Sleep Quality for Patients Receiving Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation and Nasal High-Flow Oxygen Therapy in an ICU: Two Case Studies

Aim: The purpose of this case study was to examine the sleep quality of patients receiving noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) or nasal high-flow oxygen therapy (NHF) in an intensive care unit and to investigate what types of nursing support are offered to such patients. Methods: We examined one patient each for NPPV and NHF. Polysomnography (PSG), review of the patient charts, and semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data for analysis. Results: Patients treated with NPPV or NHF demonstrated a noticeable reduction in deep sleep, with most of their sleep being shallow. Their sleep patterns varied greatly from those of healthy individuals. These results suggest that, in addition to experiencing extremely fragmented sleep, sleep in these patients was more likely to be interrupted by nursing interventions, such as during auscultation of breath sounds. Furthermore, it was revealed that “anxiety or discomfort that accompanies the mask or air pressure” in patients treated with NPPV and “discomfort that accompanies the nasal cannula or NHF circuit” in patients treated with NHF may be primary causes of disrupted sleep. Our results suggest a need for nursing care aimed at improving sleep quality in patients treated with NPPV or NHF.

Effect of adjuvant noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on blood gas parameters, cardiac function and inflammatory state in patients with COPD and type II respiratory failure

Objective:T o analyze the effect of adjuvant noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on blood gas parameters, cardiac function and inflammatory state in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and type II respiratory failure. Methods:90 patients with COPD and type II respiratory failure were randomly divided into observation group and control group (n=45). Control group received conventional therapy, observation group received conventional therapy+adjuvant noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, and differences in blood gas parameters, cardiac function, inflammatory state, etc., were compared between two groups of patients 2 weeks after treatment. Results:Arterial blood gas parameters pH and alveolar-arterial partial pressure of oxygen [P(A-a)O2] levels of observation group were higher than those of control group while, potassium ion (K+), chloride ion (Cl-) and carbon dioxide combining power (CO2CP) levels were lower than those of control group 2 weeks after treatment;echocardiography parameters Doppler-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity (DTIS) and pulmonary arterial velocity (PAV) levels were lower than those of control group (P<0.05) while pulmonary artery accelerating time (PAACT), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVDd) and right atrioventricular tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) levels were higher than those of control group (P<0.05);serum cardiac function indexes adiponectin (APN), Copeptin, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cystatin C (CysC), growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and heart type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) content were lower than those of control group (P<0.05);serum inflammatory factors hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), IL-8, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) content were lower than those of control group (P<0.05). Conclusions:Adjuvant noninvasive positive pressure ventilation can optimize the blood gas parameters, cardiac function and inflammatory state in patients with COPD and type II respiratory failure, and it is of positive significance in improving the overall treatment outcome.

Noninvasive Ventilation Interfaces in the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Insufficiency: A Critical Review

Background: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is an important therapeutic modality for the treatment of acute respiratory failure (ARF). In this review, we critically analyze randomized controlled trials on the most used NIV interfaces in the treatments of ARF. Methods: The searches were conducted in the Medline, Lilacs, PubMed, Cochrane, and Pedro databases from June to November 2021. The inclusion criteria were Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published from 2016 to 2021 in Portuguese, Spanish, or English and involving adults (aged ≥ 18 years). The eligibility criteria for article selection were based on the PICO strategy: Population—Adults with ARF;Intervention—NIV Therapy;Comparison—Conventional oxygen therapy, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy, or NIV;Outcome—improvement in ARF. The search for articles and the implementation of the inclusion criteria were independently conducted by two researchers. Results: Seven scientific articles involving 574 adults with ARF due to various causes, such as chest trauma, decompensated heart failure, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and postoperative period, among others, were included. The interfaces cited in the studies included an oronasal mask, nasal mask, full-face mask, and helmet. In addition, some favorable outcomes related to NIV were reported in the studies, such as a reduction in the rate of orotracheal intubation and shorter length of stay in the ICU. Conclusions: The most cited interfaces in the treatment of ARF were the oronasal mask and the helmet.

Impact of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on the gene expression of ubiquitin system of skeletal muscle in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective:To investigate the change and relativity of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation(NIPPV)on the gene expression of ubiquitin system of skeletal muscle in patient with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD).Methods:80 patients with AECOPD were divided into two groups based on whether the NIPPV treatment was given or not,38 cases in the study group and 42 in the control group.The blood gas analysis and pulmonary function were monitored and recorded before and 14 days after treatment.A skeletal muscle biopsy was performed 14 days after therapy.The mRNA expression of ribosomal protein S21(RPS21)and ubiquitin in skeletal muscle cell were measured by RT-PCR.Results:After 14 days treatment,the levels of PaCO_(2),PaO_(2),PH and FEV_(1)% in the NIPPV group improved much better than in the control group(p<.05).The gene expression of RPS21 and ubiquitin was obviously lower in the study group than in the control group(p<.05).The level of RPS21 was negatively related with PaO_(2),PH and FEV1%,and the level of ubiquitin was negatively related with PaO_(2) and FEV1%,but positively correlated with PaCO_(2).The area under the ROC curves of RPS21,ubiquitin,PaCO_(2) and FEV_(1)% were 0.771,0.885,0.821 and 0.734 respectively in the study group.The cut-off points were 103.978,8.128,45.350 and 51.350 respectively.The sensitivity evaluation of acid poisoning was 90.9%,and the specificities for each were 75%,75%,50% and 50%.Conclusions:NIPPV is effective for AECOPD patients through the gene expression of ubiquitin system of skeletal muscle.

Bi-level Nasal Positive Airway Pressure(BiPAP)versus Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure(CPAP)for Preterm Infants with Birth Weight Less Than 1500g and Respiratory Distress Syndrome Following INSURE Treatment:A Two-center Randomized Controlled Trial

The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of bi-level positive airway pressure(BiPAP)versus continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)in preterm infants with birth weight less than 1500 g and respiratory distress syndrome(RDS)following intubation-surfactant-extubation(INSURE)treatment.A two-center randomized control trial was performed.The primary outcome was the reintubation rate of infants within 72 h of age after INSURE.Secondary outcomes included bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD),necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC),retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)and incidences of adverse events.Lung function at one year of corrected age was also compared between the two groups.There were 140 cases in the CPAP group and 144 in the BiPAP group.After INSURE,the reintubation rates of infants within 72 h of age were 15%and 11.1%in the CPAP group and the BiPAP group,respectively(P>0.05).Neonates in the BiPAP group was on positive airway pressure(PAP)therapy three days less than in the CPAP group(12.6 d and 15.3 d,respectively,P<0.05),and on oxygen six days less than in the CPAP group(20.6 d and 26.9 d,respectively,P<0.05).Other outcomes such as BPD,NEC,ROP and feeding intolerance were not significantly different between the two groups(P>0.05).There was no difference in lung function at one year of age between the two groups(P>0.05).In conclusion,after INSURE,the reintubation rate of infants within 72 h of age was comparable between the BiPAP group and the CPAP group.BiPAP was superior to CPAP in terms of shorter durations(days)on PAP support and oxygen supplementation.There were no differences in the incidences of BPD and ROP,and lung function at one year of age between the two ventilation methods.

Effectiveness and safety of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation for severe hypercapnic encephalopathy due to acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:a prospective case-control study

Background Although severe encephalopathy has been proposed as a possible contraindication to the use of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation （NPPV）, increasing clinical reports showed it was effective in patients with impaired consciousness and even coma secondary to acute respiratory failure, especially hypercapnic acute respiratory failure （HARF）. To further evaluate the effectiveness and safety of NPPV for severe hypercapnic encephalopathy, a prospective case-control study was conducted at a university respiratory intensive care unit （RICU） in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （AECOPD） during the past 3 years. Methods Forty-three of 68 consecutive AECOPD patients requiring ventilatory support for HARF were divided into 2 groups, which were carefully matched for age, sex, COPD course, tobacco use and previous hospitalization history, according to the severity of encephalopathy, 22 patients with Glasgow coma scale （GCS） 〈10 served as group A and 21 with GCS 〉10 as group B. Results Compared with group B, group A had a higher level of baseline arterial partial CO2 pressure （（102±27） mmHg vs （74±17） mmHg, P〈0.01）, lower levels of GCS （7.5±1.9 vs 12.2±1.8, P〈0.01）, arterial pH value （7.18±0.06 vs 7.28±0.07, P〈0.01） and partial 02 pressure/fraction of inspired 02 ratio （168±39 vs 189±33, P〈0.05）. The NPPV success rate and hospital mortality were 73% （16/22） and 14% （3/22） respectively in group A, which were comparable to those in group B （68% （15/21） and 14% （3/21） respectively, all P〉0.05）, but group A needed an average of 7 cmH20 higher of maximal pressure support during NPPV, and 4, 4 and 7 days longer of NPPV time, RICU stay and hospital stay respectively than group B （P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. NPPV therapy failed in 12 patients （6 in each group） because of excessive airway secretions （7 patients）, hemodynamic instability （2）, worsening of dyspnea and deterioration of gas exchange （2）, and gastric content aspiration （1）. Conclusions Selected patients with severe hypercapnic encephalopathy secondary to HARF can be treated as effectively and safely with NPPV as awake patients with HARF due to AECOPD; a trial of NPPV should be instituted to reduce the need of endotracheal intubation in patients with severe hypercapnic encephalopathy who are otherwise good candidates for NPPV due to AECOPD.

Effect of noninvasive, positive pressure ventilation on patients with severe, stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease： a meta-analysis

Background This meta-analysis evaluated the effect of noninvasive, positive pressure ventilation on severe, stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD）. Methods PUBMED, CNKI, Wanfang, EMBASE and the Cochrane trials databases were searched. Randomized controlled trials of patients with severe, stable COPD and receiving noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, compared with sham ventilation or no ventilation, were reviewed. The mortality, physiological and health related parameters were pooled to yield odds ratio （OR）, weighted mean differences or standardized mean differences （SMD）, with 95% confidence interval （CI）. Results Eight parallel and three crossover randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. Pooled analysis for parallel, randomized controlled trials showed noninvasive positive pressure ventilation： （1） Did not affect the 12- or 24-month mortality （OR 0.82, 95% Ch 0.48 to 1.41）; （2） Improved the arterial carbon dioxide tension （SMD -0.88, 95% Ch -1.43 to -0.34）; （3） Did not improve forced expiratory volume in one second （SMD 0.20, 95% CI： -0.06 to 0.46）, maximal inspiratory pressure （SMD 0.01, 95% Ch -0.28 to 0.29） or 6-minute walk distance （SMD 0.17, 95% Ch -0.16 to 0.50）; （4） Subgroup analysis showed noninvasive positive pressure ventilation improved the arterial carbon dioxide tension in hypercapnic patients. Pooled analysis for crossover randomized controlled trials did not show improvement in arterial blood gas or forced expiratory volume in one second with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Conclusions Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation improves the arterial carbon dioxide tension but does not improve the mortality, pulmonary function, or exercise tolerance and should be cautiously used in severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Effect of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on weaning success in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation： a meta-analysis

Background Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation （NIPPV） has been proposed to shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation in intubated patients, especially those who fail initial weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation （IMV）. However, there are also some discrepancies in terms of weaning success or failure, incidence of re-intubation, complications observed during study and patient outcomes. The primary objective of this update was to specifically investigate the role of NIPPV on facilitating weaning and avoiding re-intubation in patients intubated for different etiologies of acute respiratory failure, by comparing with conventional invasive weaning approach. Methods We searched randomized controlled trials （RCTs） comparing noninvasive weaning of early extubation and immediate application of NIPPV with invasive weaning in intubated patients from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Knowledge and Springerlink databases. Records from conference proceedings and reference lists of relevant studies were also identified. Results A total of 11 RCTs with 623 patients were available for the present analysis. Compared with IMV, NIPPV significantly increased weaning success rates （odds ratio （OR）： 2.50, 95% confidence interval （C/）： 1.46-4.30, P=0.0009）, decreased mortality （OR： 0.39, 95% CI： 0.20-0.75, P=0.005）, and reduced the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia （VAP） （OR： 0.17, 95% CI： 0.08-0.37, P 〈0.00001） and complications （OR： 0.22, 95% CI： 0.07-0.72, P=0.01）. However, effect of NIPPV on re-intubation did not reach statistical difference （OR： 0.61, 95% CI： 0.33-1.11, P=0.11）. Conclusions Early extubation and immediate application of NIPPV is superior to conventional invasive weaning approach in increasing weaning success rates, decreasing the risk of mortality and reducing the incidence of VAP and complications, in patients who need weaning from IMV. However, it should be applied with caution, as there is insufficient beneficial evidence to definitely recommend it in terms of avoidinQ re-intubation.

Efficacy and safety of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory failure after cardiac surgery

Background Although noninvasive positive pressure ventilation （NPPV） has been successfully used for various kinds of acute respiratory failure,the data are limited regarding its application in postoperative respiratory failure after cardiac surgery.Therefore,we conducted a prospective randomized control study in a university surgical intensive care unit to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NPPV in the treatment of acute respiratory failure after cardiac surgery,and explore the predicting factors of NPPV failure.Methods From September 2011 to November 2012 patients with acute respiratory failure after cardiac surgery who had indication for the use of NPPV were randomly divided into a NPPV treatment group （NPPV group） and the conventional treatment group （control group）.The between-group differences in the patients＇ baseline characteristics,re-intubation rate,tracheotomy rate,ventilator associated pneumonia （VAP） incidence,in-hospital mortality,mechanical ventilation time after enrollment （MV time）,intensive care unit （ICU） and postoperative hospital stays were compared.The factors that predict NPPV failure were analyzed.Results During the study period,a total of 139 patients who had acute respiratory failure after cardiac surgery were recorded,and 95 of them met the inclusion criteria,which included 59 males and 36 females with a mean age of （61.5±11.2） years.Forty-three patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting （CABG）,23 underwent valve surgery,13 underwent CABG＋valve surgery,13 underwent major vascular surgery,and three underwent other surgeries.The NPPV group had 48 patients and the control group had 47 patients.In the NPPV group,the re-intubation rate was 18.8％,tracheotomy rate was 12.5％,VAP incidence was 0,and the in-hospital mortality was 18.8％,significantly lower than in the control group 80.9％,29.8％,17.0％ and 38.3％ respectively,P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01.The MV time and ICU stay （expressed as the median （P25,P75）） were 18.0 （9.2,35.0） hours and 4.0 （2.0,5.0） days,which were significantly shorter than in the control group,96.0 （26.0,240.0） hours and 6.0 （4.0,9.0） days respectively,P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01.The postoperative hospital stays of the two groups were similar.The univariate analysis showed that the NPPV success subgroup had more patients with acute lung injury （ALl） （17 vs.0,P=0.038）,fewer patients with pneumonia （2 vs.7,P ＜0.001） and lower acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ （APACHE Ⅱ） scores （16.1±2.8 vs.21.8±3.2,P ＜0.001）.Multivariate analysis showed that pneumonia （P=-0.027） and a high APACHE Ⅱ score ＞20 （P=-0.002） were the independent risk factors of NPPV failure.Conclusions We conclude that NPPV can be applied in selected patients with acute respiratory failure after cardiac surgery to reduce the need of re-intubation and improve clinical outcome as compared with conventional treatment.Pneumonia and a high APACHE Ⅱ score ＞20 might be the independent risk factors of NPPV failure in this group of patients.

Early use of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:a multicentre randomized controlled trial

Background Respiratory muscle fatigue plays an important role in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructivepulmonary disease (AECOPD)·In previous clinical studies, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV)was proved to be successful only for AECOPD patients with severe respiratory failure·We hypothesized that, theoutcomes of AECOPD would be improved if NPPVis early (within 24 to 48 hours of admission) administered inthose patients with respiratory muscle fatigue and mild respiratory insufficiency, especially in patients withoutfulfilling the conventional criteria of mechanical ventilatory support·Methods Aprospective multicentre randomized controlled trial was conducted in19 hospitals in China over16months·Three hundred and forty-two AECOPD patients with pH≥7·25 and PaCO2>45 mmHg were recruitedon general ward and randomly assigned to standard medical treatment (control group) or early administration ofadditional NPPV (NPPV group)·Results The characteristics of two groups on admission were similar·The number of AECOPD patientsrequiring intubations in NPPV group was much fewer than that of the control group (8/171 vs 26/71,P=0·002)·Subgroup analysis showed the needs for intubation in mildly (pH≥7·35) and severe (pH<7·30)acidotic patients in NPPVgroup were both decreased (9/80 vs2/71,P=0·047 and 8/30 vs3/43,P=0·048,respectively)·The mortality in hospital was reduced slightly by NPPV but with no significant difference (7/171vs 12/171,P=0·345)·Respiratory rate (RR),scale for accessory muscle use and arterial pHimproved rapidlyat the first 2 hours only in patients of NPPV group·After 24 hours, the differences of pH, PaO2, scale foraccessory muscle use and RR in NPPV group [(7·36±0·06) mmHg, (72±22) mmHg, (2·5±0·9) /min,(22±4) /min] were statistically significant compared with control group (7·37±0·05) mmHg, (85±34)mmHg, (2·3±1·1) /min, (21±4) /min,P<0·01 for all comparisons]·Conclusions The early use of NPPV on general ward improves arterial blood gas and respiratory pattern,decreases the rate of need for intubation in AECOPD patients·NPPV is indicative for alleviating respiratorymuscle fatigue and preventing respiratory failure from exacerbation·

Clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation in acute pediatric respiratory failure

AIM To characterize the clinical course and outcomes of nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation(NIMV) use in acute pediatric respiratory failure.METHODS We identified all patients treated with NIMV in the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU) or inpatient general pediatrics between January 2013 and December 2015 at two academic centers.Patients who utilized NIMV with other modes of noninvasive ventilation during the same admission were included.Data included demographics,vital signs on admission and prior to initiation of NIMV,pediatric risk of mortality Ⅲ(PRIsM-Ⅲ) scores,complications,respiratory support characteristics,PICU and hospital length of stays,duration of respiratory support,and complications.Patients who did not require escalation to mechanical ventilation were defined as NIMV responders;those who required escalation to mechanical ventilation(MV) were defined as NIMV nonresponders.NIMV responders were compared to NIMV non-responders.RESULTS Forty-two patients met study criteria.six(14%) failed treatment and required MV.The majority of the patients(74%) had a primary diagnosis of bronchiolitis.The median age of these 42 patients was 4 mo(range 0.5-28.1 mo,IQR 7,P = 0.69).No significant difference was measured in other baseline demographics and vitals on initiation of NIMV;these included age,temperature,respiratory rate,O2 saturation,heart rate,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,and PRIsM-Ⅲ scores.The duration of NIMV was shorter in the NIMV nonresponder vs NIMV responder group(6.5 h vs 65 h,P < 0.0005).Otherwise,NIMV failure was not associated with significant differences in PICU length of stay(LOs),hospital LOs,or total duration of respiratory support.No patients had aspiration pneumonia,pneumothorax,or skin breakdown.CONCLUSION Most of our patients responded to NIMV.NIMV failure is not associated with differences in hospital LOs,PICU LOs,or duration of respiratory support.

支气管镜下肺泡灌洗联合NPPV治疗急性加重期COPD伴发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的疗效观察

目的:探讨支气管镜下肺泡灌洗联合无创正压通气(Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation,NPPV)治疗急性加重期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)伴发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的疗效。方法:选择2020年2月至2021年10月在我院接受诊治的急性加重期COPD伴发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者124例,分为肺泡灌洗联合NPPV组和NPPV组(n=62)。NPPV组在常规药物治疗的基础上给予NPPV治疗,肺泡灌洗联合NPPV组在NPPV组治疗基础上给予支气管镜下肺泡灌治疗。治疗期间,记录患者的体温、生命体征恢复时间、症状消失时间及不良反应发生情况;治疗前和治疗2 w后,采用肺功能检测系统测定患者第1秒用力呼气容积(Forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)、第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值的百分比(The forced expiratory volume in one second as a percentage of the predicted value,FEV1%prep)、第1秒用力呼气容积与用力肺活量的比值(Forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity,FEV1/FVC),采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、降钙素原(Procalcitonin,PCT)水平,采用免疫比浊法进行检测前白蛋白(Prealbumin,,PAB)水平,采用DxFLEX流式细胞仪检测患者血清CD4^(^(+))、CD8^(+)细胞水平并计算CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)值。结果:治疗后,肺泡灌洗联合NPPV组体温恢复时间、生命体征恢复时间、症状消失时间均少于NPPV组(P<0.05),FEV1、FEV1%prep、FEV1/FVC、PAB水平、CD4^(+)水平、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平均高于NPPV组(P<0.05),TNF-α水平、PCT水平、CD8^(+)水平均低于NPPV组(P<0.05);肺泡灌洗联合NPPV组不良反应发生率与NPPV组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在NPPV基础上联用支气管镜下肺泡灌洗治疗急性加重期COPD伴发Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者进行治疗,可改善患者肺功能和临床症状具有积极作用,可有效改善患者免疫功能,缓解机体炎症反应,效果安全可靠。

经鼻高流量湿化氧疗在慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者的应用价值

目的探讨经鼻高流量湿化氧疗(HFNC)对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者的疗效及适用条件。方法回顾性分析中山市小榄人民医院呼吸内科2021年1月~2022年12月收治并好转出院的60例AECOPD患者的临床资料,所有患者均在抗感染、止咳化痰、平喘等治疗的基础上,给予呼吸支持治疗。按照呼吸支持治疗方式不同分为HFNC组(30例)与无创正压通气(NPPV)组(30例)。比较两组患者生命体征(心率、呼吸)、血气分析[氧分压(PaO_(2))、氧合指数(PaO_(2)FiO_(2))]情况。根据年龄及PaO_(2)FiO_(2)分层,分析HFNC组患者血气分析指标的变化情况。结果治疗前,两组患者心率、呼吸次数、PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,两组患者心率、呼吸次数、PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);HFNC组治疗前后心率、PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)比较[(85.47±13.21)次min vs.(97.67±22.62)次min、(95.92±27.33)mmHg vs.(80.3±19.02)mmHg、(321.23±78.73)mmHg vs.(278.40±67.21)mmHg],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);NPPV组治疗前后心率、呼吸次数、PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)比较[(90.33±12.02)次min vs.(105.70±22.03)次min、(20.67±0.76)次min vs.(24.93±2.45)次min、(91.54±34.81)mmHg vs.(70.86±24.03)mmHg、(311.03±113.14)mmHg vs.(240.53±86.28)mmHg],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据年龄及PaO_(2)FiO_(2)分层,与治疗前比较,HFNC组患者年龄≥71岁、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)在201~300 mmHg之间的患者治疗后PaO_(2)、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)明显上升,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论HFNC及NPPV均可改善AECOPD患者的氧合功能,效果相当,可作为NPPV的备选方案。HFNC尤其适用于年龄71岁及以上、PaO_(2)FiO_(2)在201~300 mmHg的人群。

经鼻高流量氧疗对比无创正压通气在急性心力衰竭伴Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者中的应用价值

目的研究经鼻高流量氧疗(high flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy,HFNC)对比无创正压通气(noninvasive positive pressure ventilation,NPPV)在急性心力衰竭(acute heart failure,AHF)伴Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者的治疗效果。方法选择2022年1月至2022年12月首都医科大学宣武医院急诊科收治的94例AHF伴Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者,随机分为观察组48例和对照组46例。两组患者均给予常规扩血管、利尿等治疗,对照组给予NPPV治疗,观察组给予HFNC治疗,分别比较两组患者治疗前、治疗24 h后的呼吸频率、心率、血清N末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)、动脉氧分压(PaO_(2))和动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))的变化情况及2组比较的区别,应用调查问卷评估两组患者治疗舒适度的区别。随访28 d,分别比较两组患者治疗后误吸、胃胀气等并发症发生率、气管插管率及病死率。结果观察组与对照组治疗后的呼吸频率、心率和NT-proBNP较前明显降低(P均<0.05),PaO_(2)较前升高(P均<0.05),PaCO_(2)较前升高(P<0.05),但仍在正常范围内;观察组治疗后呼吸频率是(23.77±2.36)次/min、心率为(89.17±5.80)次/min、NT-proBNP为[13631.00(9997.25,16328.00)]pg/ml、PaO_(2)为(66.87±2.78)mmHg和PaCO_(2)为(37.06±2.56)mmHg,与对照组的(23.33±2.81)次/min、(87.69±5.02)次/min、[12517.00(9836.75,17742.00)]pg/ml、(67.74±2.67)mmHg和(37.07±1.93)mm Hg比较无统计学差别(均P>0.05);调查问卷显示,观察组舒适度评分大于对照组[(3.35±0.69)分比(2.76±0.77)分,P=0.001],并发症发生率小于对照组(10.41%比28.26%,P=0.028),两组患者气管插管率(12.50%比10.86%)和病死率(10.41%比8.69%)比较无统计学差别(P>0.05)。结论HFNC和NPPV在AHF伴Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭患者中应用均具有较好的治疗效果,但HFNC并发症较较少,患者舒适程度更高。

HFNC与NPPV对于心外科术后低氧血症患者的疗效研究

目的比较研究新型无创通气方式——经鼻高流量氧疗（high-flow nasal cannula,HFNC）与传统无创正压通气（noninvasive positive pressure ventilation,NPPV）2种呼吸治疗方式在心外术后低氧血症方面的治疗效果。方法选择2016年2月1日至2016年7月1日,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院行心脏外科手术入住心外危重症中心,术后拔除气管插管之后24 h内发生低氧血症（hypoxima）,符合纳入标准的40例患者,采用数字表法随机分为2组,应用HFNC或NPPV进行呼吸治疗[患者年龄（52.9±7.8）岁vs（53.8±8.9）岁,P〉0.05;男性性别比65%vs 70%,P〉0.05;术后基础急性生理学和慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ（APACHE II）评分（9.4±2.2）分vs（9.3±2.2）分,P〉0.05]。起始参数设置：HFNC：流量45 L/min,温度37℃,吸氧浓度（Fi O2）60%～80%;NPPV：吸气压（inspiratory pressure,IPAP）10～12 cm H_2O（1cm H_2O=0.098 k Pa）,呼气压（expiratory pressure,EPAP）4～6 cm H_2O,FiO_2 60%～80%,吸呼比（radio of inspiration and expiration,I∶E）为1∶1.5～2.0,根据临床疗效和患者耐受程度等逐渐调节。对比研究2种方法治疗方法在不同时间点（治疗后2 h、8 h、24 h、结束时）的呼吸、循环等方面情况,以及并发症、再次插管率、气切率、监护室（intensive care unit,ICU）时间、住院时间等方面的差异。结果 2组患者分别接受HFNC与NPPV 2种方法治疗,发现HFNC在改善氧合指数（PaO_2/FiO_2）、降低PaCO_2均较NPPV组效果明显（P〈0.05）;呼吸频率（respiratory rate,RR）、心率（heart rate,HR）在HFNC组均较NPPV组有明显下降（P〈0.05）。治疗结束时HFNC组较NPPV组胃肠胀气（0vs 20%,P〈0.05）、不耐受（0 vs 25%,P〈0.05）等主要合并症发生率为低;HFNC治疗时间明显较NPPV组为短（P〈0.05）;再次插管、气管切开发生率两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;重症监护室（intensive care unit,ICU）时间、住院时间、住院病死率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 HFNC耐受性良好、合并症少,在改善氧合、降低PaCO_2方面最终都体现了很好的疗效,且降低呼吸功、对循环的改善也有良好作用;但是2组的再次气管插管率、气管切开率、ICU时间及住院时间等方面差异不明显。

无创正压通气(NPPV)治疗急性左心衰临床效果研究

目的探讨无创正压通气治疗急性左心衰的疗效。方法选择经常规治疗疗效不佳的急性左心衰患者22例,在常规治疗基础上,辅以无创正压通气治疗。观察治疗后30m,2h,24h患者心率、呼吸频率、中心静脉压、中心静脉血氧饱和度、氧合指数、BNP的变化。结果经过治疗后患者CVP由入院时的(24±5)mmHg,下降到(15±3)mmHg;氧合指数由(135±20)增加到(390±33);BNP由(436±56)pg/mL下降到(167±42)pg/mL。其余相关指标也明显改善。结论应用无创正压机械通气是治疗急性左心衰的一种快速有效的方法。

术后无创呼吸支持的研究进展

术后肺部并发症(PPCs)是指术后发生的呼吸系统并发症,主要包括呼吸道感染、呼吸衰竭、胸腔积液、肺不张、气胸、支气管痉挛及吸入性肺炎等。PPCs的发生与患者自身、手术和麻醉等因素密切相关,影响患者围术期康复及预后。无创呼吸支持(NRS)包括常规氧气疗法(COT)、无创正压通气(NPPV)、经鼻高流量(HFNC)氧疗等,通过改善肺部呼吸力学和满足氧气需求减少肺部并发症的发生。目前NRS已在重症监护病房(ICU)广泛应用,但其术后应用尚无共识。本文就近年来术后NRS应用的研究进展进行综述,包括NRS的模式、NRS在不同类型手术的应用和NRS在不同类型患者的应用等内容,为促进术后康复提供参考。

无创正压机械通气治疗AECOPD合并呼吸衰竭的效果

目的对比慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)合并呼吸衰竭(respiratory failure,RF)患者应用无创正压机械通气(noninvasive positive pressure ventilation,NPPV)与常规对症治疗在治疗效果之间的差异及2种治疗方式对血气指标、肺相关功能的影响。方法回顾性分析东台市人民医院2021年1月—2023年6月收治的82例AECOPD合并RF患者。按照治疗方法的差异分为常规组、NPPV组,各41例。对比2组患者肺功能情况、血气指标、生命体征指标、临床疗效和不良反应发生情况。结果NPPV组治疗后用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in the first second,FEV_(1))、第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量的比例(forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity,FEV_(1)/FVC)、动脉血氧分压(partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood,PaO_(2))高于常规组,而动脉血二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood,PaCO_(2))低于常规组(P<0.05);NPPV组治疗后的呼吸频率、心率、平均动脉压均低于常规组(P<0.05);NPPV组总有效率为95.12%,高于常规组的73.17%(P<0.05);NPPV组不良反应总发生率为7.32%,低于常规组的26.83%(P<0.05)。结论NPPV治疗能够让AECOPD合并RF患者的肺功能得以提高,临床治疗效果较好,改善其血氧方面的指标及预后。

布地奈德福莫特罗联合无创正压通气治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭患者的效果

目的:观察布地奈德福莫特罗联合无创正压通气治疗老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭患者的效果。方法:选取2022年1月至2023年1月该院收治的100例老年COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者进行前瞻性研究,按照随机数字表法将其分为观察组和对照组各50例。两组均予以常规治疗,在此基础上,对照组予以无创正压通气治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合布地奈德福莫特罗治疗。比较两组临床疗效,治疗前后血气分析指标[动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))、动脉血氧分压(PaO_(2))、氧合指数(OI)]水平、肺功能指标[呼吸频率、用力肺活量(FVC)、呼气流量峰值(PEF)]水平、炎性指标[C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-33(IL-33)]水平,以及不良反应发生率和再入院率。结果:观察组治疗总有效率为94.00%(47/50),高于对照组的78.00%(39/50),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组PaO_(2)、OI、FVC、PEF水平均高于对照组,PaCO_(2)水平、呼吸频率均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,观察组CRP、IL-6、IL-33水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组再入院率为4.00%(2/50),低于对照组的16.00%(8/50),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:布地奈德福莫特罗联合无创正压通气治疗老年COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者可提高治疗总有效率,改善血气分析指标和肺功能指标水平,降低炎性指标水平和再入院率,效果优于单纯无创正压通气治疗。

泡沫敷料预防无创呼吸机NPPV面部压力性损伤的应用

目的探讨泡沫敷料在预防无创呼吸机正压通气(NPPV)相关性面部压力性损伤中的应用效果。方法以2018年7月—2020年1月急诊重症病房收治呼吸系统、消化系统、循环系统、泌尿系统、内分泌系统、多系统器官功能衰竭130例患者应用口鼻罩进行无创呼吸机正压通气(NPPV)作为研究对象。按照入院时间,分别以65例作为对照组,65例作为干预组。对照组给予常规护理,干预组给予美皮康泡沫敷料减压。统计两组面部压力性损伤发生的例数及严重程度并进行对比。结果干预组患者面部压力性损伤发生率为3.1%,远低于对照组的13.8%,严重程度也轻于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论美皮康泡沫敷料能有效地预防使用口鼻罩进行无创正压通气(NPPV)所致的面部压力性损伤。