Study of the pressure transient behavior of directional wells considering the effect of non-uniform flux distribution

During the production,the fluid in the vicinity of the directional well enters the wellbore with different rates,leading to non-uniform flux distribution along the directional well.However,in all existing studies,it is oversimplified to a uniform flux distribution,which can result in inaccurate results for field applications.Therefore,this paper proposes a semi-analytical model of a directional well based on the assumption of non-uniform flux distribution.Specifically,the direction well is discretized into a carefully chosen series of linear sources,such that the complex well trajectory can be captured and the nonuniform flux distribution along the wellbore can be considered to model the three-dimensional flow behavior.By using the finite difference method,we can obtain the numerical solutions of the transient flow within the wellbore.With the aid of Green's function method,we can obtain the analytical solutions of the transient flow from the matrix to the wellbore.The complete flow behavior of a directional well is perfectly represented by coupling the above two types of transient flow.Subsequently,on the basis of the proposed model,we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the pressure transient behavior of a directional well.The computation results show that the flux variation along the direction well has a significant effect on pressure responses.In addition,the directional well in an infinite reservoir may exhibit the following flow regimes:wellbore afterflow,transition flow,inclined radial flow,elliptical flow,horizontal linear flow,and horizontal radial flow.The horizontal linear flow can be observed only if the formation thickness is much smaller than the well length.Furthermore,a dip region that appears on the pressure derivative curve indicates the three-dimensional flow behavior near the wellbore.

Effect of non-uniform swelling on coal multiphysics during gas injection: The triangle approach

In current dual porosity/permeability models,there exists a fundamental assumption that the adsorption-induced swelling is distributed uniformly within the representative elementary volume (REV),irrespective of its internal structures and transient processes.However,both internal structures and transient processes can lead to the non-uniform swelling.In this study,we hypothesize that the non-uniform swelling is responsible for why coal permeability in experimental measurements is not only controlled by the effective stress but also is affected by the adsorption-induced swelling.We propose a concept of the swelling triangle composed of swelling paths to characterize the evolution of the non-uniform swelling and serve as a core link in coupled multiphysics.A swelling path is determined by a dimensionless volumetric ratio and a dimensionless swelling ratio.Different swelling paths have the same start and end point,and each swelling path represents a unique swelling case.The swelling path as the diagonal of the triangle represents the case of the uniform swelling while that as the two perpendicular boundaries represents the case of the localized swelling.The paths of all intermediate cases populate inside the triangle.The corresponding relations between the swelling path and the response of coal multiphysics are established by a non-uniform swelling coefficient.We define this method as the triangle approach and corresponding models as swelling path-based ones.The proposed concept and models are verified against a long-term experimental measurement of permeability and strains under constant effective stress.Our results demonstrate that during gas injection,coal multiphysics responses have a close dependence on the swelling path,and that in both future experiments and field predictions,this dependence must be considered.

Relationships between Terrain Features and Forecasting Errors of Surface Wind Speeds in a Mesoscale Numerical Weather Prediction Model

Numerical weather prediction(NWP)models have always presented large forecasting errors of surface wind speeds over regions with complex terrain.In this study,surface wind forecasts from an operational NWP model,the SMS-WARR(Shanghai Meteorological Service-WRF ADAS Rapid Refresh System),are analyzed to quantitatively reveal the relationships between the forecasted surface wind speed errors and terrain features,with the intent of providing clues to better apply the NWP model to complex terrain regions.The terrain features are described by three parameters:the standard deviation of the model grid-scale orography,terrain height error of the model,and slope angle.The results show that the forecast bias has a unimodal distribution with a change in the standard deviation of orography.The minimum ME(the mean value of bias)is 1.2 m s^(-1) when the standard deviation is between 60 and 70 m.A positive correlation exists between bias and terrain height error,with the ME increasing by 10%−30%for every 200 m increase in terrain height error.The ME decreases by 65.6%when slope angle increases from(0.5°−1.5°)to larger than 3.5°for uphill winds but increases by 35.4%when the absolute value of slope angle increases from(0.5°−1.5°)to(2.5°−3.5°)for downhill winds.Several sensitivity experiments are carried out with a model output statistical(MOS)calibration model for surface wind speeds and ME(RMSE)has been reduced by 90%(30%)by introducing terrain parameters,demonstrating the value of this study.

Pressure transient characteristics of non-uniform conductivity fractured wells in viscoelasticity polymer flooding based on oil-water two-phase flow

Polymer flooding in fractured wells has been extensively applied in oilfields to enhance oil recovery.In contrast to water,polymer solution exhibits non-Newtonian and nonlinear behavior such as effects of shear thinning and shear thickening,polymer convection,diffusion,adsorption retention,inaccessible pore volume and reduced effective permeability.Meanwhile,the flux density and fracture conductivity along the hydraulic fracture are generally non-uniform due to the effects of pressure distribution,formation damage,and proppant breakage.In this paper,we present an oil-water two-phase flow model that captures these complex non-Newtonian and nonlinear behavior,and non-uniform fracture characteristics in fractured polymer flooding.The hydraulic fracture is firstly divided into two parts:high-conductivity fracture near the wellbore and low-conductivity fracture in the far-wellbore section.A hybrid grid system,including perpendicular bisection(PEBI)and Cartesian grid,is applied to discrete the partial differential flow equations,and the local grid refinement method is applied in the near-wellbore region to accurately calculate the pressure distribution and shear rate of polymer solution.The combination of polymer behavior characterizations and numerical flow simulations are applied,resulting in the calculation for the distribution of water saturation,polymer concentration and reservoir pressure.Compared with the polymer flooding well with uniform fracture conductivity,this non-uniform fracture conductivity model exhibits the larger pressure difference,and the shorter bilinear flow period due to the decrease of fracture flow ability in the far-wellbore section.The field case of the fall-off test demonstrates that the proposed method characterizes fracture characteristics more accurately,and yields fracture half-lengths that better match engineering reality,enabling a quantitative segmented characterization of the near-wellbore section with high fracture conductivity and the far-wellbore section with low fracture conductivity.The novelty of this paper is the analysis of pressure performances caused by the fracture dynamics and polymer rheology,as well as an analysis method that derives formation and fracture parameters based on the pressure and its derivative curves.

An improved non-uniform fast Fourier transform method for radio imaging of coronal mass ejections

Radioheliographs can obtain solar images at high temporal and spatial resolution,with a high dynamic range.These are among the most important instruments for studying solar radio bursts,understanding solar eruption events,and conducting space weather forecasting.This study aims to explore the effective use of radioheliographs for solar observations,specifically for imaging coronal mass ejections(CME),to track their evolution and provide space weather warnings.We have developed an imaging simulation program based on the principle of aperture synthesis imaging,covering the entire data processing flow from antenna configuration to dirty map generation.For grid processing,we propose an improved non-uniform fast Fourier transform(NUFFT)method to provide superior image quality.Using simulated imaging of radio coronal mass ejections,we provide practical recommendations for the performance of radioheliographs.This study provides important support for the validation and calibration of radioheliograph data processing,and is expected to profoundly enhance our understanding of solar activities.

Using video imagery to reconstruct the 3D intertidal terrain along a beach with multiple cusps

A high-frequency,high-resolution shore-based video monitoring system(VMS)was installed on a macrotidal(tidal amplitude>4 m)beach with multiple cusps along the Quanzhou coast,China.Herein,we propose a video imagery-based method that is coupled with waterline and water level observations to reconstruct the terrain of the intertidal zone over one tidal cycle.Furthermore,the beach cusp system(BCS)was precisely processed and embedded into the digital elevation model(DEM)to more effectively express the microrelief and detailed characteristics of the intertidal zone.During a field experiment conducted in January 2022,the reconstructed DEM was deemed satisfactory.The DEM was verified by RTK-GPS and had an average vertical root mean square error along corresponding RTK-GPS-derived intertidal profiles and corresponding BCS points of 0.134 m and 0.065 m,respectively.The results suggest that VMSs are an effective tool for investigating coastal geomorphic processes.

Terrain-influenced wind flow of the Qitai radio telescope site

The wind environment of a site is one of the important factors affecting the observation performance of large aperture and high-performance radio telescopes.Exploring the relationship between the effects of different terrains on wind flow is important to optimize the wind environment of the site.The terrain of the Qitai radio telescope(QTT)site located in east Tianshan Mountains at an elevation of about 1800 m was used to study the wind flow in the adjacent zone of antenna based on numerical simulation.The area from 600m south to 600m north of the antenna is defined as the antenna adjacent zone,and three groups of boundaries with different terrains are set up upstream and downstream,respectively.Since the zone where the antenna is located is a slope terrain,in order to verify the influence of terrain on the wind flow and to clarify the relationship between the influence of boundary terrain on the wind flow,a control group of horizontal terrain is constructed.The simulation results show that the wind flow is mainly influenced by the terrain.The highest elevation of the upstream and downstream boundary terrains affects the basic wind speed.The upstream boundary terrain has a greater impact on wind flow than the downstream boundary terrain.In addition,the wind speed profile index obtained by numerical simulation is smaller than the actual index for the wind from south.Therefore,the wind speed at the upper level(about 100 m)obtained by inversion based on the measured wind speed at the bottom(about 10 m)is also smaller than the actual wind speed.

Robust and Reusable Fuzzy Extractors from Non-Uniform Learning with Errors Problem

Afuzzy extractor can extract an almost uniformrandom string from a noisy source with enough entropy such as biometric data.To reproduce an identical key from repeated readings of biometric data,the fuzzy extractor generates a helper data and a random string from biometric data and uses the helper data to reproduce the random string from the second reading.In 2013,Fuller et al.proposed a computational fuzzy extractor based on the learning with errors problem.Their construction,however,can tolerate a sub-linear fraction of errors and has an inefficient decoding algorithm,which causes the reproducing time to increase significantly.In 2016,Canetti et al.proposed a fuzzy extractor with inputs from low-entropy distributions based on a strong primitive,which is called digital locker.However,their construction necessitates an excessive amount of storage space for the helper data,which is stored in authentication server.Based on these observations,we propose a new efficient computational fuzzy extractorwith small size of helper data.Our scheme supports reusability and robustness,which are security notions that must be satisfied in order to use a fuzzy extractor as a secure authentication method in real life.Also,it conceals no information about the biometric data and thanks to the new decoding algorithm can tolerate linear errors.Based on the non-uniform learning with errors problem,we present a formal security proof for the proposed fuzzy extractor.Furthermore,we analyze the performance of our fuzzy extractor scheme and provide parameter sets that meet the security requirements.As a result of our implementation and analysis,we show that our scheme outperforms previous fuzzy extractor schemes in terms of the efficiency of the generation and reproduction algorithms,as well as the size of helper data.

Single-element Anomaly Mapping from Stream Sediment Geochemical Landscapes Aided by Digital Terrain Analysis

The identification of anomalies within stream sediment geochemical data is one of the fastest developing areas in mineral exploration.The various means used to achieve this objective make use of either continuous or discrete field models of stream sediment geochemical data.To map anomalies in a discrete field model of such data,two corrections are required:background correction and downstream dilution correction.Topography and geomorphology are important factors in variations of element content in stream sediments.However,few studies have considered,through the use of digital terrain analysis,the influence of geomorphic features in downstream dilution correction of stream sediment geochemical data.This study proposes and demonstrates an improvement to the traditional downstream dilution correction equation,based on the use of digital terrain analysis to map single-element anomalies in stream sediment geochemical landscapes.Moreover,this study compares the results of analyses using discrete and continuous field models of stream sediment geochemical data from the Xincang area,Tibet.The efficiency of the proposed methodology was validated against known mineral occurrences.The results indicate that catchment-based analysis outperforms interpolation-based analysis of stream sediment geochemical data for anomaly mapping.Meanwhile,the proposed modified downstream dilution correction equation proved more effective than the original equation.However,further testing of this modified downstream dilution correction is needed in other areas,in order to investigate its efficiency further.

Correction of CMPAS Precipitation Products over Complex Terrain Areas with Machine Learning Models

Machine learning models were used to improve the accuracy of China Meteorological Administration Multisource Precipitation Analysis System(CMPAS)in complex terrain areas by combining rain gauge precipitation with topographic factors like altitude,slope,slope direction,slope variability,surface roughness,and meteorological factors like temperature and wind speed.The results of the correction demonstrated that the ensemble learning method has a considerably corrective effect and the three methods(Random Forest,AdaBoost,and Bagging)adopted in the study had similar results.The mean bias between CMPAS and 85%of automatic weather stations has dropped by more than 30%.The plateau region displays the largest accuracy increase,the winter season shows the greatest error reduction,and decreasing precipitation improves the correction outcome.Additionally,the heavy precipitation process’precision has improved to some degree.For individual stations,the revised CMPAS error fluctuation range is significantly reduced.

Radial Basis Approximations Based BEMD for Enhancement of Non-Uniform Illumination Images

An image can be degraded due to many environmental factors like foggy or hazy weather,low light conditions,extra light conditions etc.Image captured under the poor light conditions is generally known as non-uniform illumination image.Non-uniform illumination hides some important information present in an image during the image capture Also,it degrades the visual quality of image which generates the need for enhancement of such images.Various techniques have been present in literature for the enhancement of such type of images.In this paper,a novel architecture has been proposed for enhancement of poor illumination images which uses radial basis approximations based BEMD(Bi-dimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition).The enhancement algorithm is applied on intensity and saturation components of image.Firstly,intensity component has been decomposed into various bi-dimensional intrinsic mode function and residue by using sifting algorithm.Secondly,some linear transformations techniques have been applied on various bidimensional intrinsic modes obtained and residue and further on joining the transformed modes with residue,enhanced intensity component is obtained.Saturation part of an image is then enhanced in accordance to the enhanced intensity component.Final enhanced image can be obtained by joining the hue,enhanced intensity and enhanced saturation parts of the given image.The proposed algorithm will not only give the visual pleasant image but maintains the naturalness of image also.

Strategies for Advancing Road Construction Slope Stability: Unveiling Innovative Techniques for Managing Unstable Terrain

This comprehensive review paper explores various aspects of geotechnical engineering, with a focus on the management of unstable terrains, numerical methods for solving complex soil and consolidation problems, rheological analysis of suspensions and muddy soils, and stability analysis of slopes. It begins by examining the unique physicochemical properties of cohesive sediments, including cohesion and specific surface area. The temporal evolution of deposit concentration and average bed concentration in unstable terrains is discussed, along with settling behavior of isolated particles and hindered settling using empirical equations. Key sedimentation theories, such as Kynch’s theory, and geotechnical consolidation theories, including Terzaghi’s consolidation equation and Gibson’s theory, are presented. The investigation interrelates these theories and principles to offer a holistic view of managing unstable terrains. It also addresses the challenges associated with experimental determination of constitutive relationships and presents alternative simplification methods proposed by researchers. Additionally, it delves into numerical methods for solving nonlinear partial differential equations governing soil behavior, emphasizing the need for numerical frameworks and discussing various techniques and associated challenges. The rheological analysis section covers material flow behavior, rheological behavior models, and the rheological properties of water and cohesive sediment mixtures. Fundamental geotechnical calculations, constitutive laws, and failure criteria are explained, highlighting their relevance in geotechnical engineering applications. This paper provides a multidimensional perspective on geotechnical engineering, offering valuable insights into soil properties, consolidation processes, numerical methods, rheological analysis, and slope stability assessment for professionals in the field.

Image Non-Uniformity Correction in 3T Gd-EOB-DTPA-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Comparison among Different Software Versions

Background: Non-uniformity in signal intensity occurs commonly in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, which may pose substantial problems when using a 3T scanner. Therefore, image non-uniformity correction is usually applied. Purpose: To compare the correction effects of the phased-array uniformity enhancement (PURE), a calibration-based image non-uniformity correction method, among three different software versions in 3T Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging. Material and Methods: Hepatobiliary-phase images of a total of 120 patients who underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging on the same 3T scanner were analyzed retrospectively. Forty patients each were examined using three software versions (DV25, DV25.1, and DV26). The effects of PURE were compared by visual assessment, histogram analysis of liver signal intensity, evaluation of the spatial distribution of correction effects, and evaluation of quantitative indices of liver parenchymal enhancement. Results: The visual assessment indicated the highest uniformity of PURE-corrected images for DV26, followed by DV25 and DV25.1. Histogram analysis of corrected images demonstrated significantly larger variations in liver signal for DV25.1 than for the other two versions. Although PURE caused a relative increase in pixel values for central and lateral regions, such effects were weaker for DV25.1 than for the other two versions. In the evaluation of quantitative indices of liver parenchymal enhancement, the liver-to-muscle ratio (LMR) was significantly higher for the corrected images than for the uncorrected images, but the liver-to-spleen ratio (LSR) showed no significant differences. For corrected images, the LMR was significantly higher for DV25 and DV26 than for DV25.1, but the LSR showed no significant differences among the three versions. Conclusion: There were differences in the effects of PURE among the three software versions in 3T Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging. Even if the non-uniformity correction method has the same brand name, correction effects may differ depending on the software version, and these differences may affect visual and quantitative evaluations.

沟谷地形下非均匀条带开采采场结构参数优化

沟谷地形下的缓倾斜矿层原岩应力场受地形影响较大,同一采区甚至盘区的采场所处的地应力环境有较大差异,采用与此种特殊地应力环境相匹配的采场结构参数对矿区的高效开采有重要意义。本文以宜昌晒旗河矿区为工程背景,提出非均匀条带开采方案,运用简支梁理论、弹塑性理论计算条带采留宽度,采用FLAC3D软件分别对采用均匀条带开采和非均匀条带开采的采场进行数值模拟,从应力、位移变化及塑性区分布规律等方面分析了采场稳定性特征。研究结果表明:相比于全部采场结构参数按矿体最大埋深计算的均匀条带开采方案,不同埋深采用不同采留宽度的非均匀条带开采方案使采场的应力分布更为均匀,在保证采场稳定的前提下,提升了生产能力,对沟谷地形下采场结构参数优化具有一定借鉴意义。

Intensified haze formation and meteorological feedback by complex terrain in the North China Plain region

华北平原地区冬季雾霾污染频发,本研究结合地面观测,卫星反演和大气动力-化学耦合模拟发现,该地区复杂地形加剧了细颗粒物污染及其与大气边界层之间的相互作用.一方面,复杂地形导致污染在山麓平原积聚,加强迎风坡上升气流.在污染事件中,污染层易被抬升至1-2公里高度,高空较强的氧化能力利于二次气溶胶生成;另一方面,地形导致的污染层抬升和二次生成进一步加强气溶胶-边界层相互作用,削弱垂直扩散并加剧近地面大气污染.

基于激光SLAM多地形机器人的设计

为解决传统轮式机器人在复杂地形中受限与腿式机器人控制策略复杂的问题,提出一种多地形机器人。结合激光即时定位与地图构建(SLAM)方法和自适应式轮腿机构,将树莓派作为运算单元,搭载(ROS)机器人操作系统,应用激光SLAM技术实现环境地图构建和机器人导航,同时结合深度模型和摄像头完成图像任务。自适应式轮腿机械结构使机器人能够根据环境需求自动切换为轮式或腿式行进模式。底层控制器采用STM32F407,机器人通过PID算法能实现精准的移动和机械臂作业。结果表明:该多地形机器人控制方法简单高效,在坡地、草地、坑地、台阶障碍物等复杂地形中展现了灵活移动的能力,最大翻越障碍高度可达250 mm,爬坡角度可达45°,在稳定性和适应性方面具有显著优势。

六盘山地形及相对湿度对微波辐射计反演气温的影响

利用2018年4月至2019年11月的六盘山隆德站微波辐射计探测资料与平凉站探空资料,研究了微波辐射计反演温度(TM)对空气相对湿度的敏感性。首次提出湿度敏感性系数(HSR)和零度漂移度(ZDD)概念,利用这两个参量在不同高度层的分布特征,研究了六盘山地形对空气相对湿度和温度的影响,主要结论如下:(1)非降水天气条件下,空气相对湿度越大,HSR与1.0的差别越大,ZDD也越大。(2)六盘山地形对大气层的湿度垂直分布影响较大。爬坡气流或抬升气流明显增加了3 km以下气层湿度水平,晴天和阴天条件下空气相对湿度分别在山顶以上0.5 km气层和1.0~2.0 km气层达到最大,TM比实际温度最大能偏低2.7℃。(3)地形对气层湿度的影响进一步影响了空气温度的垂直分布,阴天条件下的大气逆辐射加热使得3 km以下气层平均升温2.3℃,因湿度敏感性产生的温度影响平均达到0.9℃,最高能达到1.7℃。

电大山区地物环境中电波传播的电磁计算

在无人驾驶与无人机等新兴行业中,信号覆盖范围的要求较高,不仅仅在城市,在人迹罕至的山地、沙漠、森林中也需要无线信号的覆盖才能真正完成远程操控,这些地区更多需要考虑的是地势变化对电磁传播所带来的影响。计算电磁学中的一致性几何绕射理论方法是分析电大环境电磁问题的有效方法,使用计算电磁学的方法研究电磁波在山区地物环境中的传播规律。给出了一种建立不规则地形模型的新方法,可以通过数字高程的网格数据生成电磁算法可用的三次多项式曲面,使用多个立方曲面对不规则地形进行拼接,使用平均均方根误差验证模型数据的准确性。基于所得的地形数据,完成了并行的几何光学算法,并对区域电磁场的分布进行了仿真计算。选取了实际山区地物环境进行了实地测量,测量结果与仿真结果对比趋势一致,验证了该方法在非规则地形中电磁波传播分析中的有效性。考虑环境电磁计算的规模,建立了相应的并行策略,100核测试的并行效率可以保持在80%以上。

地形影响的水平相关模型在CMA-MESO中的应用

在背景误差水平相关模型中引入地形作用,研究复杂地形下近地面观测资料同化对分析和预报的影响。CMAMESO三维变分系统中背景误差水平相关关系采用高斯相关模型描述,观测信息在高度追随坐标的模式面上各向同性传播。然而在地形复杂的近地面层,观测信息传播受到山脉阻挡,因而其背景误差协方差非均匀且各向异性,观测信息传播应随地形高度变化。为此,采用美国国家气象中心NMC方法统计复杂地形下背景误差水平相关结构,构建包含地形高度和地形梯度影响的高斯相关模型,并将改进的水平相关模型应用于CMA-MESO三维变分分析。理想试验表明:考虑地形项的水平相关模型方案使观测信息以随地形高度变化的各向异性形式传播,越过大地形观测信息影响明显减弱,分析增量更加合理。我国北方一次强降水过程分析预报试验表明:随地形高度变化的水平相关模型方案使地面观测信息各向异性传播,削弱了大地形处近地面的分析增量,对降水预报略有正贡献。针对华东地区降水过程进行5 d逐小时快速更新分析预报循环试验结果表明,随地形变化的水平相关模型方案对10 m风场和24 h时效内降水预报有正贡献。

沙漠履带式运输车通过性仿真与试验

为提高沙漠地区车辆运输车能力,通过对沙漠土壤参数和履带车辆在松软地面通过性理论的分析,设计一种配备三角履带板的LY352J型沙漠履带式运输车。该车能够进行人员物资运输、车辆牵引、绞盘牵引作业,主要由三角履带板、绞盘和驾驶室等关键部位组成。通过理论分析和计算,确定各关键部件参数及沙漠履带式运输车在沙漠松软地面下的牵引通过性,应用Creo软件建立该履带车辆的虚拟样机模型,并采用RecurDyn(Recursive Dynamic)动力学仿真软件对车辆履带的最佳张紧力选择、直行、爬坡、转弯进行模拟仿真。结果显示,车重45%的条件下履带最佳张紧力为26.46 kN,能够保证车辆运行平稳且各项性能良好;上坡仿真得到的最大坡度为30°;转向动力学仿真中,车辆在路面上的转向稳定性较优,但在转弯时车辆容易失稳,会出现横向倾斜。最后在试验场地对试验样机进行直行、纵向爬坡和转向试验,验证该车型在沙漠地形实际行走时具有良好通过性能,能够克服轮式运输车在沙地沉陷的弊端,可满足现阶段沙漠地形运输作业的需求。