Radial Basis Approximations Based BEMD for Enhancement of Non-Uniform Illumination Images

An image can be degraded due to many environmental factors like foggy or hazy weather,low light conditions,extra light conditions etc.Image captured under the poor light conditions is generally known as non-uniform illumination image.Non-uniform illumination hides some important information present in an image during the image capture Also,it degrades the visual quality of image which generates the need for enhancement of such images.Various techniques have been present in literature for the enhancement of such type of images.In this paper,a novel architecture has been proposed for enhancement of poor illumination images which uses radial basis approximations based BEMD(Bi-dimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition).The enhancement algorithm is applied on intensity and saturation components of image.Firstly,intensity component has been decomposed into various bi-dimensional intrinsic mode function and residue by using sifting algorithm.Secondly,some linear transformations techniques have been applied on various bidimensional intrinsic modes obtained and residue and further on joining the transformed modes with residue,enhanced intensity component is obtained.Saturation part of an image is then enhanced in accordance to the enhanced intensity component.Final enhanced image can be obtained by joining the hue,enhanced intensity and enhanced saturation parts of the given image.The proposed algorithm will not only give the visual pleasant image but maintains the naturalness of image also.

长三角地区集中式露地农业光伏方阵夏季光热环境试验研究

基于太阳照度和环境温度逐时变化,以长三角地区的集中式露地农业光伏方阵为研究对象,在跨度为6.8 m的单跨方阵中沿从南到北的跨度方向取0.65、3.40、6.15 m处的3个和长度方向共面的测试断面,即南区、中区、北区。基于此,进行夏季方阵内外的光热环境测试,分析并明确光伏组件下方区域的光热环境变化规律,为其太阳能资源合理利用、结构改进和夏季农业生产管理提供参考。结果表明,该地区光伏方阵夏季内部3个区域光热环境呈现规律性差异,整体表现为北区略优于南区,中区优于南、北两区。综合考虑作物生长的光热环境需求,一方面可通过结构改进、种植方式优化等方式改善或利用好内部光环境;另一方面基于热环境规律,分类做好内部3个区的夏季灌溉等田间管理,从而推动光伏农业发展升级。

Effect of non-uniform illumination on performance of solar thermoelectric generators

Solar thermoelectric generators （STEGs） are heat engines which can generate electricity from concentrated sunlight. The non-uniform illumination caused by the optical concentrator may affect the performance of solar thermoelectric generators. In this paper, a three- dimensional finite element model of solar thermoelectric generators is established. The two-dimensional Gaussian distribution is employed to modify the illumination profiles incident on the thermoelectric generator. Six non-uniformities of solar illumination are investigated while keeping the total energy constant. The influences of non-uniform illumination on the temperature distribution, the voltage distribution, and the maximum output power are respectively discussed. Three thermoelectric generators with 32, 18 and 8 pairs of thermocouples are compared to investigate their capability under non-uniform solar radiation. The result shows that the non-uniformity of the solar illumination has a great effect on the temperature distribution and the voltage distribution. Central thermoelectric legs can achieve a larger temperature difference and generate a larger voltage than peripheral ones. The non-uniform solar illumination will weaken the capability of the TE generator, and the maximum output power decrease by 1.4% among the range of non-uniformity studied in this paper. Reducing the number of the thermoelectric legs for non-uniform solar illumination can greatly increase the performance of the thermoelectric generator.

北方日光温室构造的研究进展

随着蔬菜、花卉种植业的不断发展和对设施要求的不断提高,以及当前对蔬菜质量和安全问题的关注,日光温室在结构坚固、性能耐用、操作舒适方面提出更高的要求。从中国北方现代日光温室的发展现状和市场对高质量、高附加值产品的需求来开展评价和影响分析,从温度、湿度、光照等维度来比较日光温室的冬季性能,分析北方部分地区日光温室的建设情况,对日光温室的未来发展进行研讨并提出一定的建议,但无论在哪个地区,日光温室作为现代农业生产的重要方式,都具有不可替代的作用,能够提高农业生产效率,促进农业的可持续发展。

Highly selective photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction to ethylene in pure water by Nb_(2)O_(5) nanoparticles with enriched surface –OH groups under simulated solar illumination

Photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction to valuable chemical compounds could be a promising approach for carbon-neutral practice.In this work,a simple and robust thermal decomposition process was developed with ammonium carbonate((NH4)2CO3)as both precipitation agent and sacrificial template to produce fine Nb_(2)O_(5) nanoparticles with the rich existence of surface hydroxyl(–OH)groups.It was found by density functional theory(DFT)calculations and experiments that the rich existence of the surface–OH groups enhanced the adsorption of both reactants(CO_(2) and H_(2)O molecules)for the photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction on these fine Nb_(2)O_(5) nanoparticles,and the highly selective conversion of CO_(2) to the high-value chemical compound of ethylene(C_(2)H_(4),~68μmol·g^(−1)·h^(−1) with~100%product selectivity)was achieved under simulated solar illumination without usage of any sacrificial agents or noble metal cocatalysts.This synthesis process may also be readily applied as a surface engineering method to enrich the existence of the surface–OH groups on various metal oxide-based photocatalysts for a broad range of technical applications.

Research on Solar Simulation System for Test of Solar Radiation Measuring Instrument

Since traditional solar simulators are mainly applied to spacecraft and photovoltaic industry,they are not suitable for solar radiation measuring instrument test. Therefore,a deep research is carried out on solar simulators to test of solar radiation measuring instrument,so that obtain the requirements of performance test of solar radiation measuring instrument. With a combination of the requirements for national regulations of metrological verification and performance test of pyranometer and pyrheliometer,it lays emphasis on the research of design methods for improving radiation uniformity and stability of solar simulators; it also focuses on design methods of multidimensional detection workbench,which achieves different detection of solar radiation. After practical test,solar irradiation is within Φ60 mm; irradiation non-uniformity is better than ±0.8%; instability is better than ±0.72%;rotating angle precision is better than 0.09°. Then,solar simulator is used to carry out pyranometer sensitivity test,pyranometer directional response test,pyranometer tilt response test and non-linearity test for radiation instruments. Test results showthat the solar simulator meets the testing requirements of solar radiation measuring instruments.

Fabrication of P-Type ZnO:N Film by Radio-Frequency Magnetron Sputtering for Extremely Thin Absorber Solar Cell Applications

We successfully fabricate p-type ZnO:N films by using rf magnetron sputtering and in situ annealing in O_(2) atmosphere.These p-type ZnO:N films can be used as p-type window materials for extremely thin absorber(ETA)solar cells composed of quartz glass/p-ZnO:N/i-ZnO/CdSe/i-ZnO/n-ZnO:Al.The short-circuit photocurrent density,open circuit voltage,fill factor and conversion efficiency of the ETA solar cells can be determined to be 8.549 mA/cm^(2),0.702 V,0.437 and 2.623%,respectively,through measurements of photovoltaic properties under illumination with a 100 mW/cm^(2) at air-mass(AM)1.5.

A New Method to Measure Trap Characteristics of Silicon Solar Cells

A new method to measure trap characteristics in crystalline silicon solar cells is presented.Important parameters of traps including energy level,total concentration of trapping centers and capture cross-section ratio of hole to electron are deduced using the Shockley-Read-Hall theory of crystalline silicon solar cells in base region.Based on the as-deduced model,these important parameters of traps are determined by measuring open-circuit voltages of silicon solar cells under monochromatic illumination in the wavelength range 500-1050 nm with and without bias light.The effects of wavelength and intensity of bias light on the measurement results are also discussed.The measurement system used in our experiments is very similar to a quantum efficiency test system which is commercially available.Therefore,our method is very convenient and valuable for detecting deep level traps in crystalline silicon solar cells.

Uniformly Illuminated Efficient Daylighting System

Different approaches have been introduced for the daylighting system to reduce energy consumption, but they were not populated due to complex, high cost, and insufficient designs. There has been a recent problem in achieving uniform distribution of sunlight at a destination deep inside the building. Therefore, we propose a system to achieve high illumination by illuminating the surface of the absorber (optical fibers) uniformly. To capture sunlight, parabolic reflector and Fresnel lens are used. Different reflectors and lenses are considered, compared, and investigated to direct uniform light, which solves the heat problem, into the optical fibers. In addition, this study includes comparison between fiber-based daylighting systems. The proposed system has been verified through simulation and experimental results.

Skin Temperature and Body Surface Section in Non-Uniform and Asymmetric Outdoor Thermal Environment

In indoor environments and shady outdoor environments, there is little influence of short-wavelength solar radiation, so a strikingly non-uniform and asymmetric environment is not formed. In outdoor sunny environment, however, shaded areas occur even for the same site of the body, and a remarkable difference in skin temperature is considered to occur under the influence of the short-wavelength solar radiation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the non-uniform and asymmetric thermal radiation of short-wavelength solar radiation in outdoor environment on the division of the body surface section and the calculation of the mean skin temperature. The skin temperature of the front of the coronal surface, which was facing the sun and where the body received direct short-wavelength solar radiation, and the skin temperature of the rear of the coronal surface, which was in the shadow and did not receive direct short-wavelength solar radiation were respectively measured. The feet, upper arm, forearm, hand and lower leg, which are susceptible to short-wavelength solar radiation in a standing posture, had a noticeable difference in skin temperature between sites in the sun and in shade. The mean skin temperature of sites facing the sun was significantly higher than the mean skin temperature of those in the shade.

Improvement of the Silicon Solar Cell Performance by Integration of an Electric Field Source in the Solar Cell or Solar Module System

This manuscript is about a theoretical modelling of conversion efficiency improvement of a typical polycrystalline Si solar cell in 1D assumptions. The improvement is brought by the increase of the collection of the minority carriers charge in excess. This increase is the consequence of the influence of an electric field provided by the use of the open circuit photovoltage of another silicon solar cell. We assume that it is integrated two silicon solar cells to the system. The first solar cell provides the open circuit photovoltage which is connected to two aluminum planar armatures creating a planar capacitor. The second solar cell is placed under the uniform electric field created between the two aluminum armatures. This work has shown an improvement of the output electric power leading to the increase of the conversion efficiency. We observe an increase of 0.7% of the conversion efficiency of the second silicon solar cell.

Low and non-uniform illumination color image enhancement using weighted guided image filtering

In the state of the art,grayscale image enhancement algorithms are typically adopted for enhancement of RGB color images captured with low or non-uniform illumination.As these methods are applied to each RGB channel independently,imbalanced inter-channel enhancements(color distortion)can often be observed in the resulting images.On the other hand,images with non-uniform illumination enhanced by the retinex algorithm are prone to artifacts such as local blurring,halos,and over-enhancement.To address these problems,an improved RGB color image enhancement method is proposed for images captured under nonuniform illumination or in poor visibility,based on weighted guided image filtering(WGIF).Unlike the conventional retinex algorithm and its variants,WGIF uses a surround function instead of a Gaussian filter to estimate the illumination component;it avoids local blurring and halo artifacts due to its anisotropy and adaptive local regularization.To limit color distortion,RGB images are first converted to HSI(hue,saturation,intensity)color space,where only the intensity channel is enhanced,before being converted back to RGB space by a linear color restoration algorithm.Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for both RGB color and grayscale images captured under low exposure and non-uniform illumination,with better visual quality and objective evaluation scores than from comparator algorithms.It is also efficient due to use of a linear color restoration algorithm.

Mismatch loss analysis of solar array output power on stratospheric airship during flight

Stratospheric airships are long-endurance aerostats and have broad applications.All of the energy required for their operation is obtained from solar radiation,which makes accurate calculation of the energy output from the solar array crucial to the design and flight planning of the airships.However,the status of each photovoltaic module in the solar array may differ due to the airship curvature,resulting in mismatch losses and lowered output power,which has not been widely studied.In this paper,an irradiation model and a thermal model are established based on the actual arrangement of the modules.The output power model is established considering the non-uniform radiation in the array.The mismatch losses of the array are analyzed under different flight conditions.The output power of the solar array is decreased by up to 31.6%compared to the ideal state.Moreover,the proportion of mismatch losses increases with latitude,but the maximum mismatch loss power occurs at mid-latitudes.Then,an array reconfiguration method is proposed based on the irradiance dispersion index and position dispersion index.The reconfigured array increases output power by 11.5%and can maintain energy balance in continuous flight.The results can be used to correct the overestimation of the output power during the airship design or to guide the configuration of the solar array.

各种天气状况下太阳辐射照度与太阳光照度关系

以同济大学自建的小型气象台站测得的2009—2011年气象数据为基础,采用回归分析的方法分析了晴空指数、太阳高度角对太阳辐射照度与光照度关系的影响,发现它们对太阳辐射照度的影响整体上呈现非线性,且影响规律在各分区间内略微不同.因此,采用分段线性拟合的方法将晴空指数和太阳高度角分为9个区间,分别建立对应的太阳辐射照度与太阳光照度之间的线性拟合关系,并通过实测数据证明这种处理方式具有较高精度.结论适用于纬度和天气条件与上海相似的地区.

太阳能LED路灯照明系统优化设计

在珠海完成国内第一个太阳能LED路灯示范工程的工作基础上,从路灯光源、控制电路、太阳电池组件最佳倾角确定、太阳电池组件和蓄电池容量确定等几个方面对太阳能路灯进行了设计优化,做到既能保证系统的稳定可靠运行,又能尽量减少系统规模和降低成本。结果表明采用LED作为路灯光源、直接耦合的方式的充放电控制器是太阳能路灯很好的选择,同时通过科学计算的方法对在珠海地区使用时太阳电池组件最佳倾角和组件和蓄电池容量进行了讨论。使用的方法和结论可以为的其他的太阳能路灯设计提供有力的帮助。

不同结构日光温室光环境及补光研究

光照状况是影响日光温室生产力的重要因素。在建筑材料相同的情况下 ,结构 (几何形状 )对温室内光照起决定性作用。为具体分析不同结构温室内光环境 ,分别对单斜面、抛物面、圆 -抛物面三种结构类型日光温室内不同位点的光照进行了测定、比较和分析 ,结果表明 :圆 -抛物面温室虽然提高了透光率 ,南北方向上光照度也较其他两温室均匀 ,但室内光照度仍远低于室外 ,且南北方向上光照度仍有明显差异。在温室后墙上张挂反光膜以补充温室内后墙附近光照度 ,可以缩小温室内南北方向上光照度的差异 ,有效地改善温室内整体光环境 ,提高作物产量。

一种精确计算航天器本体对太阳电池阵遮挡的方法

针对航天器太阳电池阵电设计和热设计中需要准确考虑阴影影响的问题,提出了一种可以精确计算太阳电池阵阴影的方法。首先使用三角网格来建立3D模型,其次考虑了航天器本体构件间的相对运动,然后用一个"包围盒"去截取模型上的三角网格点,再把这些点投射到太阳电池阵上,最后把太阳电池阵分成小方格,分别使用逐点比较法和最小矩形法来生成阴影图形。给出了月球车遮挡计算的实例,仿真分析表明生成阴影图形时,最小矩形法具有更高的速度。使用本文所述的方法,可计算结构复杂、构件间有相对运动的航天器本体对太阳电池阵造成的遮挡,能生成精确的阴影图形,为后续计算受遮挡的太阳电池阵的输出特性奠定了基础。

基于光照的日光温室总体尺寸确定方法研究

从日光温室内部光环境变化入手,以满足作物获得充足光照为目标,提出以保证冬至日正午前后4 h内,太阳光对温室前屋面透过后的辐射照度衰减率不超过2%,以及保证栽培区最后一排作物的冠层全天受到太阳照射为条件,建立了一套日光温室总体尺寸的取值方法。并与典型区域的日光温室建造规范进行比对。结果表明:该方法具有较高的可信度,能够为科学指导我国日光温室规范化建设提供理论参考。

日光温室内反光膜补光的实践与理论探析

试验结果表明 ,温室后墙悬挂反光膜进行补光后 ,对温室内测定点处最大光照度值无影响 ,但平均提高测定点处水平光照度值 15 4 8% ;温室内凌晨时气温、地温、墙温和被反光膜遮掩处墙温分别比对照温室低 1 1℃、1 5℃、0 9℃和 1 8℃ ,但正午时分别比对照温室高 1 6℃、1 4℃、0 3℃和低 11 4℃。温室经济产量增加 7 4 % ,当期经济效益增加 2 1元 /m2 。

太阳能半导体照明驱动技术研究

结合太阳能光伏系统应用特点和大功率照明LED的驱动特性,对太阳能半导体照明驱动技术进行了研究,并研制了一种新的太阳能路灯控制器,不但能够实现对光伏系统中的蓄电池防过充、过放保护,而且还实现对LED光源的亮度可控调节。