Pressure transient characteristics of non-uniform conductivity fractured wells in viscoelasticity polymer flooding based on oil-water two-phase flow

Polymer flooding in fractured wells has been extensively applied in oilfields to enhance oil recovery.In contrast to water,polymer solution exhibits non-Newtonian and nonlinear behavior such as effects of shear thinning and shear thickening,polymer convection,diffusion,adsorption retention,inaccessible pore volume and reduced effective permeability.Meanwhile,the flux density and fracture conductivity along the hydraulic fracture are generally non-uniform due to the effects of pressure distribution,formation damage,and proppant breakage.In this paper,we present an oil-water two-phase flow model that captures these complex non-Newtonian and nonlinear behavior,and non-uniform fracture characteristics in fractured polymer flooding.The hydraulic fracture is firstly divided into two parts:high-conductivity fracture near the wellbore and low-conductivity fracture in the far-wellbore section.A hybrid grid system,including perpendicular bisection(PEBI)and Cartesian grid,is applied to discrete the partial differential flow equations,and the local grid refinement method is applied in the near-wellbore region to accurately calculate the pressure distribution and shear rate of polymer solution.The combination of polymer behavior characterizations and numerical flow simulations are applied,resulting in the calculation for the distribution of water saturation,polymer concentration and reservoir pressure.Compared with the polymer flooding well with uniform fracture conductivity,this non-uniform fracture conductivity model exhibits the larger pressure difference,and the shorter bilinear flow period due to the decrease of fracture flow ability in the far-wellbore section.The field case of the fall-off test demonstrates that the proposed method characterizes fracture characteristics more accurately,and yields fracture half-lengths that better match engineering reality,enabling a quantitative segmented characterization of the near-wellbore section with high fracture conductivity and the far-wellbore section with low fracture conductivity.The novelty of this paper is the analysis of pressure performances caused by the fracture dynamics and polymer rheology,as well as an analysis method that derives formation and fracture parameters based on the pressure and its derivative curves.

Intelligent prediction on air intake flow of spark ignition engine by a chaos radial basis function neural network

To ensure the control of the precision of air-fuel ratio(AFR)of port fuel injection(PFI)spark ignition(SI)engines,a chaos radial basis function(RBF)neural network is used to predict the air intake flow of the engine.The data of air intake flow is proved to be multidimensionally nonlinear and chaotic.The RBF neural network is used to train the reconstructed phase space of the data.The chaos algorithm is employed to optimize the weights of output layer connection and the radial basis center of Gaussian function in hidden layer.The simulation results obtained from Matlab/Simulink illustrate that the model has higher accuracy compared to the conventional RBF model.The mean absolute error and the mean relative error of the chaos RBF model can reach 0.0017 and 0.48,respectively.

Three-dimensional transient numerical simulation for intake process in the engine intake port-valve-cylinder system

This paper presents a KIVA-3 code based numerical model for three-dimensional transient intake flow in the intake port-valve-cylinder system of internal combustion engine using body-fitted technique, which can be used in numerical study on internal combustion engine with vertical and inclined valves, and has higher calculation precision. A numerical simulation (on the intake process of a two-valve engine with a semi-sphere combustion chamber and a radial intake port) is provided for analysis of the velocity field and pressure field of different plane at different crank angles. The results revealed the formation of the tumble motion, the evolution of flow field parameters and the variation of tumble ratios as important information for the design of engine in-take system.

Heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow towards a shrinking sheet with non-uniform heat flux

In this paper, the effect of non-uniform heat flux on heat transfer in boundary layer stagnation-point flow over a shrinking sheet is studied. The variable boundary heat fluxes are considered of two types： direct power-law variation with the distance along the sheet and inverse power-law variation with the distance. The governing partial differential equations （PDEs） are transformed into non linear self-similar ordinary differential equations （ODEs） by similarity transformations, and then those are solved using very efficient shooting method. The direct variation and inverse variation of heat flux along the sheet have completely different effects on the temperature distribution. Moreover, the heat transfer characteristics in the presence of non-uniform heat flux for several values of physical parameters are also found to be interesting.

Numerical simulation on rotordynamic characteristics of annular seal under uniform and non-uniform flows

Currently, the flow field of annular seals disturbed by the circular whirl motion of rotors is usually solved using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) to evaluate the five rotordynamic coefficients. The simulations are based on the traditional quasi-steady method. In this work, an improved quasi-steady method along with the transient method was presented to compute the rotordynamic coefficients of a long seal. By comparisons with experimental data, the shortcomings of quasi-steady methods have been identified. Then, the effects of non-uniform incoming flow on seal dynamic coefficients were studied by transient simulations. Results indicate that the long seal has large cross stiffness k and direct mass M which are not good for rotor stability, while the transient method is more suitable for the long seal for its excellent performance in predicting M. When the incoming flow is non-uniform, the stiffness coefficients vary with the eccentric directions. Based on the rotordynamic coefficients under uniform incoming flow, the linearized fluid force formulas, which can consider the effects of non-uniform incoming flow, have been presented and can well explain the varying-stiffness phenomenon.

Sedimentation motion of sand particles in moving water(Ⅰ):The resistance on a small sphere moving in non-uniform flow

In hydraulics,when we deal with the problem of sand particles moving relative to the surrounding water,Stokes'formula of resistance has usually been used to render the velocity of sedimentation of the particles.But such an approach has not been proved rigorously,and its accuracy must be carefully considered.In this paper,we discuss the problem of a sphere moving in a non-uniform flow field,on the basis of the fundamental theory of hydrodynamics.We introduce two assumptions:i)the diameter of the sphere is much smaller than the linear dimension of the flow field,and ii)the velocity of the sphere relative to the surrounding water is very small.Using these two assumptions,we solve the linearized Navier-Stokes equations and equations of continuity by the method of Laplace transform,and finally we obtain a formula for the resistance acting on a sphere moving in a non-uniform flow field.

Numerical investigation on flow and heat transfer characteristics of corrugated tubes with non-uniform corrugation in turbulent flow

Based on finite volume method, the pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of one smooth tube and ten different axisymmetric corrugated tubes, including two with uniform corrugation and eight with non-uniform corrugation, have been studied. A physical model of the corrugated tube was built, then the numerical simulation of the model was carried out and the numerical simulation results were compared with the empirical formula.The results show that: the friction factor decreases with the increase of Reynolds number ranging from 6000 to 57000, the value of which in the corrugated tubes with non-uniform corrugation(tube 03–10) are smaller than those with uniform corrugation(tube 01–02). The geometry parameters of tube(01) have advantages on the heat transfer enhancement in low Reynolds number flow region(from 6000 to 13000) and tube(07–08)have advantages on the heat transfer enhancement in high Reynolds number flow region(from 13000 to 57000). The vortex, existed in each area between two adjacent corrugations called second flow region, is the root of the enhancement on heat transfer in the corrugated tubes. The effectiveness factor decreases with the increasing of Reynolds number and the performances of the corrugated tubes with pitch of 12.5 mm have advantages than these of 10 mm under the same corrugation geometric parameter.

Boundary Layer Flow of an Unsteady Dusty Fluid and Heat Transfer Over a Stretching Sheet with Non-Uniform Heat Source/Sink

An analysis has been carried out to study the effect of hydrodynamic laminar boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a dusty fluid over an unsteady stretching surface in the presence of non-uniform heat source/sink. Heat transfer characteristics are examined for two different kinds of boundary conditions, namely 1) variable wall temperature and 2) variable heat flux. The governing partial differential equations are transformed to system of ordinary differential equations. These equations are solved numerically by applying RKF-45 method. The effects of various physical parameters such as magnetic parameter, dust interaction parameter, number density, Prandtl number, Eckert number, heat source/sink parameter and unsteadiness parameter on velocity and temperature profiles are studied.

Transmission loss simulation based on rectangular-pulse method and experimental evaluation of acoustic performance of perforated intake pipe

Exact simulation of the acoustic performance is essential to the engineering application for a vehicle intake system. The rectangular-pulse method based on the computational fluid dynamics approach was employed for calculating the transmission loss. Firstly, the transmission loss of the single-cavity element was simulated without any airflow, and the effects of different structural parameters on the acoustic performance were investigated comprehensively. Secondly, the static transmission loss of the perforated intake pipe was obtained by the rectangular-pulse method, which is proved to be accurate enough compared with the result by finite element method. Thirdly, under the different conditions of the mean airflow and the operating temperature, the specific transmission loss was acquired respectively. In general, the peaks of the transmission loss are shifted to the lower frequency range because of the reverse airflow, but the amplitudes are irregularly changed. Besides, when the operating temperature increases, the peaks are shifted to the higher frequencies. Finally, with the designed perforated pipe installed to the intake system, the road tests were proceeded to evaluate the actual acoustic performance, and the result indicates that the intake sound pressure level is greatly attenuated. Typically in the range of 600–1500 Hz, the insertion loss of the intake noise at the decelerating moment is almost 20 d B(A), and the overall noise is reduced more than 14.2 d B(A). In conclusion, the perforated intake pipe has been proved excellent in improving the acoustic performance of intake system and could provide the guidance for the automotive engineering application.

A Computer Method of Steady Non-Uniform Gradually Varied Flow in Open Channel & in River

Most of water flow in open channel or in river belongs to steady non-uniform flow. The surface profiles are caused by changes of channel section. It is very important to analyze its computation. According to the regularity of its surface change, the suitable sectional dimensions of open channel or flood control work can be designed. Commonly, computation of non-uniform flow adopts the traditional methods by hand or by graphic method. The speed and precision of computation are restricted. In this paper, a software to calculate water surface profile is introduced. The software is put forward by using C++ .By means of interpolate method and dialogue between user and computer, we can calculate the water surface profile much more quickly and exactly.

Unsteady Non-Uniform Flow of Molten Metals in Rectangular Open Channels

In the metallurgical industries, it is very important to characterize the flow of molten metals in open channels given that they are transported through these devices to different plant sections. However, unlike the flow of water which has been studied since ancient times, the flow of molten metals in open channels has received little attention. The unsteady non-uniform flow of blast furnace molten pig iron in a rectangular open channel is analyzed in this work by numerical solution of the Saint-Venant equations. The influence of mesh size on the convergence of molten metal height is studied to determine the proper mesh and time step sizes. A sinusoidal inflow pulse is imposed at the entrance of the channel in order to analyze the propagation of the resulting wave. The influence of the angle of inclination of the channel and the roughness coefficient of the walls on the amplitude and the dynamic behavior of the height of the molten metal are analyzed. Phase portraits of the channel state variables are constructed and interpreted. Numerical simulations show that as the angle of inclination of the channel increases, the amplitude of the formed wave decreases. From 10 degrees onwards, the peak of the wave descends even below the initial height. On the other hand, the roughness coefficient affects the molten pig iron height profiles in an inverse way than the angle of inclination. The amplitude of the formed wave increases as the roughness coefficient increases.

喷水推进器进水流道在来流含气条件下的内部流动特性分析

为了研究喷水推进器进水流道在来流含气条件下的内部流动特性,以轴流式喷水推进器为研究对象,对喷水推进器在不同来流含气条件下进行全流域定常数值仿真,得到了不同来流含气条件下进水流道各截面气相体积分数分布特征和不均匀度变化规律.计算结果表明:在低航速区间时,进水流道内流量小、流速低,受管道几何结构影响,下部弯管处流体堆积现象明显,随着航速的升高,流量增大、流速提高,流体在上部弯管处产生流动分离,导致堆积区向上部弯管转移;在来流含气条件下,进口含气率和气泡直径的增大,会导致气液两相干涉作用变强,造成气体堆积现象加剧,影响流面的不均匀度.

泵站进水系统三维水动力特性数值模拟研究

【目的】研究泵站进水系统结构对水泵进水流场的影响。【方法】基于Fluent平台,假定水流为不可压缩湍流流体,在满足连续方程和动量方程的基础上,引入RNGk-ε紊流模型,对改造前后泵站进水系统进行了数值模拟,采用适于稳态流场的收敛速度更快的SIMPLEC算法,利用有限体积法进行空间离散求解,分析了不同断面的流场流速、流速旋角及流线分布,对比分析了改造前后泵站进水系统的水动力指标。【结果】改造方案各水动力指标均小于改造前方案,进水池流速标准差减小了6%~64%,进水管进口流速标准差降低了41%~96%,平均流速旋角减小了60%~73%,流速旋角标准差降低了59%~72%,水流流态分布趋向均匀,水泵进水条件明显改善。【结论】改造后泵站进水系统流速分布较均匀,流态趋于平稳,对减轻泵站机组汽蚀破坏有重要意义。

切向进气结构对径向流甲醇合成反应器传热特性影响研究

为探究切向进气结构对径向流甲醇合成反应器内催化床层传热特性的影响,通过改变径向流甲醇合成反应器内外分布筒体开孔角度,将混合气入口处普通进气方式改为切向进气,建立了θ=0°、15°、30°、45°的切向进气径向流甲醇合成反应器结构,并采用CFD软件对各角度下反应器温度场进行模拟计算。研究表明,合理的切向角度下的切向进气结构可以提高反应器内流体的混合程度,增加反应物的接触面积,增强传热,不仅能提高反应器温度分布的均匀性,还提高了反应效率和产物收率。研究发现,当θ=30°时反应器内温度场分布最为均匀。

深海悬垂取水管振动特性研究

深海悬垂取水管的设计趋向于大直径、高内流流速,内流对取水管振动特性的影响不可忽略,分析内部流动引起的管道动态失稳行为以及评估失稳临界流速具有重要工程意义。基于小尺度模型试验,研究内流对深海悬垂取水管道振动特性的影响规律,结果表明:随着内流流速增加,取水管模型会发生动态失稳行为,表现为一种间歇性的近周期运动,该运动主要由管道一阶弯曲模态引起的不稳定性诱导。管道材料、顶端连接方式及底部配重块均影响其动态稳定性,顶端固定连接时质量比小的管道更易发生动态失稳;顶端变为铰接时,质量比大的管道失稳临界流速变小,质量比小的管道失稳临界流速变大。相比顶端边界条件,底部配重块对管道失稳临界流速影响不显著但可以减小其振动幅值。

水电站进水口闸门未正常闭门分析及处理

针对水电站进水口事故闸门动水落门时未在要求时间内正常闭门的问题,通过对比分析不同工况下落门过程曲线,结合现场观察,推断是在电站出现故障引起闸门动水落门过程中,由于闸门、油缸启闭机振动相对较大,液压启闭机有杆腔高压球阀自由转动而关闭所导致。为此加设了液压启闭机有杆腔高压球阀锁定装置,确保球阀不会自由转动;并建议高压球阀应选择全开位置带有锁定装置的型号;优化油管的空间结构和管道支撑结构布置,减小管道振动;对大尺寸的混流式水轮发电机组应进行过渡过程工况的动水落门试验。

深海取水管在内外流作用下的动力性能

深海取水管道是一种大长细比、高内流流速的悬垂吸液管道,模拟取水管的真实工作状态,研究在内外流作用下的管道动力性能十分必要。基于小尺度模型试验,研究内外流对管道的动力特性影响。结果表明:大部分工况下,内外流共同作用引起的管道振动幅度和频率主要受外流影响;内外流共同作用下,内流流速增加会导致位移振动主频略微降低,顶部张力增加,管道应变响应减小,但其对振动的应变主导阶数影响较小;管道顶部连接方式、底部配重、浸没水深都会影响管道在内外流作用下的涡激振动特性,即顶部铰接相较于固定连接更容易激发管道涡激振动横流向的高阶模态振动,底部配重在小外流流速下会使管道振动幅值降低,在大外流流速下会使管道振动幅值增大,激发横流向高阶主导频率跃迁,浸没水深增加会使管道振动主导频率降低。研究成果可为实际工程项目中深海取水管的设计提供参考依据。

内外流作用下深海悬垂取水管动力响应的模型试验

研究内外流对大直径、内流流速高的深海悬垂取水管道动态响应的影响,对实际工程中的取水管道应用提供参考。基于小尺度模型试验,分析内外流作用下管道的动力响应特性,以及顶部连接方式和底部配重块对其响应的影响规律。结果表明:涡激振动响应的主导模态和主导频率主要取决于外流流速,内流流速的变化对主振频率无明显影响,但会增加管道向高阶模态转换的趋势。外流增加会导致P1管道的振动响应从单一模态转向多模态参与,且涡流脱落与固有频率之间的“锁定”和模态转换现象更明显。当存在外流时,管道的位移振幅大小主要受到外流流速影响。外流参与会增加运动的周期性,但随着外部流速增加,取水管道因涡激运动从单一频率的振动转变为复杂的多频率振动,导致运动周期性逐渐减弱。顶部固定的管道底部位移振幅均方根值更大。低外流流速时,管道配重显著影响了管道的振幅,特别是当配重占据管道自重的50%及以上时,振幅的变化与无集中质量时存在明显差异。研究成果在优化内外流条件下悬垂式取水管道的理论模型方面具有显著意义,可为实际深海浮式取水管道的设计与工程实施提供一定参考。

柴油机缸内涡流预测研究

柴油机缸内涡流会影响油气混合以及燃烧进程,进而影响柴油机动力经济性。为使进气涡流比更接近真实缸内过程,从气道稳流实验涡流比数据出发,结合一维流动的进气质量,基于数值计算方法和角动量守恒定律,提出了柴油机缸内涡流预测模型。将此模型应用于发动机,计算得出压缩上止点涡流比预测为1.114,与相同边界条件、相同转速的发动机模型通过数值计算所得到的涡流比相比,相对误差低于4%,由此验证了所建立的基于稳流实验和一维模型的缸内涡流预测模型的正确性和可行性,为组织进气流动提供了依据。

航空发动机地面台进气加温试验技术研究

为了模拟航空发动机高空大马赫数情况下,较高的发动机进气温度,进行地面台架条件发动机进气加温试验。针对地面台架条件航空发动机加温试验进行研究,提出采用机载进口温度传感器表征进气加温进口温度方法,实现加温温度监控,保障加温试验安全。后选取飞行包线内典型工作点,开展地面台进气加温模拟试验。试验研究发现,进气加温试验过程发动机进口总温不均匀性最大为2.6%,排气温度场与常温试车分布一致,进排气温度场分布均匀,控制精度较高,可以为发动机进气加温试验提供较高品质的进气流场。试验表明,地面台架条件开展进气加温试验,可以较好的模拟发动机高空大马赫数高温进气条件下发动机工作情况。