The role of forest culture in green construction and management of forest parks:merging knowledge-attitude-practice and theory of planned behavior

As a cultural concept refl ecting the relationship between humans and forests,forest culture plays an active role in sustainable forest management.Forest parks provide a wide range of ecosystem services essential for the sustainable development of society,and the relationships between forest culture,green construction and management of forest parks have practical signifi cance.This study aimed to understand the interaction and process of forest culture infl uencing green construction and management in forest parks with the models Knowledge-Attitude-Practice(KAP)and Theory of Planned Behavior(TPB)by proposing a theoretical model.Four hypotheses were tested using data collected from 193 forest park employees in Heilongjiang Province,China.Our results show that forest culture had a signifi cant infl uence on green construction and forest management.In addition,subjective norm and perceived behavioral control directly impacted behavior in green construction and management of the forest park,whereas attitude did not have an impact.Subjective norm had a direct eff ect on attitude.Results between constructs show that forest culture had an indirect eff ect on planning and construction,and on ecological and economic management.Consequently,it supported three of four hypotheses within the proposed model in determining the infl uence of forest culture on green construction and management.

Culture phenomenon analysis on the forest tour activity of China

This paper analyzes culture and forest culture, the intension of culture and forest culture, combines the understanding of the main cultural foctor with the forest tour activity of China, analyzes the compatible phenomenon of Chinese forest culture and traditional culture, and explores culture of forest tourist site coutaining the meaning in forest tour. The author thinks the tour of forest culture which will be the important component of forest tour in forest culture. This paper puts forward simple questions existing in exploitation and advantage of forest rout culture, and proposes some countermeasures.

Protection and Utilization of Cultural Landscape in a Forest Park in Ethnic Minority Region ——With a Case of Zhangjiajie

Presently, more and more attention is paid to cultural landscapes by peo-ple at travel ing, especial y for folk culture in ethnic minority regions where rich hu-man landscapes could be ful y made use of to improve landscape quality. In the research, cultural landscapes in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park were surveyed and evaluated to analyze characters of cultural utilization, as wel as problems existing in the Park. In addition, highlights were given to protection on cultural landscapes in a forest park construction, presentation of ethnic minority culture, and ful development of tourism products.

The Cultural Ecology Protection and Management of Urban Forests in China

Forests have economic,ecological,social and cultural functions.Forests Cultural ecology,the counterpart of forest ecology,is the integration of human spirit formed on the basis of natural forest and living systems.In recent years,China's urbanization rate has increased from 28%in 1993 to 45.68%in 2008,and ecological protection of urban forest has made great progress,but insufficient attention was paid to the forest cultural ecology protection and the relevant regulatory was not well performed.In order to strengthen the protection of forest cultural ecology and the management,the study showed that the social economic development of China has become mature and entered the consumption phase,besides,cultural ecology protection of forest will be the essence of urban forestry development in the future,so more and more attention will be paid to the protection of urban forest cultural ecology,especially with the enhancement of urbanization in China.The study suggests that protection of urban forest cultural ecology should be included into the forest legislation and management.The development planning of urban forest development should be strengthened to highlight the organic combination of material wealth production and spiritual wealth production,and finally promote protection of urban forest culture and the development of green culture.

Aboveground carbon sequestration of Cunninghamia lanceolata forests:Magnitude and drivers

Understanding the spatial variation,temporal changes,and their underlying driving forces of carbon sequestration in various forests is of great importance for understanding the carbon cycle and carbon management options.How carbon density and sequestration in various Cunninghamia lanceolata forests,extensively cultivated for timber production in subtropical China,vary with biodiversity,forest structure,environment,and cultural factors remain poorly explored,presenting a critical knowledge gap for realizing carbon sequestration supply potential through management.Based on a large-scale database of 449 permanent forest inventory plots,we quantified the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of aboveground carbon densities and carbon accumulation rates in Cunninghamia lanceolate forests in Hunan Province,China,and attributed the contributions of stand structure,environmental,and management factors to the heterogeneity using quantile age-sequence analysis,partial least squares path modeling(PLS-PM),and hot-spot analysis.The results showed lower values of carbon density and sequestration on average,in comparison with other forests in the same climate zone(i.e.,subtropics),with pronounced spatial and temporal variability.Specifically,quantile regression analysis using carbon accumulation rates along an age sequence showed large differences in carbon sequestration rates among underperformed and outperformed forests(0.50 and 1.80 Mg·ha^(-1)·yr^(-1)).PLS-PM demonstrated that maximum DBH and stand density were the main crucial drivers of aboveground carbon density from young to mature forests.Furthermore,species diversity and geotopographic factors were the significant factors causing the large discrepancy in aboveground carbon density change between low-and high-carbon-bearing forests.Hotspot analysis revealed the importance of culture attributes in shaping the geospatial patterns of carbon sequestration.Our work highlighted that retaining largesized DBH trees and increasing shade-tolerant tree species were important to enhance carbon sequestration in C.lanceolate forests.

Tree-based ecosystem services supply and multifunctionality of church forests and their agricultural matrix near Lake Tana,Ethiopia

Ecosystem services(ES)are the connection between nature and society,and are essential for the well-being of local communities that depend on them.In Ethiopia,church forests and the surrounding agricultural matrix supply numerous ES.However,the ES delivered by both land use types have not yet been assessed simultaneously.Here we surveyed both church forests and their agricultural matrices,aiming to quantify,compare and unravel the drivers underlying tree-based ES supply,density and multifunctionality.We found that almost all church forests and half of the agricultural matrices provided high ES densities.ES multifunctionality was higher in the agricultural matrices,suggesting that people deliberately conserve or plant multifunctional tree species.Furthermore,the supply of all categories of ES was positively correlated with church forest age(p-value<0.001)in the agricultural matrix,while the extent of church forest was positively correlated with the density of all categories ecosystem services score in the church forests(p-value<0.001).Our results can be used to prioritize conservation efforts at sites that provide high levels of ES supply,ES density and ES multifunctionality,and to prioritize restoration efforts at sites with low levels thereof.

Cultural knowledge of forests and allied tree system management around Mabira Forest Reserve,Uganda

The cultural universe is sometimes confusing,surprising and murky,so many cultural maps get drawn,discussed and envisioned.A study was undertaken around Mabira Forest Reserve in central Uganda to identify the trees and shrubs culturally managed on-farm,assess the cultural practices of forest and tree system management and determine the relationship between farmer gender and forest and tree system management.We engaged 203 farmers in focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews to collect data.Qualitative data were jointly evaluated with farmers;quantitative data were analyzed in SPSS 20.0.The results showed a high likelihood for involvement of local people in tree or forest management for economic gain,as timber and fast-growing species were highly ranked.Food and medicinal species were also regarded as important,suggesting high prospects of integrating them into the local farming system or protecting them in the forest.Numerous cultural practices(including rituals,trenching,bark slashing,ring barking,spot weeding and use of organic manure and pesticides)of forest and tree system management were acknowledged.However,their knowledge was mixed and unclear about distinct cultural and supportive arrangements for natural forest and tree restoration.While gender was not a significant cultural attribute for knowledge of the forest and allied tree system management,age substantially affected farmer propensity for various timber products.Also farmer’s family size influenced the collection of tree wildings and fodder.We encourage considering gender disparities and livelihood needs including income,during selection of cultural practices for forest and tree restoration.

Foresters of the Cities, Citizens of the Forests： Cultural and Functional Perspectives for Forests Between Country and City

Thanks to the distinctive technological development of the Western world and to the development of the urbanization phenomenon （the 75% of the European population lives in urban centers）, an epochal change emerged as regards the perception and meaning of forests for the society during the last decades. This change has involved citizens from every aspect and level of social and public life： from politics to science, education and training. This change has of course affected all of the rural system as well. We lives in a new dimension with which forest culture must confront itself, in a moment in which one is quickly passing towards a metropolitan widespread culture, strongly characterized not by real experience with the forest environment but by a specific urban culture. This paper highlighted how necessary a complex and evolving reality like the present one is to promote adequate forms of participation and sharing in the choices concerning the territory （＂the future of all of us＂） and most of all the development of a new cultural identity and sense of territorial belonging that integrates the values of the rural system into the perception of a society that is becoming ever more urban.

Ecotourism Development in the Context of Cultural and Tourism Integration:A Case Study of Wanli Mopan Mountain Forest Park

The integration of culture and tourism is a new form of tourism and a trend of tourism industry development.Mopan Mountain Forest Park in Wanli District of Nanchang City is taken as research object,and the excavation of its cultural elements is analyzed.It is thought that cultural elements can revitalize the culture and tourism industry,promote the integration of culture and tourism,encourage the mutual penetration of cultural innovation,design services and tourism products,improve the development and service level of cultural tourism products,and accelerate the development of characteristic cultural tourism.

Mushroom Production as an Alternative for Rural Development in a Forested Mountainous Area

Wild mushrooms are recognized as important non-wood forest products in mountainous ecosystems, but their real potential for generating rural economies has not been fully evaluated due to the difficulties in obtaining reliable productivity data, minimizing their true potential as contributor to rural economies. Mushroom yield models based on large data series from Pinus forest ecosystems in the region of Catalonia(Spain), combined with data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory allow us to estimate the potential mushroom productivity by forest ecosystems. The results of 24,500 tons/yr of mushrooms of which 16,300 tons are classified as edible and 7,900 tons are commonly marketed demonstrate the importance of mushroom productions in Catalonian pine forests, mostly located in mountainous areas where the development of agricultural activities is limited. Economic mushroom value is estimated at 48 million € for the edible mushroom and 32 million € for those corresponding to marketable yields, confirming the potential of this non-wood forest product. These production results and corresponding economic values provide a basis for the incorporation of wild mushrooms as significant non-wood forest products in the development of forest policies in mountainous areas.

Composition of forests and vegetation in the Kailash Sacred Landscape,Nepal

A total of 141 quadrats were sampled using stratified random sampling to study forest,environment and human interactions along an elevation gradient 1800 to 3665 m at the remote Kailash Sacred Landscape,Nepal.Eight forest types were identified,including Laurel-Oak to Rhododendron to Blue pine,comprising 191 species including 60 useful from 166 genera and 87 families.The environmental variables elevation,slope,and temperature were significant(p<0.001)in determining the composition and distribution of forest types.Records of large numbers of useful plants along with diverse forest and vegetation types suggest a strong association between the culture of local villages and nature conservation.Due to changes in climate,socio-culture and land-use,forest degradation is expected to accelerate,thus forcing government and indigenous community forest management measures to acknowledge human,cultural and environmental variables for sustainable forest management.

Optimum Control for Spread of Pollutants through Forest Resources

Pollution has become the most critical factor spread by forest resources through wood-based and non-wood based industries. In other words, pollution is omnipresent. In this paper, the major pollutants caused due to wood and non-wood based industries are discussed which are the primary resources of the forest in spreading the pollution. In order to study the impact of industrialization and associated pollution on forest resources, the system of non-linear ordinary differential equations is formulated. The controls are advised on both types of industries to reduce the pollution.

Constraints to Tropical Forest Conservation and Successful Monitoring and Assessment of Land Uses Cover and Change: Do the Forest Definition and Administration Really Matter?

We examine the constraints to conservation and to successful forestlands’ monitoring/assessments in central Togo through GIS spatial analyses and through a critical overview of the current forestry administration’s model. The major findings are that the land classification based on few inventory parameters cannot substitute for “what forest is”, rather these inventory parameters constitute a mean to sound forest management and conservation when relevantly decided. Also as these parameters measured from satellite imagery are supplemented by continuous fine management data they may consistently contribute to the classification of the vegetation cover. This helps to suggest that solution to forest degradation/deforestation, and monitoring/ assessment requires data refinement through local forest management. Else, the actual forestry administration is local communities and indigenous people’s needs biased because it has been negligent of the cultural forestry practices, the major constraints to conservation and the monitoring/assessment of forest lands. As a common pool-resource, the questions relative to forest cannot be addressed at a single environmental concerns level. Interests are multiple and various along the spectrum from the global environment level to the local environmental level that should be accounted for. Thus we recommend a reconsideration of the forestry administration model. What is required are simple policies processes to define forest management plans that promote simultaneously sustainable forest management while accounting for any stakeholder concern, importantly the cultural forestry that addresses specific local communities and indigenous people’s forest related interests.

An Innovative Land Approach for Spatially Determining SDGs-Sustainably Governing German Spree Forest and Lusatia Region

In times of highest necessities for United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)and acknowledging planetary boundaries,the need for understanding general global goals and regional to local strategic governing structures has to be supported while combining assessment,monitoring,governance approaches,together with landscape planning,land use based approaches,land system and sustainability science.The initial research embeds an incrementally worked out theoretical framework followed by applied research parts.The case studies and field data in the German Lusatia Region and inner part Spree Forest Region inhabit intrinsic drivers of finding ways over bridging deficiencies of theoretical and applied adjusted objectives and in this small excerpt mainly about the scale and planning level,instrumental flexibility deficiencies while transmitting global transformation needs to the regional,local planning level and backward(counter-current principle).Innovative instrumental assessment structures were created with a new approach of spatially determining SDGs for accelerated Climate Smart Planning(CSP)and Integrated Drought and Water Management(IDWM).This research supports processes around acceleration and assessment of climate change-,crises-related and sustainable development options while enhancing interdisciplinary sustainability science for gaining more regional land resilience.

整体性保护视野下文化景观遗产地产业发展策略研究--以景迈山为例

文化景观保护的理论和实践都强调将人和非物质要素纳入到遗产的整体性保护之中。遗产地的产业发展方式深刻影响着遗产保护效果。普洱景迈山古茶林文化景观遗产地的产业发展因申遗成功迎来新的机遇,但由于整体性保护理念在制度中并未得到充分明确且在实践中认识不足,遗产地产业发展重点偏向物质要素而忽略了非物质要素,导致茶产业发展思路和村寨利用方式与遗产保护目标契合度不够,文旅产业偏向观光而没有全面展示遗产内涵,非物质文化遗产传承面临断层风险,影响了遗产地可持续发展的文化根基。挖掘非物质要素的产业价值,以整体性保护视角重构产业发展思路,构建“践行传统生产生活赋能产业发展”的良性循环,并在制度上明确整体性保护理念、完善产业发展引导和扶持规范,或许是化解遗产地发展需求与遗产保护间矛盾的可行策略。

Charcoal kiln sites, associated landscape attributes and historic forest conditions:DTM-based investigations in Hesse(Germany)

Background： An examination of the distribution of ancient charcoal kiln sites in the forest landscape seems to be worthwhile, since general trends in the selection of suitable kiln site locations in the past might become obvious. In this way forest landscape elements with a more intense usage by charcoal burning can be identified. By doing this, we can expect to gain information on the former condition and tree species composition of woodland. Investigations on the spatial distribution of charcoal kiln sites in relation to landscape attributes are sparse, however, probably due to the high on-site mapping effort. The outstanding suitability of LiDAR-derived digital terrain models （DTMs） for the detection of charcoal kiln sites has been recently proved. Hence, DTM-based surveys of charcoal kiln sites represent a promising attempt to fill this research gap. Methods： Based on DTM-based surveys, we analyzed the spatial distribution of charcoal kiln sites in two forest landscapes in the German federal state of Hesse： Reinhardswald and Kellerwald-Edersee National Park. In doing so, we considered the landscape attibutes ＂tree species composition＂, ＂water supply status＂, ＂nutrient supply status＂, ＂soil complex classes＂, ＂altitude＂, ＂exposition＂, and ＂inclination＂. Results： We found that charcoal kiln sites were established preferably on hillside locations that provided optimal growing and regeneration conditions for European beech （Fagus sylvatico） due to their acidic brown soils and sufficient water supply. These results are in line with instructions for the selection of appropriate kiln site locations, found in literature from the 18th to the 19th century. Conclusions： We conclude that there were well-stocked, beech-dominated deciduous forest stands in northern Hesse before 1800, particularly at poorly accessible hillside locations. These large stocks of beech wood were utilized by the governments of the different Hessian territories through the establishment of ironworks and hammer mills. Our argumentation is well in line with findings which underline that not all Hessian forests were overexploited in the 18th century. Frequently repeated complaints about ＂wood shortage＂ seemed to be more a political instrument than reality, not only in Hesse, but all over Europe. Consequently, a differentiated assessment of woodland conditions in proto-industrial times is strictly advised, even if contemporary sources draw a dark picture of the historic situation.

森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力评估

针对森林环境文物建筑集中区域环境复杂,难以准确评估区域灭火救援能力等问题,基于层次分析法(AHP),提出耦合森林因素的单体文物建筑灭火救援能力评估方法,涵盖建筑材料、森林防火隔离带、消防水源等19个二级指标;在单体评估基础上,从区域视角建立一种基于变权法的森林环境文物建筑集中区域灭火救援能力评估模型;并引入惩罚占主导的混合型变权函数,设置评价策略,确定惩罚与激励区间,区分文物建筑保护等级,提出风险等级划分方法;通过实地调研和数据收集,结合定权法和变权法评价森林环境文物建筑集中区域(岳麓山风景名胜区)的灭火救援能力。结果表明:单体文物建筑评级为优、良、中、次、差的数量占比分别为12%、20%、32%、20%、16%。区域定权法得分为75.27(Ⅲ级,不需采取提升措施),变权法得分为69.97(Ⅳ级,需采取提升措施);建议采取增设电气火灾预警系统、增加森林防火隔离带等措施来提升灭火救援能力。

亚洲茶文化景观在世界遗产中的潜力及贡献

茶文化景观是国际古迹遗址理事会(ICOMOS)重点关注的乡村景观遗产类型。亚洲,尤其是中国,是全球茶文化的发祥地,6000年来人们对野生茶树的驯化、培育、管理和利用,反映了独特环境、社会、经济和文化条件下的生态智慧,具有全球文化传播和可持续发展的代表性。中国普洱景迈山古茶林文化景观的成功登录填补了茶文化景观在世界遗产中的空白。分析世界遗产文化景观的快速发展趋势,以及基于农业经济的亚洲乡村文化景观在类型数量和价值展示中的不足,回顾国际乡村景观遗产前沿研究和文件,指出亚洲茶文化景观在世界遗产文化景观类型中的缺口,以文化景观自然-文化关联性和物质-非物质整体性的视角,揭示亚洲茶文化景观在“反映和谐可持续的人地关系与实践智慧”“促进传统生计与可持续发展”“传承与传播文化多样性”3个方面的潜力与贡献。以期为系统开展亚洲和中国茶文化景观研究提供理论基础与认知视角,为完善亚洲茶文化景观类型作出贡献。

森林根际土壤细菌的分离、鉴定及生物活性筛选

【目的】从无量山国家级自然保护区森林根际土壤发掘具有多种生物活性的功能菌株,探究其开发应用潜力。【方法】采集无量山地区25个区域植物的根际土壤,采用选择培养基,分离鉴定磷酸盐溶解、固氮、溶锌和拮抗等活性菌株,进一步测定菌株分泌铁载体、ACC脱氨酶和吲哚乙酸等生物活性,并验证促番茄种子发芽和生长效果。【结果】分离鉴定得到解磷菌70株,固氮菌27株,解钾菌8株,拮抗镰刀菌的菌株51株。其中,YIM B08401和YIM B08402形态学结合生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列测序,鉴定为白色伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia alba)和青岛假单胞菌(Pseudomonas qingdaonensis),两个菌株均具有磷酸盐溶解、固氮、溶锌和分泌铁载体的活性,最大可溶性磷含量为(455.63±59.65)mg/L和(878.95±64.78)mg/L;两株菌的促种子发芽试验结果接近,施加稀释10倍、10^(2)倍和10^(3)倍的发酵上清液后,发芽率都维持在82%-93%,明显高于对照组的56%和49%,施加菌株发酵液的处理组相较于空白对照组的长度都有显著增加。盆栽实验证明,两株菌株促生效果最明显的处理组在地上部长度、鲜重、干重、茎粗、根长、根鲜重、根干重方面的数据都显著优于对照组,YIM B08401的上述指标相对于对照组分别显著增加了89%、495%、268%、62%、53%、385%和469%,YIM B08402的上述指标相对于对照组分别显著增加了118%、528%、477%、55%、37%、413%和747%。此外,菌株YIM B08401还具有拮抗病原菌和分泌ACC脱氨酶活性,YIM B08402则还具有分泌吲哚乙酸的活性。【结论】无量山森林根际土壤蕴含具有多种生物活性的功能菌株,白色伯克霍尔德氏菌(B. alba, YIM B08401)和青岛假单胞菌(P. qingdaonensis, YIM B08402)具备开发为新型微生物肥料的应用潜力。