Mushroom Production as an Alternative for Rural Development in a Forested Mountainous Area

Wild mushrooms are recognized as important non-wood forest products in mountainous ecosystems, but their real potential for generating rural economies has not been fully evaluated due to the difficulties in obtaining reliable productivity data, minimizing their true potential as contributor to rural economies. Mushroom yield models based on large data series from Pinus forest ecosystems in the region of Catalonia(Spain), combined with data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory allow us to estimate the potential mushroom productivity by forest ecosystems. The results of 24,500 tons/yr of mushrooms of which 16,300 tons are classified as edible and 7,900 tons are commonly marketed demonstrate the importance of mushroom productions in Catalonian pine forests, mostly located in mountainous areas where the development of agricultural activities is limited. Economic mushroom value is estimated at 48 million € for the edible mushroom and 32 million € for those corresponding to marketable yields, confirming the potential of this non-wood forest product. These production results and corresponding economic values provide a basis for the incorporation of wild mushrooms as significant non-wood forest products in the development of forest policies in mountainous areas.

Yield models for predicting aboveground ectomycorrhizal fungal productivity in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands of northern Spain

Background: Predictive models shed light on aboveground fungal yield dynamics and can assist decision-making in forestry by integrating this valuable non-wood forest product into forest management planning. However, the currently existing models are based on rather local data and, thus, there is a lack of predictive tools to monitor mushroom yields on larger scales.Results: This work presents the first empirical models for predicting the annual yields of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms and related ecosystem services in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands in northern Spain, using a long-term dataset suitable to account for the combined effect of meteorological conditions and stand structure.Models were fitted for the following groups of fungi separately: all ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, edible mushrooms and marketed mushrooms. Our results show the influence of the weather variables(mainly precipitation) on mushroom yields as well as the relevance of the basal area of the forest stand that follows a right-skewed unimodal curve with maximum predicted yields at stand basal areas of 30–40 m2·ha-1.Conclusion: These models are the first empirical models for predicting the annual yields of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands in northern Spain, being of the highest resolution developed to date and enable predictions of mushrooms productivity by taking into account weather conditions and forests’ location, composition and structure.

三明市非木质林产品产业区域发展评价

非木质林产品相对于原有的木质林产品而言,具有发展模式多、生产周期短、产业链条长、附加价值大等显著优势,是福建省三明市林权改革后林业发展的重要内容。在产业经济理论、区域经济理论的指导下,构建了三明市非木质林产品产业区域竞争力评价指标体系,采取主成分分析法,对三明市各区县非木质林产品产业竞争力水平、影响因素进行了分析。提出基于产业竞争优势的区域非木质林产品产业发展策略,旨在为三明市制订非木质林产品产业发展政策提供依据。

三明市非木质林产品产业结构关联分析

三次产业结构的调整和优化是产业经济发展的有效途径,也是提高产业综合竞争力的基本任务。非木质林产品产业作为福建省三明市林业发展的一大特色,对三明市林业产业的转型升级有着举足轻重的拉动和提升作用。对非木质林产品三次产业结构内部关联性的分析可以作为非木质林产品产业结构调整和优化的基础。由于灰色系统理论对时间序列短、统计数据少、信息不完全系统的建模与分析具有独特的优势,因此,采用灰色关联度分析法和灰色预测法对三明市非木质林产品三次产业结构变化的关联性和未来的发展状况进行计算和预测。

Thermal Diagnosis of Heat Conduction and Combustion Time of Fruits of the Brazil Nut Tree (<i>Bertholletia excelsa</i>Bonpl.)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial and temporal dynamics of the process of combustion of fruits of the Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) using thermographic images in order to characterize the potential of this biomass as an energy source for use in ceramic kilns. Infrared thermography was used as a diagnostic tool, and the trial was conducted in November 2018, in two blocks with two repetitions in each, with the fruits organized so that the cavity was oriented upward and also downward. The thermograms were analyzed using Flir Tools (6.3 v). The temperatures were the highest in the center of the fruits (>160&deg;C), attaining incandescence in 6 min 30 s. Heat was propagated from the center to the edge, and this process was quicker for fruits with their cavities pointed upward. A second order polynomial model explained combustion time with a maximum duration of 7.2 minutes. The thermographic diagnostic has the potential to be used in management strategies for this biomass as an energy source, thus aggregating value to the residuals that are normally left in the forest during harvest by extractivists.

欧洲非木质林产品发展政策框架与价值创新及启示

非木质林产品利用历史悠久,特别是在贫困地区,是维持农民生计和增收的重要手段。欧盟将发展非木质林产品视为实现可持续发展目标、发展循环生物经济和应对气候变化的重要手段。文中介绍欧洲非木质林产品的发展概况和政策措施,分析其非木质林产品价值创新的典型案例,提出对我国非木质林产品发展的启示:一是因地制宜发展特色非木质林产品,助力乡村振兴;二是协调好非木质林产品利用与保护的关系,加快非木质林产品生产与流通;三是加大政策扶持力度,建立林业产业与其他行业政策融合机制;四是推动非木质林产品制度创新,探索多元化的生态产品价值实现路径。