Coupling model for calculating prestress loss caused by relaxation loss,shrinkage,and creep of concrete

The calculation model for the relaxation loss of concrete mentioned in the Code for Design of Highway Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Bridges and Culverts(JTG D62—2004) was modified according to experimental data. Time-varying relaxation loss was considered in the new model. Moreover, prestressed reinforcement with varying lengths(caused by the shrinkage and creep of concrete) might influence the final values and the time-varying function of the forecast relaxation loss. Hence, the effects of concrete shrinkage and creep were considered when calculating prestress loss, which reflected the coupling relation between these effects and relaxation loss in concrete. Hence, the forecast relaxation loss of prestressed reinforcement under the effects of different initial stress levels at any time point can be calculated using the modified model. To simplify the calculation, the integral expression of the model can be changed into an algebraic equation. The accuracy of the result is related to the division of the periods within the ending time of deriving the final value of the relaxation loss of prestressed reinforcement. When the time division is reasonable, result accuracy is high. The modified model works excellently according to the comparison of the test results. The calculation result of the modified model mainly reflects the prestress loss values of prestressed reinforcement at each time point, which confirms that adopting the finding in practical applications is reasonable.

Comparison of Shrinkage, Creep and Elastic Shortening of VMA and Powder Type Self-Compacting Concrete and Normal Vibrated Concrete

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is flowing in nature and hence viscosity modified agent (VMA) or higher amount of binder is used for stability of mix. The mix proportion of SCC is also different from normal vibrated concrete (NC). This modifies the properties of concrete at fresh as well as at hardened state. Three mixes, one VMA type SCC, one powder type SCC and one NC, are considered with identical water to binder ratio. Properties at fresh state such as workability and segregation resistance and at hardened stage such as compressive strength, elastic modulus, shrinkage, creep and elastic shortening are determined and compared. Powder type SCC shows superior properties at fresh stage. Also compressive strength of powder type SCC is found better than that of VMA SCC and NC. Observations show more shrinkage, elastic shortening and creep for powder type SCC as compared with VMA SCC and NC.

Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete in Eurocode 2 and Polish Bridge Standards--Necessity for Implementation

Estimation of creep and shrinkage in concrete bridges is still approximate and uncertain. Over the years, Polish Codes for Concrete Structures partially adapted the CEB （Euro-International Concrete Committee）-FIP （International Federation for Prestressing） models used to predict creep and shrinkage of concrete. In the currently used Polish concrete bridge code, modified CEB-FIP 1970 recommendations are used. At the time the standard was implemented, it introduced simple methods for the evaluation of final creep coefficients and shrinkage strains. It was sufficient for simple bridge structures and concrete technology used at that times. As modern bridge structures have become increasingly complex with variable construction techniques and developing concrete technology, the implementation of Eurocode 2 is necessary as it gives more practical and accurate methods for the prediction of creep and shrinkage effects. A comparative analysis of the time-dependent deformation of concrete included in Eurocode 2 and in Polish Bridge Codes is pointing out that there is a necessity for more adequate criteria for the rapidly growing concrete bridge stock in Poland.

Creep and Shrinkage Self-Compacting Concrete （SCC） Analytical Models

In the structures whose long-term behavior should be monitored and controlled, creep and shrinkage effects have to be included precisely in the analysis and design procedures. Creep and shrinkage, vary with the constituent and mixtures proportions, and depend on the curing conditions and work environment as well. Self-compacting concrete （SCC） contains combinations of various components, such as aggregate, cement, superplasticizer, water-reducing agent and other ingredients which affect the properties of the SCC including creep and shrinkage of the SCC. Hence, the realistic prediction creep and shrinkage strains of SCC are an important requirement of the design process of this type of concrete structures. In this study, three proposed creep models and four shrinkage models available in the literature are compared with the measured results of 52 mixtures for creep and 165 mixtures for shrinkage of SCC. The influence of various parameters, such as mixture design, cement content, filler content, aggregate content, and water cement ratio （w/c） on the creep and shrinkage of SCC are also compared and discussed.

Creep and Shrinkage Effects on the Bond-Slip Characteristics and Ultimate Strength of Composite Slabs

Composite one-way concrete slabs with profiled steel sheeting as permanent formwork are commonly used in the construction industry. The steel sheeting supports the wet concrete of a cast-in-situ reinforced or post-tensioned concrete slab and, after the concrete sets, acts as external reinforcement. In this type of slab, longitudinal shear failure between the concrete and the steel sheeting is the most common type of failure at the ultimate load stage. Design codes require the experimental evaluation of the longitudinal shear capacity of each type of steel decking using full-scale tests. This paper presents the results of the short-term testing up to failure of two types of profiled steel decking that are commonly used in the construction industry in Australia. Fourteen full-scale, simply-supported slabs were tested in four-point bending with shear spans of either span/4 or span/6. Four slabs were tested at age of 28 days and the other 10 slabs were subjected to drying shrinkage and various levels of sustained loads for a period of at least 6 months prior to testing to failure. The effects of creep and drying shrinkage on the load carrying capacity and deformation of the slabs at ultimate loads are presented and discussed. The bond-slip relationship of each slab is determined from the test data and the values of maximum longitudinal shear stress calculated using different methods are described and compared.

Effects of Manufactured-sand on Dry Shrinkage and Crccp of High-strength Concrete

The influences of natural sand, manufactured-sand （MS） and stone-dust （SD） in the manufactured-sand on workability, compressive strength, elastic modulus, drying shrinkage and creep properties of high-strength concrete （HSC） were tested and compared. The results show that the reasonable content （7%-10.5%） of SD in MS will not deteriorate the workability of MS-HSC. It could even improve the workability. Moreover, the compressive strength increases gradually with the increasing SD content,and the MS- HSC with low SD content （smaller than 7%） has the elastic modulus which approaches that of the natural sand HSC, but the elastic modulus reduces when the SD content is high. The influence of the SD content on drying shrinkage performance of MS-HSC is closely related to the hydration age. The shrinkage rate of MS-HSC in the former 7 d age is higher than that of the natural sand HSC, but the difference of the shrinkage rate in the late age is not marked. Meanwhile the shrinkage rate reduces as the fly ash is added; the specific creep and creep coefficient of MS-HSC with 7% SD are close to those of the natural sand HSC.

Influences of Reinforcement on Differential Drying Shrinkage of Concrete

Shrinkage strain of concrete specimen with different reinforcement configuration was measured at various depths from the exposed surface by using several pairs of displacement sensors. Only one surface of the concrete specimen was exposed to dry condition during the experiment. The results show that differential shrinkage strain occurs in both plain and steel reinforced concrete specimens according to depths from the exposed surface. A higher reinforcement ratio results in a greater restraint against shrinkage of concrete nearby reinforcement rebar and a worse differential shrinkage strain distribution in the concrete specimen. The restraint against shrinkage of concrete becomes lower with the increasing distance from reinforcement rebar. Under the same reinforcement arrangement, a higher free shrinkage of concrete leads to a stronger restraint against shrinkage and a higher shrinkage stress formation in local concrete. The relationship between shrinkage strain and reduction of relative humidity in reinforced concrete structure is far different from that in plain concrete.

收缩徐变对高速铁路斜拉桥单箱单室混合梁位移的影响及调控

以某主跨300 m的高速铁路无砟轨道混合梁斜拉桥为背景,运用Midas/Civil有限元软件建立其数值模型,进行桥塔、桥面板、箱梁等混凝土构件收缩徐变对主梁位移影响研究,并提出主梁位移调控措施。结果表明:成桥10年后,混凝土收缩徐变引起的跨中主梁向下位移共计79 mm,桥塔、桥面板、箱梁收缩徐变的影响占比在施工阶段分别为58%,32%和10%,在运营阶段分别为48%,38%和14%;跨中主梁向下位移的主要原因是桥塔和桥面板变形,混凝土收缩徐变缩小了桥塔竖向及桥面板纵桥向尺寸,改变了斜拉索锚点位置及索力,导致主梁在施工阶段和运营阶段分别产生56和18 mm的向下位移;预抬高斜拉索的桥塔锚点位置10 mm,可消除混凝土收缩徐变引起的钢梁架设初始误差;混凝土桥面板预制后存放6个月、桥塔采用低徐变混凝土、成桥后延迟90 d铺轨等措施,能改善混凝土收缩徐变对单箱单室混合梁位移的不利影响,可减小跨中主梁向下位移3%~38%。

砂岩冻结/解冻过程蠕变特性研究

寒区岩体长期经受荷载与冻融的共同作用,若不考虑冻融过程对其长期力学行为的影响,将会给寒区工程建设和安全运营带来重大的安全隐患。为此,以寒区某边坡工程砂岩为研究对象,通过开展不同冻结温度下的冻结/解冻过程单轴分级加载蠕变试验,使岩石在同一应力状态下处于冻结和解冻过程,真实再现寒区工程岩体长期力学响应特征。以此研究冻结/解冻过程对岩体长期力学特性的影响,并对其蠕应变、稳态蠕变速率及长期强度等宏观力学指标进行量化分析。结果表明:(1)砂岩冻结过程先后经历冷缩阶段、冻胀阶段和稳态蠕变阶段,解冻过程只经历融缩阶段和稳态蠕变阶段;冷缩阶段和融缩阶段砂岩发生收缩变形,冻胀阶段则发生膨胀变形;(2)冻结/解冻温度为-5℃/25℃、-10℃/25℃、-15℃/25℃时,砂岩蠕应变较常温状态下蠕应变增幅范围分别为102%~193%、81%~126%、105%~194%,解冻后稳态蠕变速率较冻结前最大增长3.65倍、4.31倍、5.56倍,冻结/解冻过程蠕变砂岩的长期强度是常温状态下长期强度的96.33%、88.52%、75.44%;(3)应力对冷缩、冻胀变形的产生起抑制作用而对融缩变形的产生起促进作用;冻结温度越低,冻胀变形和解冻后融缩变形越明显。文章提出的将蠕变与冻融过程相结合的试验方法能较为真实地反映工程实际,该方法为寒区岩体工程长期稳定性评价提供新途径。

梁桁组合结构高铁斜拉桥的收缩徐变分析——以西十高铁汉江特大桥为例

梁桁组合结构高铁斜拉桥中,混凝土收缩徐变对桥面线性的平顺性及行车的舒适性有直接影响,是桥上能够铺设无砟轨道的关键因素。因此,为分析收缩徐变对梁桁组合结构受力和变形的影响,依托新建西安至十堰高铁汉江特大桥工程,采用CEB-FIP90徐变计算模型,通过建立有限元模型分析收缩徐变影响下主要构件的内力和变形,评价各主要受力构件刚度变化对徐变变形的贡献程度,研究改善收缩徐变变形措施。结果表明:(1)收缩徐变引起主梁跨中下挠、桥塔向跨中侧偏移,同时引起主梁和桥塔的压缩变形,5年完成的收缩徐变变形占前10年的70%以上,且主梁产生的收缩徐变贡献超过50%;(2)收缩徐变引起斜拉索索力松弛,运营30年的最大变化率在5%以内;(3)收缩徐变引起主梁应力及上下缘应力差变化,随着运营时间增加主梁跨中区域应力差增大明显,主要表现在下缘压应力储备降低;(4)随着桥塔刚度、主梁刚度、加劲钢桁刚度增大,收缩徐变引起的变形有所减小,而斜拉索刚度则产生相反的趋势。(5)延长铺轨时间、适当增加底板钢束面积、增加斜拉索索力以及在跨中加劲钢桁上弦灌注混凝土可有效降低主梁跨中徐变下挠。

高层建筑停建续建施工变形分析

根据结构组划分层数、停工时间、是否考虑混凝土收缩与徐变效应建立不同的施工模型,对比分析停建续建高层建筑竖向变形规律,并对竖向变形影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明,停建续建建筑竖向变形分布规律与非停建建筑有所不同,停建续建建筑已建结构最高处变形达最大值,而续建结构变形呈两端小、中间大的分布规律。在不同层数组成结构组的条件下,随着结构组内划分层数的增加,高层建筑竖向变形理论计算结果误差越大,且误差与所处结构组内位置有关,处于结构组越低的位置,竖向变形理论计算结果越接近基准值。

某核心筒收进水瓶型超高层结构设计关键问题研究

某超高层建筑位于武汉市汉阳区一线滨江区域,整体造型为下大上小逐渐收分的水瓶型,主体结构高度249m,屋面上设51m高塔冠,地上建筑总高度300m。建筑师要求外框柱贴幕墙边布置,导致塔楼大部分柱均为斜柱,在竖向荷载作用下将对楼面体系产生水平分力,设计中通过在楼面梁设置抗拉钢筋及型钢承担水平拉力。核心筒墙体在17、43层进行了转换收进,通过合理的分析及措施,确保了墙体传力路径的合理性。对主体结构进行了风洞试验并进行了相关论证,减小了设计风荷载,节约了结构造价。对结构进行了施工模拟、收缩徐变分析、墙体有限元分析及塔冠分析,结果表明结构设计安全合理。

环境因素影响下钢筋混凝土索塔爬模施工仿真分析方法

为探究爬模施工进程中索塔空间温度场和应力场分布,掌握塔柱线形特性,提出一种索塔爬模施工仿真分析方法.利用Fortran编程语言开发相应子程序,对结构施加复杂温度边界,实现不同节段混凝土水化放热、收缩徐变.利用Abaqus软件对索塔爬模施工过程进行分析.结果表明:施工过程中索塔空间温度分布不均匀,塔柱表里最大温差达25.9℃,向阳面与背阴面温差最大为9℃;考虑温度效应后,塔柱所受拉应力更大,且空间应力分布具有很强的时变性,索塔线形特征与变化规律也发生改变;施工塔顶累积竖向位移先增大后减小,在爬模第16节段达到最大值20.5 mm;施工过程塔顶累计顺桥向和横桥向位移更大,最大值分别为6.5和22.3 mm.

高模低缩型聚酯工业丝凝聚态结构与应用特性的关联机制

高模低缩(HMLS)型聚酯工业丝的凝聚态结构对其在特定应力和受热条件下应用特性的影响尚不明确。对3种HMLS聚酯工业丝的蠕变、应力松弛、热收缩等性能进行测试,通过广角X射线衍射等方法对其凝聚态结构进行研究,分析结晶度、晶区和非晶区取向以及晶粒尺寸等参数与HMLS聚酯工业丝应用特性的关联性。结果表明,结晶度和非晶区取向度的协同作用对HMLS聚酯工业丝的蠕变、应力松弛和热收缩性能有重要影响。HMLS2的高结晶度抑制了应力作用和热收缩过程中分子链的滑移,适中的非晶区取向度减少了分子链的收缩解取向。HMLS2在60%的平均断裂载荷作用下蠕变回复率高达83.98%,60 s的应力松弛率为14.65%,195℃热处理后强度损失仅为8%,抗蠕变和热稳定性均较好。

寒冷地区海洋环境下高性能混凝土时变特性试验研究

依托河北唐山市内曹妃甸区纳潮河2#大桥,针对寒冷地区海洋环境下高性能混凝土(HPC)的时变特征演化规律,开展桥位同位同因素下HPC的时变性能试验研究,且把试件每个变量实际测量数值和规范标准预估值做比较,结果表明:寒冷地区海洋环境下的HPC的早期抗压强度提升速度明显高于规范预测值,抗压强度呈现早期发展迅速,后期缓慢的趋势;寒冷地区海洋环境下HPC弹性模量早期进展速度快,但初期进展相对落后于抗压强度发展趋势。采取抗压强度演算HPC的弹性模量显然小于实际测量值;寒冷地区海洋环境下HPC收缩应变同样在初期收敛速度很快,后期收敛速度趋缓,此外试件构件尺寸大小不但与收缩应变的最终数值有关,同时影响收缩应变随时间发展进程;针对寒冷地区海洋环境下HPC的收缩和徐变发展特性,基于试验结果,分别提出基于CEB-FIP—2010的收缩参数修正模型以及基于EN 1992-2—2005的徐变预测修正公式。

组合梁桥负弯矩区后张预制板抗裂技术研究

对于跨径小于50 m的桥梁,使用强配筋能很好地满足抗裂性能要求,但对于更大跨径的组合梁桥负弯矩抗裂,单独采用强配筋的方式已不能很好地满足桥梁抗裂需求。为了提高50~80 m连续组合梁桥负弯矩区桥面板抗裂性能,实现负弯矩区桥面板装配建造,提出一种适用不同抗裂能力的模数式预应力预制板。首先,设计了适合负弯矩区快速施工的3类预制板,其中A类板为中间位置普通预制板,B类板为带齿块的锚固板,C类板为端部锚固板,根据实际受力情况采用这3类预制板数量及长度组合以满足抗裂需要。其次,结合设计规范与数值模拟,验算使用这种抗裂技术时桥梁结构的内力、应力、挠度以及抗裂性能,验证其可行性。最后,进一步扩展到中跨径50~80 m、1.5~1.7边中跨比的组合梁桥,分别采用MIDAS进行结构抗裂验算与适用性分析。结果表明:采用后张预应力预制板抗裂技术可实现预制板翼缘应力在长短期组合下不出现拉应力,满足规范A类构件抗裂要求;养护龄期6个月的预制块在降低徐变作用方面效果明显,降幅均在48%左右,可满足50~80 m主跨跨径组合梁桥桥面板抗裂与钢箱梁强度控制规范要求;采用负弯矩预制板后,相较于规范计算结果,负弯矩长度范围略降低,仍可采用规范中偏安全的计算。

混合梁斜拉桥微膨胀UHPC灌注钢混结合段的时变效应

为明确微膨胀超高性能混凝土(Ultra-High-Performance Concrete,UHPC)灌注材料的收缩徐变对混合梁斜拉桥钢混结合段长期性能的影响,以湖北武穴长江公路大桥为工程背景,开展材性试验与结构反应实测。基于一种全桥杆系+局部空间网格的多尺度有限元建模方法,对不同灌注材料收缩徐变下钢混结合段的时变效应进行分析研究。研究结果表明:实桥所采用的微膨胀UHPC在测试龄期内膨胀应变呈现出先增后减且始终保持膨胀的趋势,在约5 d龄期时达到最大膨胀应变292.6με,至1 080 d时为83.8με;徐变系数在前50 d龄期内增长较快,至1 080 d时为1.63。灌注材料的收缩可在结合段内部产生显著的次应力,表现为内填混凝土的拉应力和钢格室的压应力;徐变则会导致混凝土应力松弛而使一部分恒载压应力向钢结构转移。运营20 a后,钢混结合段内填普通混凝土存在较高的开裂风险。未作收缩控制的普通UHPC虽亦出现拉应力,但未超过其抗拉强度,抗裂安全系数仍可达到1.5以上。而微膨胀UHPC处于受压状态,不存在开裂问题。微膨胀UHPC的应用,既可改善内填混凝土的抗裂性能,又有助于常规钢混结合段的结构优化,大幅减少材料用量和结构自重。

某斜柱转折复杂超限高层的结构分析与设计

大连东北亚国际航运中心总部大厦为超B级高度的超限高层建筑,建筑高度245.8m,建筑造型呈中区大、低区和高区小的梭形,存在跃层构件、斜柱、楼板不连续等三项不规则类型。采用钢筋混凝土框架-核心筒结构体系,对跃层构件的屈曲、斜柱转折、干缩与徐变的影响、钢骨梁柱节点和罕遇地震弹塑性分析等进行了探讨,并根据分析结果,对关键和重要构件进行适当加强,在构造措施方面亦进行相应处理。结果表明,整体结构及构件的抗震性能均满足抗震性能目标,项目各项不规则程度得到了有效改善,结构体系合理、安全、有效,保证了项目施工的顺利进行。

CRTSⅢ型板式无砟轨道-PC简支梁长期变形研究

研究目的:以CRTSⅢ型板式无砟轨道-PC简支梁体系(梁-轨体系)为研究对象,开展混凝土收缩徐变作用下梁-轨体系的长期变形研究,分析底座板、自密实混凝土及扣件长期受力特点。研究结论:(1)相较于单独箱梁(将无砟轨道转化为均布荷载作用),梁-轨体系下箱梁徐变上拱反而有所增大;(2)箱梁长期变形导致无砟轨道上拱,引起钢轨与轨道板、底座板与自密实混凝土部分区域产生竖向变形差,进而导致底座板和自密实混凝土脱空;(3)底座板和自密实混凝土的纵向拉应力、扣件竖向附加力均较小,但梁端处部分扣件纵向力达到极限值;(4)小阻力扣件能够有效削弱梁轨相互作用,减小箱梁长期变形引起的无砟轨道纵向应力和扣件竖向力;(5)本文研究成果揭示了梁-轨体系长期变形协同工作机理,可为CRTSⅢ型板式无砟轨道结构运营期间的维养提供一定的理论依据。

预应力混凝土构件时变预应力损失计算

较准确预测混凝土收缩徐变和预应力筋松弛引起的时变预应力损失是进行预应力混凝土结构抗裂性和变形控制的基础,预测值过高或过低均直接影响设计配筋及结构的服役性能。包括设计规范给出的现有各种时变预应力损失公式均为近似式,这些公式的表达形式并不一致,对是否考虑普通钢筋配筋等参量影响存在较大差别。同时各公式中引入的简化系数值及简化项亦不相同,且所有这些公式均不能严谨体现收缩徐变与松弛的耦合影响,因此其时变预应力损失的预测精度难以保证。根据任意时刻截面内力增量平衡和变形协调条件,运用按龄期调整的有效模量法,建立预应力混凝土受弯构件时变预应力损失统一计算方法;结合预应力筋时变应变变化特点和松弛折减系数分析模型,推导松弛折减系数求解方程,从而获得了预测时变预应力损失的实用公式。计算式全面考虑了预应力筋与普通钢筋截面配筋率、钢筋位置等各个影响因素,并能体现混凝土收缩徐变与预应力筋松弛的耦合影响。该公式的计算值、各规范公式值与长期预应力损失试验值比较表明,AASHTO规范与EN 1992-1-1规范的公式理论值比试验值大17%~24%,TB 10092—2017与JTG 3362—2018规范的公式理论值则比试验值少9%~21%,该公式的计算值与试验值差别在6%以内,说明该公式具有良好计算精度。