Linear-in-Parameter Models Based on Parsimonious Genetic Programming Algorithm and Its Application to Aero-Engine Start Modeling

A novel Parsimonious Genetic Programming （PGP） algorithm together with a novel aero-engine optimum data-driven dynamic start process model based on PGP is proposed. In application of this method, first, the traditional Genetic Programming（GP） is used to generate the nonlinear input-output models that are represented in a binary tree structure; then, the Orthogonal Least Squares algorithm （OLS） is used to estimate the contribution of the branches of the tree （refer to basic function term that cannot be decomposed anymore according to special rule） to the accuracy of the model, which contributes to eliminate complex redundant subtrees and enhance GP＇s convergence speed; and finally, a simple, reliable and exact linear-in-parameter nonlinear model via GP evolution is obtained. The real aero-engine start process test data simulation and the comparisons with Support Vector Machines （SVM） validate that the proposed method can generate more applicable, interpretable models and achieve comparable, even superior results to SVM.

A Comparative Study of Adomian Decomposition Method with Variational Iteration Method for Solving Linear and Nonlinear Differential Equations

This study compares the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM) and the Variational Iteration Method (VIM) for solving nonlinear differential equations in engineering. Differential equations are essential for modeling dynamic systems in various disciplines, including biological processes, heat transfer, and control systems. This study addresses first, second, and third-order nonlinear differential equations using Mathematica for data generation and graphing. The ADM, developed by George Adomian, uses Adomian polynomials to handle nonlinear terms, which can be computationally intensive. In contrast, VIM, developed by He, directly iterates the correction functional, providing a more straightforward and efficient approach. This study highlights VIM’s rapid convergence and effectiveness of VIM, particularly for nonlinear problems, where it simplifies calculations and offers direct solutions without polynomial derivation. The results demonstrate VIM’s superior efficiency and rapid convergence of VIM compared with ADM. The VIM’s minimal computational requirements make it practical for real-time applications and complex system modeling. Our findings align with those of previous research, confirming VIM’s efficiency of VIM in various engineering applications. This study emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate methods based on specific problem requirements. While ADM is valuable for certain nonlinearities, VIM’s approach is ideal for many engineering scenarios. Future research should explore broader applications and hybrid methods to enhance the solution’s accuracy and efficiency. This comprehensive comparison provides valuable guidance for selecting effective numerical methods for differential equations in engineering.

ON-LINE STATE PREDICTION OF ENGINES BASED ON FLAT NEURAL NETWORK

A flat neural network is designed for the on line state prediction of engine. To reduce the computational cost of weight matrix, a fast recursive algorithm is derived according to the pseudoinverse formula of a partition matrix. Furthermore, the forgetting factor approach is introduced to improve predictive accuracy and robustness of the model. The experiment results indicate that the improved neural network is of good accuracy and strong robustness in prediction, and can apply for the on line prediction of nonlinear multi input multi output systems like vehicle engines.

基于“灰色+非线性回归”的煤矿死亡人数预测

为探究我国煤矿现阶段安全管理水平,从煤矿近年死亡人数为切入点,分析灰色模型[Gray Model, GM(1,1)]、回归模型在煤矿事故的预测效果,进而建立“灰色+回归”模型。首先,建立灰色模型,利用后残差比值、小概率误差验证灰色模型的预测等级为“好”,满足改进要求;其次,对回归模型进行线性拟合,建立“灰色+回归”预测模型,并对3类模型的预测准确性进行评估;最后,利用“灰色+非线性回归”模型预测2023年煤矿死亡人数。结果显示:以2021—2022年数据为基准,“灰色+非线性回归”预测相对误差依次为4.5%和1.3%,预测结果接近实际值,适用于短中期预测;经分析,“灰色+非线性回归”对煤矿死亡人数预测具有较高的研究价值。2023年煤矿死亡人数控制在123~136人,煤矿死亡人数呈下降趋势。

基于层叠式残差LSTM网络的桥梁非线性地震响应预测

提出了一种基于层叠式残差长短时记忆神经网络(residual long short-term memory neural network,ResLSTM)的数据驱动建模方法,实现桥梁非线性地震响应预测。该方法利用长短时记忆(long short-term memory, LSTM)网络在长序列回归中的优势,并采用残差连接结构降低深度神经网络中的梯度回传难度,提高了有限数据下的深度网络预测性能。同时,通过采用层叠式序列结构,降低深度神经网络隐藏层节点数目,进一步提升深度神经网络的预测精度。随后,通过两跨预应力混凝土连续梁桥与组合梁斜拉桥的数值算例对该方法进行验证。神经网络的训练样本与测试样本均源自桥梁有限元模型的增量动力分析结果。此外,采用该方法成功预测了美国Meloland Overpass桥的地震响应,并与历史监测数据进行对比验证。结果表明:ResLSTM网络是一种鲁棒性良好、计算效率高的非线性地震响应预测方法,能够利用少量数据快速准确地预测桥梁结构在地震作用下的动力响应,在桥梁抗震性能评价中具有重要的应用潜力。

一种喷口控制的多目标约束设计方法

为克服试凑法在控制回路参数优化中的局限性,针对涡扇发动机在加力状态易出现喷口摆动的不协调现象,考虑喷口双环控制结构工作特点,采用按需正向设计策略,按照控制系统时域、频域性能指标设计要求,制定兼顾频域、时域性能要求的内、外环协调控制的设计目标准则,提出一种喷口控制的多目标约束的差分进化内外环控制参数自整定优化设计方法,在双转子涡扇发动机非线性模型上进行闭环控制系统仿真验证。结果表明:在飞行高度从0增加到10 km、飞行马赫数从0加速到0.9的起飞和爬升状态进入加力过程以及平飞中保持飞行马赫数不变的关断加力过程中,发动机未出现喷口摆动等现象,涡轮落压比最大相对误差不大于1.5%,喷口闭环控制系统具有期望的伺服跟踪和抗飞行条件变化干扰能力。

基于ANSYS平台非线性分析的RC构件建模方法

分离式模型的建立是钢筋混凝土结构和构件仿真中的关键问题,本文基于A N S Y S平台,以某钢筋混凝土实腹深梁为算例,开展2种共节点建模方法和2种不共节点建模方法下的非线性有限元对比分析,探讨建模方法对于仿真结果的影响。结果表明:节点生成切割法与弱耦合法在极限承载力和变形能力等方面的数值模拟结果较接近且均与试验结果较吻合,而强耦合法得出的极限承载力偏高;基于布尔运算切割几何模型的共节点建模方式,适用于形状规整、配筋简单的构件;在钢筋节点与混凝土节点之间,通过节点位移就近耦合的原则建立刚性连接的强耦合法,以及通过节点位移约束方程建立柔性连接的弱耦合法,都有着更强的通用性,能够完成边界条件或配筋方式复杂的构件建模,但相比之下,强耦合法计算精度略低,弱耦合法实现难度较高,所以在工程仿真中需要根据构件的几何特点和配筋方式选择合适的建模方法。

钢筋混凝土T梁受弯性能试验与数值模拟研究

为了研究钢筋混凝土T梁的受弯性能,笔者设计了全长3.6m的T梁试验模型,采用模型试验与有限元分析方法开展研究。研究结果表明,混凝土T梁的受弯破坏模式与混凝土矩形梁不同,表现为主钢筋屈服、荷载不再增长;T梁破坏时,受压区混凝土已经进入塑性阶段,但是并未达到极限压应变;采用非线性有限元分析得到的受弯破坏模式、荷载-变形曲线与试验测试结果吻合较好,极限荷载模拟值与试验值的相对误差为4.52%,文中采用的有限元模拟方法能够准确模拟钢筋混凝土T梁的受弯行为。

Research on nonlinear model predictive control for turboshaft engines based on double engines torques matching

In order to reach a compromise between fast response control and torques matching control in double turboshaft engines,research on nonlinear model predictive control for turboshaft engines based on double engines torques matching is conducted.Meanwhile,a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control(NMPC)method is proposed,which combines the control index of the power turbine speed with torques matching of double engines creatively.In addition to the control index,the difference of output torques between each engine is also incorporated in the objective function as a penalty term to ensure constant speed control and short torques matching time.Simulation results demonstrate that relative to unilateral torques matching,the settling time of the bidirectional matching method can be reduced by nearly 30.8%.Nevertheless,compared with the bidirectional torques matching method under the cascade PID controller,the NMPC method can decrease the overshoot of the power turbine speed by 65%and reduce the matching time by 15.5%synchronously.Besides fast response control of turboshaft engines,fast torques matching control of double engines is accomplished as well.

Review on constitutive models of road materials

Road material constitutive model is the essential condition of pavement structure design,calculation,and maintenance decision.Experts have conducted in-depth studies on the problems and proposed many meaningful constitutive models.However,these constitutive models have not been summarized and no uniform conclusion on the applicability of them is reported in the academic circle.The linear elastic model based on Hooke's law is still used in pavement structure design.This paper systematically reviewed the existing constitutive models that reflect the materials'mechanical properties and used for pavement structure calculation.These constitutive models were divided into three categories:linear,nonlinear,and damage models under repeated loads.The applicable conditions,parameter determination methods,advantages,and disadvantages of each model were introduced.Moreover,the model's feasibility in structural design and calculation was analyzed.Follow-up studies should focus on the parameter determination standard of viscoelastic constitutive models,the extension of the 1D constitutive model to 3D state,and the nonlinear constitutive models related to stress-strain state to drive the application of the constitutive models in pavement structure calculation and design.Furthermore,to evaluate the life cycle service performance of road materials and structures,establishing the pavement damage model from the structure perspective will be the future direction.

Nonlinear calculating method of pile settlement

To study calculating method of settlement on top of extra-long large-diameter pile, the relevant research results were summarized. The hyperbola model, a nonlinear load transfer function, was introduced to establish the basic differential equation with load transfer method. Assumed that the displacement of pile shaft was the high order power series of buried depth, through merging the same orthometric items and arranging the relevant coefficients, the solution which could take the nonlinear pile-soil interaction and stratum properties of soil into account was solved by power series. On the basis of the solution, by determining the load transfer depth with criterion of settlement on pile tip, the method by making boundary conditions compatible was advised to solve the load-settlement curve of pile. The relevant flow chart and mathematic expressions of boundary conditions were also listed. Lastly, the load transfer methods based on both two-broken-line model and hyperbola model were applied to analyzing a real project. The related coefficients of fitting curves by hyperbola were not less than 0.96, which shows that the hyperbola model is truthfulness, and is propitious to avoid personal error. The calculating value of load-settlement curve agrees well with the measured one, which indicates that it can be applied in engineering practice and making the theory that limits the design bearing capacity by settlement on pile top comes true.

考虑轮胎非线性的横摆角速度计算与车辆稳定性控制

基于非线性轮胎模型提出横摆角速度的一种准确计算方法,并将其用于车辆稳定性控制。轮胎的非线性采用刷子模型进行表征,通过摄动分析得到等效稳定性因数,进而得到稳态横摆角速度的精确解析解。对解析解存在性的分析表明轮胎非线性会对车辆稳定性产生影响。实车试验和基于车辆模型的控制仿真表明,考虑轮胎非线性可有效提高作为目标参量的稳态横摆角速度的计算精度,提高车辆稳定性的控制效果。

室内环境下UHPC非线性徐变特性研究

为研究超高性能混凝土(UHPC)非线性徐变阈值与特性,对不同初始龄期加载与应力比的圆柱体UHPC试件开展室内环境下徐变试验,测试试件在加载100 d期间的轴向与环向应变。根据试验结果,计算UHPC在不同应力比下的徐变系数、非线性徐变放大系数与名义泊松比,分析普通混凝土非线性徐变放大系数模型对UHPC的适用性,得到适用于UHPC的非线性徐变放大系数模型。结果表明:UHPC的徐变类似于普通混凝土,但UHPC的非线性徐变特性更显著,其非线性徐变阈值为0.3 f_(c)(f_(c)为混凝土抗压强度);传统的普通混凝土徐变模型高估了UHPC的非线性徐变阈值且低估了非线性徐变放大系数;UHPC的名义泊松比在加载后增长显著,表明非线性徐变与试件内微裂缝扩展有关;本文模型计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,最大相对残差仅9.9%,可用于UHPC非线性徐变计算。

Neural network-based model predictive control with fuzzy-SQP optimization for direct thrust control of turbofan engine

A nonlinear model predictive control method based on fuzzy-Sequential Quadratic Programming(SQP)for direct thrust control is proposed in this paper for the sake of improving the accuracy of thrust control.The designed control system includes four parts,namely a predictive model,rolling optimization,online correction,and feedback correction.Considering the strong nonlinearity of engine,a predictive model is established by Back Propagation(BP)neural network for the entire flight envelope,whose input and output are determined with random forest algorithm and actual situation analysis.Rolling optimization typically uses SQP as the optimization algorithm,but SQP algorithm is easy to trap into local optimization.Therefore,the fuzzy-SQP algorithm is proposed to prevent this disadvantage using fuzzy algorithm to determine the initial value of SQP.In addition to the traditional three parts of model predictive control,an online correction module is added to improve the predictive accuracy of the predictive model in the predictive time domain.Simulation results show that the BP predictive model can reach a certain degree of predictive accuracy,and the proposed control system can achieve good tracking performance with the limited parameters within the safe range。

高海拔柴油机二级可调增压系统非线模型预测控制

针对高海拔条件下二级可调增压系统多参数、多目标控制的需要,利用GT-power软件进行二级可调增压柴油机变海拔的瞬态仿真试验。基于仿真数据建立柴油机BP神经网络性能预测模型,提出一种基于神经网络的柴油机高海拔二级可调增压系统非线性模型预测控制算法。设计柴油机双VGT二级可调增压系统NMPC控制器,利用控制协同控制柴油机高、低压级VGT叶片开度,达到跟踪增压压力和进气流量的目的,继而提高柴油机高海拔工况下的瞬态响应特性和动力性。对控制器的控制性能进行仿真验证,结果表明:在不同海拔条件下,控制器定转速稳态工况的增压压力控制误差为0.18%,进气流量控制误差为0.015%,控制器变转速瞬态工况的增压压力控制误差为0.26%,进气流量控制误差为0.008%,控制器在不同海拔定转速和变转速工况下均表现出较高的控制精度和响应速度。

花瓶墩空间受力分析及配筋设计研究

为了研究花瓶墩的空间受力特性,依托某大跨现浇连续桥梁,对其下部花瓶墩建立了线性实体有限元模型,分析了花瓶墩横向力在不同应力途径下的分布规律。同时,对花瓶墩横向配筋设计和裂缝分布进行了研究,基于材料非线性建立了钢筋混凝土开裂模型,横向配筋由线性实体模型中计算的拉杆力得出,非线性模型计算结果表明配筋能够满足规范要求,采用规范拉压杆模型配筋时过于保守,因此建议对空间异型花瓶墩采用有限元法计算配筋。花瓶墩裂缝分布主要集中在墩顶中间混凝土开槽位置处,建议对该部分增设构造钢筋,研究结果可供相关工程参考。

简化的330MW机组非线性动态模型

该文采用机理分析和数据拟合的方法,建立330MW机组滑压运行下大负荷变化范围内的模型。该模型的主要特点是:将水冷壁换热过程归入制粉动态,将锅炉汽包蓄热及过热器蓄热做为一体考虑,在能够反映机组主要动态的前提下降低了模型的阶次;指出机组制粉动态惯性时间和锅炉蓄热系数是随机组负荷和压力变化的,并根据现场数据和机理分析分别给出其变化趋势;考虑到蒸汽在过热器管道内是吸热膨胀的过程并且有减温水的喷入,对过热器差压模型进行了修正,以锅炉吸热量代替主蒸汽流量建立 模型。模型使用机组55％-100％负荷时的静态工作点数据确定静态参数,通过汽轮机调门扰动和燃料扰动实验确定动态参数,经过机组运行数据验证,该模型具有较好的复现性,可用于控制系统的设计和控制算法的性能评价。

钢桥塔局部稳定试验与数值分析

依据钢桥塔的结构形式和受力特点,设计了具有典型构造形式的钢桥塔节段模型。对模型进行了轴心受压试验,得到了构件破坏时的稳定承载力、局部失稳模态以及受力特征,揭示了钢桥塔局部失稳破坏机理,建立了钢桥塔节段的板壳有限元模型,分别进行了一类稳定和二类稳定计算。结果表明:考虑材料非线性、几何非线性以及结构初始缺陷影响的二类稳定计算结果与试验结果吻合较好;局部失稳的发生导致了结构的几何构形发生了改变,在局部变形不断增大的同时,钢桥塔壁板的轴向应变分布也由均匀变为不均匀;基于模型试验和数值分析结果,对钢桥塔的稳定性分析和设计提出了建议。

复杂荷载下横坡段桥梁桩基承载特性试验研究

以相似理论为基础,考虑边坡坡度及墩柱高度的影响,设计并完成了复杂荷载作用下横坡段桥梁双桩基础室内模型试验。研究发现:柱顶竖向及水平向组合荷载可导致2~5倍桩径范围坡面出现'八'字形裂缝;复杂荷载作用下横坡段桥梁双桩基础的破坏模式主要是坡体横向侧移导致墩柱偏斜、基桩变形过大等。试验结果对比分析表明:柱顶水平位移约为桩顶水平位移的2倍,前、后桩桩身弯矩分布规律与双排门式抗滑桩差异显著,桩身上段均存在较大负弯矩,双桩桩顶边界条件设成弹性嵌固更为合理。桩、柱顶水平位移及前桩桩身最大弯矩均随边坡坡度θ的增加呈非线性增长,而随墩柱高度h的增加近似呈非线性增长。通过实测桩身弯矩的回归分析得到了前、后桩桩身弯矩关于横坡坡度θ、柱桩长度比h/l及坡顶竖向荷载p2的拟合公式,且相关指数R2均大于0.9。

西安地区Q_2黄土非线性流变模型

为了研究Q2黄土的流变特性,对西安地区不同湿度的Q2黄土进行了室内单轴蠕变试验和不同围压下的三轴蠕变试验,得到了不同湿度Q2黄土的单轴、三轴蠕变曲线和应力-应变等时曲线。分析试验曲线表明:加载瞬时,Q2黄土具有一瞬时变形,当应力水平低于某一临界值时,蠕变变形是衰减稳定的,在较高的应力作用下,会出现加速蠕变阶段;等时曲线在较低应力下近似于直线,在较高应力下表现为曲线,反映出Q2黄土具有明显的非线性流变特性;根据Q2黄土非线性流变特性,用广义Kelvin模型模拟其粘弹性阶段,用Maxwell模型描述Q2黄土的线性粘塑性特性,非线性粘塑性蠕变可用一幂函数形式的经验模型来描述。在此基础上,分别建立了单轴和三轴条件下不同含水量的Q2黄土的非线性流变本构模型,并通过拟牛顿法确定了相应的模型参数。经验证,该非线性流变模型能够较好地描述Q2黄土的流变特性。