Questionnaire Research on Indoor Environment Quality i n China

With 1 185 pi eces of questionnaire, it is found that in China, people take fresh air, odor, e tc., as well as indoor air temperature, humidity, as the most important indoor a ir parameters. It is also found that there is a significant sensitivity differen ce in indoor environment between southerners and northerners in China. People fr om different regions have different demands for their working and living environ ment. Therefore, as a good design of air conditioning system, it is strongly rec ommended that the different demands of people from different regions should be t aken into consideration.

Indoor Environmental Quality of Air Conditioned Residential Buildings in Extreme Dry Desert Climate

In this study, the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in air conditioned residential buildings in a dry desert climate is examined from the perspective of occupants via two aspects: thermal comfort and indoor air quality. The study presents statistical data about the domestic-occupant thermal comfort sensations together with data describing the indoor air quality in Kuwaiti residential buildings. With respect to the latter, the overall IEQ acceptance using two measurements namely: physical measurements and subjective information collected via questionnaires, was used to evaluate 111 occupants living in twenty five air-conditioned residential buildings in the state of Kuwait. The operative temperature based on Actual Mean Vote (AMV) and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) was identified using linear regression analysis of responses on the ASHRAE seven-point thermal sensation scale and was found to be 25.2°C and 23.3°C, respectively, in the summer season. Indoor air quality (IAQ) with respect to carbon dioxide concentration level was compared with the acceptable limits of international standards, i.e. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 [1]. The proposed overall IEQ acceptance findings in residential buildings show CO2 concentration level between 909 and 1250 ppm. However, this may be considered a higher level of CO2 concentration, which may require increasing ventilation rate through window operation or mechanical ventilation.

Influence of the 60 Hz Magnetic Field on the Airborne Microbial Distribution of Indoor Environments

The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of the magnetic field generated by the household appliances on the airborne microbial surrounding these equipment located on indoor environments with particular interest in the environmental fungi.A simultaneous environmental study was carried out in locals of three different geographical places of Havana,Cuba,which have televisions,computers and an electric generator.The air samples were made by a sedimentation method using Malt Extract Agar.The concentration of total aerobic mesophilic as well as fungi and yeasts were determined in rainy and little rainy seasons by applying as factors:exposure time of dishes(5 to 60 min)and distance to the wall(0 and 1 m)at a height of 1 m above the floor.The predominant fungal genera were Cladosporium,Penicillium and Aspergillus.In the dishes that were placed at 0 and 0.5 m from the emitting sources were observed that some bacteria colonies formed inhibition halos,a great diversity of filamentous fungi and an increase in the mycelium pigmentation as well as the pigments excretion.In the rainy season,the highest amounts of fungi were obtained in all samples.In the little rain season the count of the Gram-negative bacilli increased three times the Gram-positive cocci.

A cross-sectional study into the correlation of common household risk factors and allergic rhinitis in Taiwan's tropical environment

Objective:To discuss the effect of lesser-known potential risk factors,such as bedroom showers,on the prevalence of allergic rhinitis.Methods:A cross-sectional,population-based study was performed using both survey and fungal culturing in southern Taiwan.There were 998 participants enrolled in the survey,and 513 sets of fungal culture obtained.With score for allergic rhinitis(SFAR) more than 7,the patient was defined to have allergic rhinitis.Risks of allergic rhinitis were calculated as odds ratios for various predicted risk factors by logistic regression.Correlation between predicted risk factors and fungal level were examined with linear regression.Results:The adjusted odds ratio of frequently using bedroom shower to having allergic rhinitis was 1.572(95% confidence interval:1.090-2.265),and 0.962 for people with older age to have AR(95% confidence interval:0.949-0.976).As to the 24-hour fungal level,the standardized coefficient was 0.254 for frequent use of bedroom shower,and 0.106 for window open hours.Conclusions:Use of bedroom shower is a potential risk factor for allergic rhinitis development.

Indoor Air Quality in Central Appalachia Homes Impacted by Wood and Coal Use

Though the high prevalence of biomass fuel use in the developing world is widely known, the use of burning biomass for cooking and heating in the developed world is under-recognized. Combustion materials including coal and wood are also used for heating in some areas of the United States. We conducted a pilot study to assess the feasibility of conducting indoor environmental monitoring in rural Appalachia. We sought to explore the type of biomass being used for home heating and its impact upon indoor air quality in non-heating and heating seasons. Residential indoor air monitoring for particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was conducted in Lee County, Virginia. Homes had evidence of poor indoor air quality with high concentrations of indoor PM and a large burden of cigarette smoking. Further characterization of indoor combustion material use in this region to determine the health impacts associated with such exposures is warranted.

Assessment of Health Effects Related to the Use of Biomass Fuel and Indoor Air Pollution in Kapkokwon Sub-Location, Bomet Country, Kenya

Biomass Fuel (BMF) refers to burned plant or animal material;wood, charcoal, dung and crop residues which account for more than half of domestic energy in most developing countries and for as much as 95% in low income countries. It is estimated that about 3 billion people in the world rely on biomass fuel for cooking, heating and lighting. The biomass fuel chain includes gathering, transportation, processing and combustion. These processes are predominantly managed by women where they work as gatherers, processors, carriers or transporters and also as end-users or cooks. Thus, they suffer health hazards at all stages of the biomass fuel chain. The main objective was to assess health effects related to the use of Biomass fuel and indoor air pollution in Kapkokwon Sub-location, Kericho County, Kenya from March to May, 2013. The study area was Kapkokwon sub location, Bomet County, Kenya. The study population was 202 households. Primary females of the household were the target group as they managed the biomass chain. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted to assess the health effects associated to the use of biomass fuel and indoor air pollution. The research revealed that women suffer different type of physical ailments due to the biomass fuel chain. Physical exhaustion (86%), neck aches (78%), headaches (34%), knee aches (30%) and back aches (16%) were reported as the principal health effects associated with the third stage of the biomass fuel chain. Irritation of the mucus membrane of the eyes, nose and throat (100%), coughing (100%), burns (42%), shortness of breath (38%) and exacerbation of asthma (2%) were identified as principal health effects associated with the fourth stage of the biomass fuel chain (cooking). As a result of the detrimental impact of indoor air pollution (IAP) on health and mortality, many governments, non-governmental organization and international organizations should develop strategies aimed at reducing indoor air pollution. The strategies to include subsidization of cleaner fuel technologies, development, promotion and subsidization of improved cooking stoves, use of solar thermal cookers and solar hot water heaters, processing biomass fuel to make them cleaner, modifying user behavior and improved household design.

Fungal contaminations of indoor and outdoor air of buildings of the University of Cape Coast,Ghana

The presence of microscopic spores in the air affects the quality of air inhaled by animals including humans.Microbial contamination of air impacts the well-being of occupants of an indoor environment,sometimes with dire consequences.The study investigated fungal contaminations of indoor and outdoor air of the Hospital,Library and Senior Common Room(SCR)of the University of Cape Coast,Ghana.Indoor and outdoor air was sampled using the Koch’s sedimentation method.Colony forming units per cubic meter of air(cfu/m^(3))were determined with the Omeliansky formula.The isolated fungi were identified based on morphological and growth characteristics.For indoor air,the least colony counts were recorded in the SCR for both morning and afternoon samples,whilst the Hospital air had the highest colony counts.For outdoor air,the colony counts were lower in SCR and the Library for both morning and afternoon samples compared to the Hospital.The results further indicated that indoor concentrations of fungi,for morning and afternoon,ranged between 4.0x10^(4) and 2.1x10^(5) cfu/m^(3),whereas outdoor concentrations of fungi ranged between 1.1x105 and 3.0x10^(5) cfu/m^(3),revealing an overall higher levels of contamination of outdoor air than indoor air at all the three buildings.Consequently,estimated indoor/outdoor(I/O)concentration ratios of fungi revealed an exogenous source of indoor contaminations at all the three buildings sampled.Fungi isolated from indoor and outdoor air were of the genera Aspergillus,Curvularia,Cylindrocarpon,Fusarium,Mucor,Neurospora,Penicillium and Rhodotorula.We conclude that indoor and outdoor air of the buildings sampled were contaminated with airborne fungi;however,based on estimated I/O ratios,the indoor ambient conditions of the buildings were good.The implication of findings of this study is that the presence of airborne fungal contaminants of indoor and outdoor workplace environment may pose serious occupational health consequences,hence low productivity.

基于GBDT模型的医院室内空气微生物浓度预测

目的探究基于实时室内空气环境监测数据与机器学习算法的医院室内空气微生物浓度预测。方法选取2022年5月23日—6月5日某院四个位置为监测采样点,采用物联网传感器实时监测多种空气环境数据,匹配各点位采集的空气微生物浓度数据,使用梯度提升树算法(GBDT)对医院室内空气微生物浓度进行实时预测,并选取其他五种常见的机器学习模型进行比较,对比模型包括随机森林(RF)、决策树(DT)、最近邻(KNN)、线性回归(LR)和人工神经网络(ANN)。最后通过平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)三个指标验证模型的有效性。结果GBDT模型在门诊电梯间(A点)、支气管镜诊间(B点)、CT候诊区(C点)和供应室护士站(D点)的MAPE值分别为22.49%、36.28%、29.34%、26.43%,GBDT模型在三个采样点的平均性能高于其他机器学习模型,仅在一个采样点略低于ANN模型。GBDT模型在四个点位的平均MAPE值为28.64%,即预测值偏离实际值28.64%,说明GBDT模型预测结果较好,预测值在可用范围内。结论基于实时室内空气环境监测数据的GBDT机器学习模型能够提高医院室内空气微生物浓度预测精度。

公共图书馆典型室内环境颗粒物污染状况研究

为改善公共图书馆的室内空气质量,对图书馆典型室内环境颗粒物污染进行了研究。通过采集不同区域的室内空气样品,分析颗粒物浓度,发现图书馆室内环境颗粒物浓度普遍较高。通过污染水平对比及颗粒物时空分布特征可知,颗粒物主要来源是人员活动和室内装修,建议采取加强室内通风、控制人员活动和选择低挥发性有机化合物材料等措施,降低室内环境颗粒物浓度。

遮阳方式及构造对室内自然通风的影响研究

遮阳方式及构造对室内风环境的营造有很大的影响,随着室内空气品质与热舒适要求的提高,室内自然通风越来越被重视。为了探究遮阳方式及构造对室内风环境的影响,以衡阳市某办公室为例,以计算机流体力学CFD(computational fluid dy-namics)技术为基础,分析了水平式、垂直式、综合式和挡板式遮阳板分别在400 mm、600 mm、800 mm、1000 mm和1200 mm长度下该办公室的进风量、测点风速和空气龄。当风向投射角为0°时,水平式、垂直式和综合式遮阳板长度每增加200 mm平均进风量分别增加135 m^(3)/h、110 m^(3)/h和125 m^(3)/h,挡板式板长每增加200 mm进风量平均减小365 m^(3)/h。通过对进风量、测点风速以及空气龄等评价指标的研究与分析,遮阳板对室内进风量影响较大,对室内空气流向和流速影响较小,合理利用各类遮阳板,可以达到改善室内自然通风的效果。

南昌高校宿舍夏季睡眠环境现场调查与统计分析

以南昌某高校学生宿舍为研究对象,测量了夏季夜间室内温度、相对湿度、风速、CO_(2)浓度等环境参数,并对26名受试者睡前和醒后的主观环境评价及睡眠质量进行了调查。利用统计学方法对测量和调查结果进行了分析,结果表明:睡眠状态与睡前清醒状态热中性温度都为25℃,睡眠状态有比清醒状态更宽的可接受温度范围;宿舍夜间CO_(2)浓度较高,醒后室内空气品质满意度比睡前显著降低,应适当增强通风;睡眠期间较高的室内温度、相对湿度和CO_(2)浓度都会导致睡眠质量下降;夜间凉爽且通风良好的室内环境更有利于提高学生睡眠质量。

小型住宅厨房恒定自然补风下烹饪全过程室内环境数值模拟

烹饪产生的热量和颗粒物对厨房和邻室环境存在着负面影响,为了定量研究整个烹饪过程中室内环境的变化,选取小型住宅厨房一例,采用数值模拟技术,研究窗口恒定进风量工况下12 min烹饪过程中的室内环境。基于热源和颗粒物散发特性,建立颗粒物散发强度和油温随烹饪时间变化的函数关系,利用Fluent软件进行非稳态模拟计算。结果显示,油加热30 s后,热量向周围空间显著扩散;在10 min烹饪过程中,操作人员处空气温度上升约10.0℃;在烹饪进行4 min后,厨房颗粒物质量浓度显著增加,6 min后厨房邻室颗粒物质量浓度急剧增加。模拟结果为住宅厨房排油烟机的风机档位调换提供了合理的参考时间点,利于提升排油烟机的工作效率,优化其高效运行的可选方案。

基于Airpak软件的室内空气环境数值模拟

合理的气流组织是空调房间气流组织设计的主要研究内容,它决定了空调房间的空调设计参数,影响着整个空调系统的运行状况。采用暖通空调领域里的专业数值模拟软件Airpak,可以模拟在不同送风参数下空调房间内空气的温度场和速度场的变化。对于改善室内空气品质、提高控制室内空气污染物水平、保证实现空调房内最优的气流组织设计有着重要的意义。

重庆市绿色建筑检测现状及问题分析

绿色建筑检测是对绿色建筑设计方案和施工工艺水平进行检验测试的一种手段,旨在验证建筑实体或运行效果是否达到绿色建筑的设计理念,是促进绿色建筑健康发展的重要一环。该文着重分析了重庆市现有绿色建筑检测方法在实际操作过程中存在的问题,并提出了相应的解决方案。

隐性的环境:空气作为媒介在盲人艺术空间设计的应用研究

现当代强调提升盲人群体文化艺术生活,然而盲人艺术空间却面临资源有限且形式单一的发展困境,亟须探索更多形式。文章指出空气作为非视觉化的隐性环境要素对于盲人群体有特殊意义,进而基于人体空气感知的舒适度、触觉与嗅觉三种维度,探索空气作为媒介在盲人艺术空间设计的应用方法,推动未来盲人艺术空间的新范式发展。

居住建筑装配式轻质墙板空气声隔声性能与应用研究

隔墙是建筑重要组成部分,随着建筑工业化、装配式建筑与绿色建筑的发展,轻质隔墙板作为新型装配式墙体材料得到广泛使用。本文采用GB/T 19889.4—2005规定的现场测试方法,通过大量工程实际测量,总结分析目前主要类型的轻质墙板的空气声隔声效果。着重研究了4种厚度200 mm轻质墙板的空气声隔声效果及隔声频率特性,并结合国家、行业政策的最新要求总结轻质隔墙板行业的发展趋势和所面临的挑战与机遇。可为相关居住建筑建设、设计、施工等单位及轻质隔墙板生产厂家提供参考,有助于有效保障居住建筑室内声环境质量。

室内空气环境监测技术的现状及对策分析

近年来,我国居民对于环境保护以及卫生健康的重视程度越来越高,而且高度重视室内空气环境质量,因此相关工作人员需要采取科学且有效的方法和技术对室内空气环境质量进行有效监测,确保室内空气环境质量的安全性。基于此,本研究针对室内空气环境质量监测的发展历程进行分析,并结合环境监测技术中存在的问题进行探究,提出相应的解决对策,以期为室内空气环境质量监测工作的开展以及技术应用提供支持。

室内环境的空气检测技术分析

本文分析了室内环境污染物的主要类型,探讨了室内环境中空气检测的意义,并对一些常用的空气检测技术和一些新兴的空气检测技术进行了简要总结。希望能够为相关人员提供空气检测新思路,使其更好地应用空气检测技术,进行技术创新与集成,打造健康、安全、无污染的室内环境,使人们不断变化的生活需求得到充分满足。

室内雪乐园声学设计要点探讨与实践

雪乐园内设备多、空间大,体型和室内声环境复杂,声学设计十分重要。但目前国内外暂无针对室内雪乐园声学设计的相关规范和可供参考的设计措施。分析了室内雪乐园噪声源、各界面常用材质及容易存在的声缺陷;结合企业标准和过往项目经验,总结了适用于室内雪乐园超大空间的音质设计指标;对室内各功能区声环境进行了分析,提出了各区背景噪声限值;以某室内滑雪乐园声学设计为例,验证了设计措施的可实施性。

特高压户内直流场局部送风冷却效果研究

为解决特高压户内直流场散热设备集中,普通整室混合通风方式无法有效降低设备局部位置处温度过高问题,本文提出了在集中发热设备周围采用喷口的局部冷却方式来达到降温的目的。利用CFD软件模拟送风喷口在不同送风角度、温度和速度的情况下,平波电抗器周围的气流环境情况。模拟结果显示:针对重点散热设备进行局部冷却通风的方式可有效缓解直流场内热力分布不均匀,重点散热部位温度过高问题。喷口角度会改变平波电抗器的内外气流组织量,恰当的送风角度能最大程度同时带走散热设备内外热量。改变送风温度,射流扩散趋势大体相同,重点发热设备周围的气流速度呈现整体提升状态。送风温度参数变化对气流组织的影响并不明显,但对温度场的影响至关重要。