Effect of Metaxenia on Volatile Compounds in Bagged Apple Fruit of Fuji

In the present study, the effect of pollen grain sources on volatile com- pounds in bagged apple fruit of Yan Fuji 3, grown at two experiment sites and pol- linated by pollens of other five cultivars was evaluated, to select appropriate poll- enizer cultivars for Fuji, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the flavor and aroma of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The results proved the significant metaxe- nia effect of the five pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds of bagged apple fruit of Fuji. The numbers of both volatile compounds and characteristic aroma com- pounds in bagged apple fruit pollinated by Golden Delicious were larger and those of the fruit pollinated by Gala were smaller at both experiment sites. However, there were differences in the numbers of volatile compounds and characteristic aroma compounds among the fruits pollinated by Starkrimson, Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby at both experimental sites. The differences were caused by 12 compounds that only existed at a low level in certain samples. All of them were not the aroma contribu- tors except ethyl 2-methylbutyrate. The content of alcohols in bagged Fuji fruit was largely increased by Starkrimson and Ruby pollination; the content of aldehydes was obviously increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Gala pollination; the con- tents of esters and terpenes were significantly increased by Golden Delicious, Starkrimson and Ruby pollination. Jinxiuhaitang pollination showed no significant ef- fects for improving the content of four categories of volatile compounds. The metax- enia of the pollenizer cultivars on volatile compounds in bagged Fuji fruit was stable at the two experimental sites.

Research Progress in Effect of Bagging,Reflective Film and Greenhouse Film on Fruit Size of Peach

Referring to a large number of literatures, the effects of bagging, reflective film and greenhouse film on fruit size of peach were reviewed in this paper so as to provide basis for conducting relevant researches and producing larger fruits. The effects of different types of bags on fruit size of peach were analyzed. The weight variation of single fruit after bagged was investigated, and the relevant reasons were analyzed. In addition, the complexity of effect of greenhouse film on fruit size was also discussed. It is proposed that further comprehensive study on effect of bagging on fruit size should be carried out.

Pre-harvest fruit bagging influences fruit color and quality of apple cv. Delicious

An attempt was made to observe the effect of pre-harvest bagging with spun-bound fabric bags on color and quality of Delicious apple. Bagging was done about a month before harvesting and removed 3-day before harvesting. Bagged and non-bagged fruits were stored at 2℃ ± 1℃ and 90%-95% RH. Observations were recorded on color and fruit quality attributes such as total phenolics, AOX activity, fruit Ca contents, LOX activity, SSC and ascorbic acid contents at harvest and during storage. Our studies have revealed that bagged fruits have better color development (Hunter “a” = 52) than non-bagged fruits at harvest (Hunter “a” = 38), which declined slightly during storage. Similarly, at harvest, bagged fruits contained high amounts of Ca (5.38 mg/100g) and total phenolics (9.3 mg GAE/100gpulp) exhibited higher AOX activity (12.6 μmoles Trolox g-1), and had better SSC and ascorbic acid contents than non-bagged fruits, and there was a decline in all recorded parameters during storage. Bagged fruits exhibited lower LOX activity (1.38 μmoles min-1 g-1 FW) at harvest than non-bagged fruits (2.14 μmoles min-1 g-1 FW), indicating that non-bagged fruits were more senescent than bagged fruits. Further, LOX activity increased during storage both in bagged and non-bagged apples but increase in LOX activity was slower in bagged apples than in non-bagged apples.

Effect of Metaxenia on Sugars and Organic Acids and Taste Quality of Bagged Fuji Apple Fruits

In order to provide reference for the selection of appropriate pollination varieties facilitating the improvement of the flavor quality of bagged Fuji apple, the metaxenia effects of 5 pollination varieties on sugars, organic acids and flavor quality of bagged Fuji fruit were studied. The results showed that the 5 pollination varieties had significant metaxenia effects on sugars, organic acids and flavor quality of bagged Fuji fruit. For the sugar components, the fruits pollinated with Golden Delicious and Jinxiuhaitang showed higher glucose contents, and the fruit pollinated with Gala had the highest sucrose content; the fruits pollinated by Gala, Golden Delicious and Ruby exhibited higher malic acids, and the oxalic acid content and the succinic acid content were higher in the fruits pollinated with Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby ; and the fruit pollinated with Gala had the highest total sugar content, and the total acid content was higher in the fruits pollinated by Jinxiuhaitang and Ruby. The sugar-acid ratio was higher in the fruits pollinated with Gala and Golden Delicious, and the lowest in the fruit pollinated with Ruby. The senso- ry evaluation of fruits showed that the fruit pollinated with Ruby tasted sour-sweet, while the fruits pollinated with other 4 pollination varieties were sour and sweet moderately.

Effects of Bag Type on Fruit Quality of Red Massh Grapefruit

[Objectives]The effects of bag types on the appearance and internal quality of red Massh grapefruit were studied.[Methods]Outer-yellow inner-black double-layer pomelo special paper bags,white single-layer paper bags,yellow plastic film bags,and red plastic film bags were used to cover the fruit of red Massh grapefruit.With the fruit free of bagging as a control,the effects of fruit bags with different materials were compared.[Results]The four kinds of fruit bag treatments effectively reduced pests and diseases,and increased the good fruit rate,and the effects of paper bag treatments were better than those of film bags.The outer-yellow inner-black double-layer pomelo special paper bags had good air permeability and were easy to operate.The bagged fruit had a smooth and beautiful surface and showed a unique uniform pink color after removing the bags.The fruit had moderate sour and sweet flavor and good overall benefits.It is worthy of popularization and application.[Conclusions]Fruit bagging has good economic benefits,and it is recommended to use the outer-yellow inner-black double-layer pomelo special paper bags.

不同类型果袋对蟠桃果实品质的影响

为了明确蟠桃果实优质生产的果袋类型,以金霞油蟠和瑞油蟠2号2个蟠桃品种为试验材料,6月上旬分别选用外黄内黑双层袋、白色单层袋进行果实套袋处理,以不套袋处理为对照,研究了不同类型果袋对蟠桃果实外观品质和内在品质的影响。结果表明:与未套袋的对照相比,2个蟠桃品种果实套袋后单果重和可食率明显增大,成熟期果面黄色度增加、红色度降低,果面亮度和光洁度有效提高,果皮擦伤度和果实裂果率明显降低,带皮硬度、去皮硬度和可溶性固形物含量降低不显著,其中套外黄内黑双层袋的效果优于套白色单层袋。外黄内黑双层袋对提高蟠桃果实外观品质和内在品质的效果优于白色单层袋,研究结果可为今后生产实践中提高蟠桃果实品质,尤其是解决蟠桃裂果问题提供理论参考。

套袋对浙梨6号果实外观和内在品质的影响

【目的】研究不同套袋处理对浙梨6号果实外观和内在品质性状的影响,为改善浙梨6号综合品质、提升果品价值提供参考。【方法】以浙梨6号为试材,设置不同果袋、不同套袋方式和不同时期套袋处理,以果实不套袋为对照,测定成熟期果实的外观和内在品质的变化情况。【结果】不同果袋处理果面亮度均显著高于对照(P<0.05);套白色单层大袋果实果锈指数显著低于对照(P<0.05),可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖含量和甜度值与对照无显著差异。二次套袋果实果锈指数显著低于对照和一次套袋,可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、可滴定酸和维生素C(Vitamin C,VC)含量与对照无显著差异,果糖、葡萄糖含量和甜度值显著高于对照和一次套袋(P<0.05)。盛花后10、20、30 d套袋,黄绿果较多(≥50%),果锈指数较低(0.471~0.600),果点直径和密度显著低于对照,而盛花后60 d套袋,全锈果较多(72.5%);除盛花后10 d处理外,各时期套袋果实可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、可滴定酸和VC含量均与对照无显著差异。【结论】套白色单层大袋对浙梨6号果实外观品质改善效果显著,同时采用“白色小蜡袋+白色单层大袋”的二次套袋方式,盛花后10~30 d为生产黄绿色果品的防锈套袋适宜期,盛花后60 d为生产全锈褐皮果品的不防锈套袋适宜期,套袋对果实内在品质无显著负面影响。

免套袋栽培富士苹果果实品质与树体结构相关性分析

为明确免套袋栽培富士苹果果实品质与树体结构、枝类组成比例的相关性,以山东省31个果园的“富士”苹果为试材,研究外观品质、内在品质与树高、干径、冠径、枝类组成比例等参数的相关性。结果表明,单果重、果形指数与树高呈显著负相关,代表红色的a值与树高呈极显著负相关,与冠幅和树冠体积呈显著正相关,着色指数与树高呈显著负相关,与冠幅呈显著正相关,光洁度指数与冠幅呈显著正相关,和树冠体积呈极显著正相关;内在品质硬度、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、V C及钙含量与树体结构无显著相关性,可滴定酸含量与冠幅、树冠体积呈极显著负相关,花青素含量与干高呈极显著负相关。代表黄色的b值与枝长呈显著负相关,与叶丛枝比例呈显著正相关;可溶性固形物含量与枝长呈极显著负相关,与叶丛枝比例呈极显著正相关,与长枝比例呈显著负相关,可滴定酸含量与枝长呈显著负相关,与叶丛枝比例呈显著正相关,V C含量与主枝数呈显著正相关,与枝长呈极显著负相关,花青素含量与枝条数呈显著正相关。分析认为,初盛果期(<12 a生)富士果园,树高、干高、冠幅等树体结构指标对果实外观品质的影响大于对内在品质的影响,而枝类组成比例对内在品质的影响大于对外观品质的影响。

冷冻储存对黑木耳菌包特性和子实体品质的影响

为了探究冷冻储存对黑木耳菌包特性和子实体品质的影响,为黑木耳菌包冬季储存条件提供技术参考,以完成后熟的黑木耳菌包为试验材料,在-20℃条件下分别冷冻储存15 d和30 d,以20℃储存30 d为对照,观察测定黑木耳菌包特征、单袋产量、子实体形态特征和质构特性。结果表明,冷冻储存可抑制黑木耳菌包菌丝体生长,显著降低耳片硬度、弹性和咀嚼度,增加第1潮耳片产量。冷冻储存对耳片泡发率、黏聚性和回复性影响不显著。冷冻储存时间越长,第2潮耳片产量和单袋产量越低,耳片越薄,耳片弹性越低。

中国梨园全程机械化发展现状及建议

对当前梨园生产管理机械化发展情况进行分析,阐述了制约实现梨园全程机械化发展的关键生产环节是果实套袋、疏花疏果、水肥一体化、智能采收。提出全程机械化发展建议,包括制定和实行利于梨园全程机械化的标准、研发适宜化机械、建立健全果园机械化社会化服务体系。

不同类型果袋对天使红石榴果实品质的影响

【目的】果实套袋是提高果实品质的关键技术措施之一,研究不同类型果袋处理对天使红果实品质的影响,旨在选出合适的果袋类型,为天使红石榴的栽培管理提供参考。【方法】以5年生嫁接天使红为试验材料,以不套袋为对照,利用6种不同类型果袋对石榴果实进行套袋处理,比较不同处理后果实的内、外在品质,选出适宜天使红石榴套袋的果袋类型。【结果】白袋和灰袋能增加果实单果质量和百粒质量;其中灰袋处理较对照果实单果质量增加20%,百粒质量增加25%,效果最显著,但同时果皮厚度较对照显著增加30%;其他处理果皮厚度较对照果实无显著差异。不同处理间果实可溶性固形物含量无显著差异。除白袋、蓝袋外,其他4种果袋处理果实维生素C含量均高于对照果实;其中透明袋处理果实维生素C含量较对照增加20%,效果最显著。套袋果实苹果酸含量较对照增加12%~45%,其中灰袋效果最显著;透明袋、蓝袋、绿袋、灰袋处理果实柠檬酸含量较对照增加5%~13%,其中透明袋效果最显著。着色方面,灰袋处理果实a值最小,着色最浅;其中透明袋处理果实a值与对照差异最小,且显著高于其他果袋处理;除此之外,比较了果实成熟后不同时期果袋保鲜效果,发现透明袋保鲜性能显著优于其他果袋。【结论】通过比较不同果袋处理后的果实品质,透明袋能有效保护果实免受伤害,延长果实挂树期,增加果实维生素C含量且对其他感官品质无显著影响,其可作为天使红石榴优质生产栽培中的主要果袋类型。

果树木屑黑木耳袋栽基质研究

黑木耳产业对栎木资源的依赖是该产业发展和生态文明建设不相适应的突出表现,因而选取果树替代传统栎木是促进黑木耳产业绿色生态发展的潜在途径。本文选取苹果树木屑、桃树木屑、桔树木屑和核桃树木屑为黑木耳主要栽培基质,通过菌丝生长速度、菌丝密度、菌丝色泽以及锁状联合数目等指标考核最佳果木木屑袋栽基质。结果表明,黑木耳菌丝在桃树木屑袋料基质上生长最好,生长速度(5.62 mm/d)比对照组(5.24 mm/d)提高了7.25%;菌丝生长势较好,边缘整齐、浓密、色泽洁白且锁状联合数目较多;选取78%、82%、86%和90%等4个不同桃树木屑配比,通过不同袋料基质对桃树木屑黑木耳袋栽基质进行优化研究,最佳果木黑木耳袋栽基质配方为:桃树木屑78%、米糠19%、红糖1.5%、石膏粉1%、石灰粉0.5%,此时黑木耳菌丝的生长速度(10.06 mm/d)比对照组的生长速度(5.88 mm/d)提高了71.09%,且锁状联合数目最多。本研究结果表明,桃树可替代栎木进行黑木耳袋料栽培,为黑木耳产业的绿色高质量发展奠定基础。

不同类型果袋对“中梨1号”梨果点性状的影响

为探究6种不同类型果袋套袋对“中梨1号”果点的影响,以不套袋为对照,对成熟期各处理果实单果质量、可溶性固形物、糖酸及果形指标等进行测定,并观察、测定不同处理的果点大小、果点密度、果点凹凸、果点显隐性状。结果表明,套袋后,“中梨1号”梨果面果点变小,果点凸值明显降低,果点颜色变浅;不同果袋处理的梨果实平均单果质量略降低,果形指数和可溶性固形物含量无显著差异,可滴定酸含量降低;不同类型果袋相比,无纺布袋、外黄内白蜡纸袋果实仍保持绿色,果实品质下降程度最小,果点大小显著降低,果点凸值降低程度小;外黄内黑和外黄内红果袋处理的果实浅黄色,果实外观品质降低程度大。

不同枝果比和套袋对火龙果产量和品质的影响

以‘大红’火龙果为试验材料,探究不同枝果比和套袋对火龙果产量和品质的影响。结果表明,不同枝果比对果实单果重和大果率有显著影响,但对果实可溶性固形物等其他品质影响差异不显著。单果重随枝果比的增大而增大,其中以5∶1枝果比提升效果最明显,大果率达100%,但产量最低;3∶1枝果比的单果重和产量适中,且在可溶性固形物、可食率、果皮厚度和感观评分上表现较好。套袋显著降低果实单果重、产量和感官评分,降低可食率,对大果率、果皮厚度、可溶性固形物等影响不显著;除黑色尼龙网袋外,其余套袋处理均增加果实煤烟病发生率,降低果实外观品质;牛皮袋果面光泽度高,颜色鲜红,萼片绿色程度最高;白纸袋对促进萼片转红效果最佳。在生产中,推荐3∶1的枝果比+黑色尼龙网袋,能更大限度保证产量,有效提高果实品质。

套袋对西藏响富苹果品质的影响

林芝是西藏主要的苹果生产基地,因强烈光照和紫外线的影响,果实着色不均匀,色差明显,果皮较厚,日灼普遍,严重影响苹果品质。该试验结果表明:选用内红外棕双层果袋套袋、适当延迟内袋脱除时间可促进果实着色,减轻日灼等物理伤害,有效提升苹果品质和经济效益。

不同药肥处理对免套袋红富士外观及品质的影响

针对我国苹果套袋栽培用工量大、成本高,而免套袋栽培易出现品质下降的突出问题,本试验以阿珍富士、短枝富士等6个省内主栽品种为材料,通过采用高脂膜叶面肥、保护性杀菌剂及土壤控氮施肥三种处理,探究适合我省的富士苹果免袋栽培技术。结果表明:全年喷施6次高脂膜叶面肥、保护性杀菌剂,并结合土壤控氮40%施肥量,能显著提高福布拉斯等6个免套袋富士品种的果面光洁度,单果重增加40 g,含糖量增加1.75%,果实无明显病害,每667 m^(2)果园纯收入增加1680元~1715元,增产效果显著。

不同套袋材料对“三月白”枇杷果实品质的影响

为了探究不同套袋材料对“三月白”白肉枇杷果实品质的影响,采用双层黄色牛皮纸果袋、单层黄色牛皮纸果袋、外牛皮纸内编织袋双层果袋、单层编织果袋、外黄内黑双层牛皮纸果袋和外黄内黑单层牛皮纸果袋等6种市售果袋套袋,以不套袋做对照,测定不同套袋处理枇杷果实感官、外观和内在品质指标,同时利用主成分分析法筛选最适合的果袋材料。结果表明,6种套袋处理均能不同程度提高“三月白”枇杷的商品果率、单果质量和可食率,但降低了果实的可溶性固形物含量和固酸比;主成分分析综合评价,外层牛皮纸内层编织袋双层袋处理综合得分最高,优于其他套袋处理,建议“三月白”枇杷种植中可优先使用。

不同套袋材料对‘红美人’杂柑果实品质及经济效益的影响

【目的】探讨不同材质的套袋对‘红美人’杂柑果实品质的影响,为寻求其适宜的套袋材料。【方法】采用市售不同套袋材料,对红美人杂柑进行套袋试验。【结果】不套袋红美人杂柑的果实商品果率仅为41.3%,而套袋能明显改善果实外观品质,使果面着色更均匀,商品果率均高于65.3%,最高为采用外黄内黑单层纸袋套袋,商品果率高达76.0%。套袋基本能提高果实可溶性固形物含量、降低可滴定酸含量,其中外黄内黑三层纸袋的果实可溶性固形物含量最高,达11.6%,显著高于不套袋;用外黄内黑二层纸袋和外黄内黑三层纸袋套袋能显著提高果实固酸比,提升果实风味。经济效益分析亦表明,套袋后株利润提高了118.0~189.5元,能显著提高果农的经济效益。【结论】套袋能提高红美人杂柑果实商品果率,提升果实品质,增加果农收益。在套袋时,如果考虑采摘后果实统货销售,可以采用外黄内黑单层纸袋,果实外观品质好、经济效益更高;如要生产精品果,可以采用外黄内黑三层纸袋,套袋果实的可溶性固形物含量和固酸比高、品质好。

不同厚度聚乳酸复合保鲜袋对水果玉米的保鲜效果的研究

为研究不同厚度聚乳酸(Polylactic Acid,PLA)基复合保鲜袋对水果玉米的保鲜效果,采用厚度为0.01 mm和0.02 mm的PLA(聚乳酸)/PBAT(聚己二酸)复合保鲜袋(25%PLA+70%PBAT+5%淀粉)包装水果玉米,并置于0℃/85%RH的环境中贮藏28 d,每7 d测定水果玉米的失重率、皱缩率、腐败率、籽粒硬度、可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C和总酸含量。结果表明,0.01 mm厚的PLA/PBAT复合保鲜袋可显著降低水果玉米的皱缩率、硬度和总酸含量,减缓可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C等营养物质的消耗,从而维持水果玉米的食用品质和商用价值,延长其货架期。该研究为聚乳酸基复合保鲜袋在水果玉米保鲜中的应用提供一定理论基础和依据。

3种苹果果袋替代品的效果对比研究

苹果套袋可提高外观品质,但套袋成本高,免套袋栽培提高了苹果内在品质,降低了生产成本,增加了果农收益。为了降低生产成本且提高果实品质,进行了果袋替代品应用的试验研究。以岩富10苹果为试材,采用皮尔膜、康露威和宏保旺3种果袋替代品,分别设置400、500、600倍液3个浓度喷施果实,与不套袋果实、套袋果实进行对比。结果表明,666.7 m 23种果袋替代品处理的成本投入为87.36~131.04元,仅为果实套袋成本的1/30左右;综合3种果袋替代品提高果实外观、内在品质的效果以及投入产出比认为,皮尔膜400倍液更适用于延安地区岩富10苹果免套袋品施用,666.7 m 2商品果产量3000 kg,比不套袋果增产约700 kg,比套袋果增产约500 kg;果实耐贮性最佳,在室温下可贮藏45 d,比套袋果延长近14 d。