效果及其生理机制

选取定植1 a的早熟朱柿幼树为研究对象,设置树干缠防寒布+反光膜、树干培土、树干涂白、树干缠防寒布、枝条喷涂水果保鲜剂、枝条喷涂高脂膜、枝条喷涂石蜡乳化剂共7个防抽条处理,测定不同处理的抽条率以及一年生枝的水分状况、细胞活力和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量。结果表明:防寒布+反光膜处理和培土处理抽条率为0,水果保鲜剂、高脂膜、石蜡乳化剂处理抽条率介于30%~60%之间,涂白、防寒布处理及对照的抽条率为100%。石蜡乳化剂、防寒布+反光膜处理和培土处理的凌晨水势显著高于水果保鲜剂处理和高脂膜处理(P<0.05),两组差值为0.5 MPa左右。培土处理的枝条导水损失率(PLC)较水果保鲜剂处理和高脂膜处理显著降低,分别降低10.95%和11.24%(P<0.05);韧皮部细胞活力显著高于其他处理,增幅为13.53%~34.87%(P<0.05)。培土处理的韧皮部可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量和NSC含量显著高于其他处理,分别提高13.79%~28.80%、9.15%~39.65%和14.87%~29.61%(P<0.05),培土处理的木质部可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量和NSC含量显著高于其他处理,分别提高20.59%~35.27%、14.19%~37.90%和17.40%~37.00%(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,不同防抽条技术措施下的抽条率与枝条PLC呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),与枝条凌晨水势、木质部相对含水量、韧皮部细胞活力、木质部淀粉含量、木质部NSC含量呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。可见,防寒布+反光膜处理和培土处理对柿树冬春季抽条有较好的防护效果,能维持枝条水分状况和韧皮部细胞活力,并促进NSC向枝条运输。

Carbon allocation in Picea jezoensis:Adaptation strategies of a non-treeline species at its upper elevation limit

Understanding the physiological adaptations of non-treeline trees to environmental stress is important to understand future shifts in species composition and distribution of current treeline ecotone.The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms of the formation of the upper elevation limit of non-treeline tree species,Picea jezoensis,and the carbon allocation strategies of the species on Changbai Mountain.We employed the^(13)C in situ pulse labeling technique to trace the distribution of photosynthetically assimilated carbon in Picea jezoensis at different elevational positions(tree species at its upper elevation limit(TSAUE,1,700 m a.s.l.)under treeline ecotone;tree species at a lower elevation position(TSALE,1,400 m a.s.l.).We analyzed^(13)C and the non-structural carbohydrate(NSC)concentrations in various tissues following labeling.Our findings revealed a significant shift in carbon allocation in TSAUE compared to TSALE.There was a pronounced increase inδ^(13)C allocation to belowground components(roots,soil,soil respiration)in TSAUE compared to TSALE.Furthermore,the C flow rate within the plant-soil-atmosphere system was faster,and the C residence time in the plant was shorter in TSAUE.The trends indicate enhanced C sink activity in belowground tissues in TSAUE,with newly assimilated C being preferentially directed there,suggesting a more conservative C allocation strategy by P.jezoensis at higher elevations under harsher environments.Such a strategy,prioritizing C storage in roots,likely aids in withstanding winter cold stress at the expense of aboveground growth during the growing season,leading to reduced growth of TSAUE compared to TSALE.The results of the present study shed light on the adaptive mechanisms governing the upper elevation limits of non-treeline trees,and enhances our understanding of how non-treeline species might respond to ongoing climate change.

消栓再造丸中辅料炼蜜的质量考察

目的 建立消栓再造丸中炼蜜质量评价方法并制定限度,考察样品中辅料炼蜜的质量。方法 2020年5月至2021年12月,采用高效液相色谱法分别对炼蜜中5-羟甲基糠醛和果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖的含量进行测定。5-羟甲基糠醛选用紫外检测器,色谱柱为Luna C18,流动相为甲醇-水(10∶90),检测波长为284 nm。糖类成分选用蒸发光散射检测器,色谱柱为Waters XBridge Amide,流动相为乙腈-0.2%三乙胺(79∶21)。结果 5-羟甲基糠醛在0.364 4~29.152 9 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.31%。果糖在0.206 0~6.179 2μg,葡萄糖在0.209 5~6.284 4μg,蔗糖在0.198 2~5.946 0μg,麦芽糖0.200 4~6.012 3μg范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为102.77%、97.38%、96.71%、98.36%。5-羟甲基糠醛和糖类成分含量测定方法学考察均能满足方法学验证要求。拟定了消栓再造丸中5-羟甲基糠醛和糖类成分的限度,34批样品均符合限度要求。结论该方法简便、准确,可用于评价消栓再造丸中辅料炼蜜的质量。

Border effects of the main and ratoon crops in the rice ratooning system

The border effect(BE)is widely observed in crop field experiments,and it has been extensively studied in many crops.However,only limited attention has been paid to the BE of ratoon rice.We conducted field experiments on ratoon rice in Qichun County,Hubei Province,Central China in 2018 and 2019 to compare the BE in the main and ratoon crops,and to quantify the contribution of BE in the main crop to that in the ratoon crop.The BE of two hybrid varieties was measured for the outermost,second outermost,and third outermost rows in each plot of both crops.To determine the contribution of BE between the two crops,portions of hills in the outermost and second outermost rows were uprooted during the harvest of the main crop so that the second and third outermost rows then became the outermost rows in the ratoon crop.Overall,the BE on grain yield was greater in the main crop than in the ratoon crop.In the main crop,the BE on grain yield was 98.3%in the outermost row,which was explained by the BE on panicles m^(–2),spikelets/panicle,spikelets m^(–2),and total dry weight.In the ratoon crop,the BE on grain yield was reduced to 60.9 and 27.6%with and without the contribution of the BE in the main crop,respectively.Consequently,55.1%of the BE on grain yield in the ratoon crop was contributed from the main crop.High stubble dry weight and non-structural carbohydrate(NSC)accumulation at the harvest of the main crop were responsible for the contribution of BE in the main crop to that in the ratoon crop.Our results suggest that increases in stubble dry weight and NSC accumulation at the harvest of the main crop could be important strategies for developing high-yielding cropping practices in the rice ratooning system.

Grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and physiological performance of indica/japonica hybrid rice in response to various nitrogen rates

Utilizing the heterosis of indica/japonica hybrid rice(IJHR)is an effective way to further increase rice grain yield.Rational application of nitrogen(N)fertilizer plays a very important role in using the heterosis of IJHR to achieve its great yield potential.However,the responses of the grain yield and N utilization of IJHR to N application rates and the underlying physiological mechanism remain elusive.The purpose of this study was to clarify these issues.Three rice cultivars currently used in rice production,an IJHR cultivar Yongyou 2640(YY2640),a japonica cultivar Lianjing 7(LJ-7)and an indica cultivar Yangdao 6(YD-6),were grown in the field with six N rates(0,100,200,300,400,and 500 kg ha^(-1))in 2018 and 2019.The results showed that with the increase in N application rates,the grain yield of each test cultivar increased at first and then decreased,and the highest grain yield was at the N rate of 400 kg ha^(-1)for YY2640,with a grain yield of 13.4 t ha^(-1),and at 300 kg ha^(-1)for LJ-7 and YD-6,with grain yields of 9.4–10.6 t ha^(-1).The grain yield and N use efficiency(NUE)of YY2640 were higher than those of LJ-7 or YD-6 at the same N rate,especially at the higher N rates.When compared with LJ-7 or YD-6,YY2640 exhibited better physiological traits,including greater root oxidation activity and leaf photosynthetic rate,higher cytokinin content in the roots and leaves,and more remobilization of assimilates from the stem to the grain during grain filling.The results suggest that IJHR could attain both higher grain yield and higher NUE than inbred rice at either low or high N application rates.Improved shoot and root traits of the IJHR contribute to its higher grain yield and NUE,and a higher content of cytokinins in the IJHR plants plays a vital role in their responses to N application rates and also benefits other physiological processes.

云南文山州畜禽饲用秸秆 基于碳水化合物含量的品质评价

本试验以云南省文山州近年广大畜禽养殖户常用的草果、‘西畴芭蕉芋’、‘文金1号’、‘文紫椒3号’、小米辣、滇重楼、象草和玉米‘文青贮2号’的干燥秸秆为材料,用分光光度法测定了秸秆的可溶性糖和淀粉含量,用Van Soest法测定了中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、半纤维素和纤维素含量,并用隶属函数评价了秸秆碳水化合物含量的综合等级,计算了中性洗涤纤维与淀粉的含量之比(NDFC/SC)。结果表明:滇重楼、‘文青贮2号’和‘西畴芭蕉芋’秸秆的可溶性糖、淀粉和半纤维素含量分别为最高;‘文金1号’秸秆的中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和纤维素含量均为最高;可溶性糖、淀粉、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、半纤维素和纤维素含量在不同秸秆间的差异均达到极显著水平;8种秸秆基于碳水化合物含量的综合等级为:滇重楼>‘西畴芭蕉芋’>‘文青贮2号’>‘文紫椒3号’>小米辣>象草>草果>‘文金1号’;此外,NDFC/SC特征为:象草>草果>‘西畴芭蕉芋’>‘文金1号’>‘文紫椒3号’>小米辣>滇重楼>‘文青贮2号’。本研究可为文山州秸秆的饲料化开发、饲料的配置和优质秸秆的大面积种植提供依据。

基于UV-vis/HPLC-CAD法的不同地区牛膝糖含量测定及其道地性分析

目的对不同地区牛膝药材D-木糖、果糖、D-葡萄糖、蔗糖、蔗果三糖和总多糖含量进行分析,为牛膝道地性研究提供参考依据。方法苯酚硫酸法结合紫外分光光度(UV-Vis)法测定不同地区牛膝中总多糖含量;采用高效液相-电雾检测器(HPLC-CAD)法测定其D-木糖、果糖、D-葡萄糖、蔗糖、蔗果三糖含量,色谱柱为Asahipak NH2P-504E,流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱,流速为1 mL/min,柱温为40℃。采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)、聚类热图和主成分分析(PCA)研究不同产地牛膝中糖含量变化趋势。结果测定方法线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9993~0.9998,加样回收率为97.34%~103.55%,相对标准偏差为0.86%~2.28%。ANOVA分析结果显示河南牛膝中总多糖、蔗糖和蔗果三糖平均含量均显著高于内蒙古和河北样品(P<0.05),而木糖含量则显著低于内蒙古和河北样品(P<0.05)。不同地区牛膝糖含量指标聚类热图和PCA分析结果均显示,河南牛膝样品可单独聚为一个分支,内蒙古和河北牛膝样品可聚为另一个分支。结论研究建立的牛膝单糖、寡糖和总多糖含量测定与多元统计分析相结合的方法可将河南牛膝样品与内蒙古、河北牛膝样品进行区分,为怀牛膝的道地性研究和品质评价提供依据。

不同施氮处理对乌桕容器苗养分状况的影响

研究不同施N处理对乌桕容器苗营养元素和非结构性碳水化合物的影响,筛选出培育乌桕容器苗的最佳施肥方法和施氮量。以当年生乌桕容器苗为试验材料,设置传统施肥(C600)、指数施肥(Z200、Z400、Z600、Z800、Z1000)和不施肥(CK)共7个处理,分别测定不同N素施肥处理对乌桕容器苗N、P、K等营养元素浓度(质量分数,下同)、积累量和可溶性糖等非结构性碳水化合物含量的影响。结果表明,各施N处理对乌桕容器苗养分状况均有显著影响。随施N量的增加,乌桕容器苗各器官的N浓度都是先增后减,最大值出现在指数施肥Z600处,根、茎、叶的N浓度分别为101.80、91.50 mg·g^(-1)和121.33 mg·g^(-1)。乌桕容器苗各器官P浓度都较对照有所降低。指数施肥条件下,根和茎中的K浓度随施N量的增加逐渐降低,叶中的K浓度随施N量增加呈现先增后减趋势,在Z600处达到最大;乌桕容器苗地上部分、地下部分和全株的营养元素积累量都随施N量的增加出现先增后减趋势,最大值都出现在Z600处;在指数施肥的各处理中,乌桕容器苗根、茎、叶各器官中的可溶性糖含量随施N量增加均呈现先增后减趋势,在指数施肥Z600处达到最大,分别为63.73、55.55 mg·g^(-1)和134.70 mg·g^(-1),指数施肥促进乌桕容器苗可溶性糖含量积累的作用要优于传统施肥;除C600和Z200外,其他各施肥处理组根淀粉含量均较对照有下降趋势,且在指数施肥条件下根淀粉含量随施N量的增加而减少。在茎和叶中,各施肥处理组和对照组淀粉含量无明显差异。指数施肥优于传统施肥,Z600处理下的乌桕容器苗的营养元素浓度、积累量和非结构性碳水化合物含量最高,为乌桕容器苗最佳施肥处理。

The effects of stump size and within-gap position on sprout non-structural carbohydrates concentrations and regeneration in forest gaps vary among species with different shade tolerances

Background:To restore secondary forests(major forest resources worldwide),it is essential to accelerate the natural regeneration of dominant trees by altering micro-environments.Forest gaps are products of various disturbances,ranging from natural storms or wildfires to anthropogenic events like logging and slashing-andburning,and sprouts of most tree species with non-structural carbohydrates(NSCs)storage can regenerate from stumps after gap formation.However,how the stump sprouts with diverse NSCs storages and stump sizes(i.e.,diameters)adapt to various micro-environments of within-gap positions remains unclear.Therefore in this study,we monitored the stump sprout regeneration(density,survival,and growth)and NSCs concentrations of three dominant tree species with different shade tolerances and varying stump diameters at five within-gap positions for the first two consecutive years after gap formation.Results:Stump diameter was positively correlated with sprout density,growth,and survival of all three tree species,but insignificantly related with sprout NSCs concentrations at the early stage after gap formation.The effect of within-gap position on sprout NSCs concentrations was different among species.After an environmental adaptation of two growing seasons,the north of gap(higher light availability and lower soil moisture habitat)was the least conducive for shade-intolerant Quercus mongolica to accumulate leaf NSCs,and the east of gap(shadier and drier habitat)was conducive to increasing the leaf NSCs concentrations of shade-tolerant Tilia mandshurica.Conclusions:Within-gap position significantly affected leaf NSCs concentrations of all three tree species,but most of the sprout growth,survival,and stem NSCs concentrations were independent of the various within-gap positions.Besides stump diameter,the NSCs stored in stump and root systems and the interspecific differences in shade tolerance also contributed more in sprout regeneration at the early stage(2 years)of gap formation.A prolonged monitoring(>10 years)is needed to further examine the long-term effects of stump diameter and within-gap position on sprout regeneration.All of these findings could be applied to gap-based silviculture by promoting sprout regeneration of dominant tree species with different shade tolerances,which would help accelerate the restoration of temperate secondary forests.