A novel adaptive harmonic balance method with an asymptotic harmonic selection

The harmonic balance method(HBM)is one of the most widely used methods in solving nonlinear vibration problems,and its accuracy and computational efficiency largely depend on the number of the harmonics selected.The adaptive harmonic balance(AHB)method is an improved HBM method.This paper presents a modified AHB method with the asymptotic harmonic selection(AHS)procedure.This new harmonic selection procedure selects harmonics from the frequency spectra of nonlinear terms instead of estimating the contribution of each harmonic to the whole nonlinear response,by which the additional calculation is avoided.A modified continuation method is proposed to deal with the variable size of nonlinear algebraic equations at different values of path parameters,and then all solution branches of the amplitude-frequency response are obtained.Numerical experiments are carried out to verify the performance of the AHB-AHS method.Five typical nonlinear dynamic equations with different types of nonlinearities and excitations are chosen as the illustrative examples.Compared with the classical HBM and Runge-Kutta methods,the proposed AHB-AHS method is of higher accuracy and better convergence.The AHB-AHS method proposed in this paper has the potential to investigate the nonlinear vibrations of complex high-dimensional nonlinear systems.

INCREMENTAL HARMONIC BALANCE METHOD FOR AIRFOIL FLUTTER WITH MULTIPLE STRONG NONLINEARITIES

The incremental harmonic balance method was extended to analyze the flutter of systems with multiple structural strong nonlinearities. The strongly nonlinear cubic plunging and pitching stiffness terms were considered in the flutter equations of two-dimensional airfoil. First, the equations were transferred into matrix form, then the vibration process was divided into the persistent incremental processes of vibration moments. And the expression of their solutions could be obtained by using a certain amplitude as control parameter in the harmonic balance process, and then the bifurcation, limit cycle flutter phenomena and the number of harmonic terms were analyzed. Finally, numerical results calculated by the Runge-Kutta method were given to verify the results obtained by the proposed procedure. It has been shown that the incremental harmonic method is effective and precise in the analysis of strongly nonlinear flutter with multiple structural nonlinearities.

Incremental harmonic balance method for periodic forced oscillation of a dielectric elastomer balloon

Dielectric elastomer(DE) is suitable in soft transducers for broad applications,among which many are subjected to dynamic loadings, either mechanical or electrical or both. The tuning behaviors of these DE devices call for an efficient and reliable method to analyze the dynamic response of DE. This remains to be a challenge since the resultant vibration equation of DE, for example, the vibration of a DE balloon considered here is highly nonlinear with higher-order power terms and time-dependent coefficients. Previous efforts toward this goal use largely the numerical integration method with the simple harmonic balance method as a supplement. The numerical integration and the simple harmonic balance method are inefficient for large parametric analysis or with difficulty in improving the solution accuracy. To overcome the weakness of these two methods,we describe formulations of the incremental harmonic balance(IHB) method for periodic forced solutions of such a unique system. Combined with an arc-length continuation technique, the proposed strategy can capture the whole solution branches, both stable and unstable, automatically with any desired accuracy.

Nonlinear vibration analysis of a circular composite plate harvester via harmonic balance

Alumped parameter transversevibration model of a composite plate harvester is analyzed via harmonic balance approaches. The harvester is mainly composed of a piezoelectriccircular composite clamped by two steel rings and a proof mass on the plate.The lumped parameter model is a 1.5 degree-of-freedom strongly nonlinear system with a higher order polynomial stiffness. Aharmonic balance approach is developed to analyze the system, and the resulting algebraic equations are numerically solved by adopting an arc-length continuation technique. Anincremental harmonic balance approach is also developedfor the lumped parameter model. The two approaches yieldthe same results.The amplitude-frequency responses produced by the harmonic balance approach are validated by the numericalintegrations and the experimental data. The investigation reveals that there coexist hardening and softening characteristics in the amplitude-frequency response curves under sufficiently large excitations. The harvester with thecoexistenceof hardening and softening nonlinearitiescan outperform not only linear energy harvesters but also typical hardening nonlinear energy harvesters.

Nonlinear vibration analysis of a circular micro-plate in two-sided NEMS/MEMS capacitive system by using harmonic balance method

In this study, forced nonlinear vibration of a circular micro-plate under two-sided electrostatic, two-sided Casimir and external harmonic forces is investigated analytically. For this purpose, at first, von Karman plate theory including geometrical nonlinearity is used to obtain the deflection of the micro-plate. Galerkin decomposition method is then employed, and nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of motion are determined. A harmonic balance method (HBM) is applied to equations and analytical relation for nonlineaT frequency response (F-R) curves are derived for two categories (including and neglecting Casimir force) separately. The analytical results for three cases:(1) semi-linear vibration;(2) weakly nonlinear vibration;(3) highly non linear vibration, are validated by comparing with the numerical solutio ns. After validation, the effects of the voltage and Casimir force on the natural frequency of two-sided capacitor system are investigated. It is shown that by assuming Casimir force in small gap distances, reduction of the natural frequency is considerable. The influences of the applied voltage, damping, micro-plate thickness and Casimir force on the frequency response curves have been presented too. The results of this study can be useful for modeling circular parallel-plates in nano /microelectromechanical transducers such as microphones and pressure sensors.

Primary resonance of fractional-order Duffing–van der Pol oscillator by harmonic balance method

The dynamical properties of fractional-order Duffing–van der Pol oscillator are studied, and the amplitude–frequency response equation of primary resonance is obtained by the harmonic balance method. The stability condition for steady-state solution is obtained based on Lyapunov theory. The comparison of the approximate analytical results with the numerical results is fulfilled, and the approximations obtained are in good agreement with the numerical solutions. The bifurcations of primary resonance for system parameters are analyzed. The results show that the harmonic balance method is effective and convenient for solving this problem, and it provides a reference for the dynamical analysis of similar nonlinear systems.

Period-One Rotating Solutions of Horizontally Excited Pendulum Based on Iterative Harmonic Balance

In this study, the iterative harmonic balance method was used to develop analytical solutions of period-one rotations of a pendulum driven horizontally by harmonic excitations. The performance of the method was evaluated by two criteria, one based on the system energy error and the other based on the global residual error. As a comparison, analytical solutions based on the multi-scale method were also considered. Numerical solutions obtained from the Dormand-Prince method (ODE45 in MATLAB&#169) were used as the baseline for evaluation. It was found that under lower-level excitations, the multi-scale method performed better than the iterative method. At higher-level excitations, however, the performance of the iterative method was noticeably more accurate.

Improvement of Harmonic Balance Using Jacobian Elliptic Functions

We propose a method for finding approximate analytic solutions to autonomous single degree-of-freedom nonlinear oscillator equations. It consists of the harmonic balance with linearization in which Jacobian elliptic functions are used instead of circular trigonometric functions. We show that a simple change of independent variable followed by a careful choice of the form of anharmonic solution enable to obtain highly accurate approximate solutions. In particular our examples show that the proposed method is as easy to use as existing harmonic balance based methods and yet provides substantially greater accuracy.

Harmonic balance method with alternating frequency/time domain technique for nonlinear dynamical system with fractional exponential

Comparisons of the common methods for obtaining the periodic responses show that the harmonic balance method with alternating frequency/time （HB-AFT） do- main technique has some advantages in dealing with nonlinear problems of fractional exponential models. By the HB-AFT method, a rigid rotor supported by ball bearings with nonlinearity of Hertz contact and ball passage vibrations is considered. With the aid of the Floquet theory, the movement characteristics of interval stability are deeply studied. Besides, a simple strategy to determine the monodromy matrix is proposed for the stability analysis.

Power Balance of Multi-Harmonic Components in Nonlinear Network

The main harmonic components in nonlinear differential equations can be solved by using the harmonic balance principle. The nonlinear coupling relation among various harmonics can be found by balance theorem of frequency domain. The superhet receiver circuits which are described by nonlinear differential equation of comprising even degree terms include three main harmonic components: the difference frequency and two signal frequencies. Based on the nonlinear coupling relation, taking superhet circuit as an example, this paper demonstrates that the every one of three main harmonics in networks must individually observe conservation of complex power. The power of difference frequency is from variable-frequency device. And total dissipative power of each harmonic is equal to zero. These conclusions can also be verified by the traditional harmonic analysis. The oscillation solutions which consist of the mixture of three main harmonics possess very long oscillation period, the spectral distribution are very tight, similar to evolution from doubling period leading to chaos. It can be illustrated that the chaos is sufficient or infinite extension of the oscillation period. In fact, the oscillation solutions plotted by numerical simulation all are certainly a periodic function of discrete spectrum. When phase portrait plotted hasn’t finished one cycle, it is shown as aperiodic chaos.

Nonlinearity and periodic solution of a standard-beam balance oscillation system

We present the motion equation of the standard-beam balance oscillation system, whose beam and suspensions, compared with the compound pendulum, are connected flexibly and vertically. The nonlinearity and the periodic solution of the equation are discussed by the phase-plane analysis. We find that this kind of oscillation can be equivalent to a standard-beam compound pendulum without suspensions; however, the equivalent mass centre of the standard beam is extended. The derived periodic solution shows that the oscillation period is tightly related to the initial pivot energy and several systemic parameters： beam length, masses of the beam, and suspensions, and the beam mass centre. A numerical example is calculated.

AN IMPROVEMENT TO THE HARMONIC-BALANCE TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYZING NONLINEAR CIRCUITS

In this paper,an improved method,which is based on the harmonic-balance tech-nique,for speeding up the convergence iteration procedure is presented.As an example,it isapplied to the nonlinear analysis of microwave mixer,in which a simple time domain to fre-quency domain transformation technique for the mixer diode is firstly introduced.The use of thistechnique saves computing time dramatically.And the analyzed results are in good agreementwith the results published.The improved method can also be extended to the CAA of nonlinearcircuits with multi-devices.

面向光栅刻划机的负刚度结构隔振性能优化

大面积光栅刻划机实验室存在的复杂振动因素,会对它的运行及刻画精度造成影响,针对光栅刻划机设计一种正负刚度并联的被动隔振结构,改善仅有空气弹簧时对低频隔振无效的现象,拓宽隔振频带。为模拟隔振器隔振性能,建立系统的动力学模型和动力学方程,使用仿真软件MATLAB进行仿真,为磁致负刚度弹簧进行尺寸结构设计,对比并联磁致负刚度弹簧前后的隔振效果。仿真结果表明采用空气弹簧和磁致负刚度结构并联后能够有效的隔离低频振动,并且磁吸致负刚度和磁斥致负刚度进行组合能够有效的改善单一磁吸致负刚度或磁斥致负刚度结构的非线性。

重构谐波平衡法及其求解复杂非线性问题应用

谐波平衡法是求解非线性动力学系统周期解的最常用方法,但对非线性项进行高阶近似需要庞杂的公式推导,限制了该方法的超高精度解算.通过对频域非线性量的时域等价重构,提出了重构谐波平衡法(RHB法),解决了经典谐波平衡法超高阶次计算难题.然而,上述两种方法均要求动力学系统为多项式型非线性,且无法直接用来求解非线性系统的拟周期解.针对上述问题,文章提出一种将RHB法和复杂非线性系统等价重铸法相结合的计算方法,首先将一般非线性问题无损重铸为多项式型非线性系统,然后用RHB法进行高精度求解;针对拟周期响应求解问题,提出基于“补频”思想的RHB方法,通过基频的优化筛选,实现拟周期响应的快速精准捕捉.选取非线性单摆、相对论谐振子和非线性耦合非对称摆等典型系统进行仿真计算,仿真结果表明,所提出的RHB-重铸法在解非多项式型非线性系统的稳态响应时精度保持为10^(-12)量级,达计算机精度,远超现有方法水平.补频RHB法则实现了对拟周期问题的高效解算,拓宽了方法对真实物理响应的求解范围.

有限深度介质上梁非线性能量汇减振的Winkler地基实现

土-结构相互作用对结构动力学特性的影响是一种具有非线性能量汇特征的效应。利用考虑土体质量的Winkler地基梁理论,将有限深度弹性介质等效为非线性能量汇系统的附加质量,建立简谐激励下弹性介质上简支梁系统的非线性动力学模型。采用Galerkin方法和增量谐波平衡法分析了弹性介质上简支梁的非线性动力响应。利用数值计算方法验证了理论结果的正确性,并分析了非线性能量汇的有效性。通过参数优化和分析,揭示了不同参数范围内Winkler地基的减振效果,讨论了其最佳参数范围。研究结果表明:在合理的参数范围内,弹性介质对其支承梁的动力响应有良好的抑制作用,能够快速有效地吸收共振条件下的振动能量,并具有良好的鲁棒性。优化后的非线性能量汇可使梁的共振幅值降低超95%,且具有较宽的减振频带。研究成果从非线性能量汇的角度展现了土-结构相互作用效应的减振机理,为基于弹性地基设计的结构振动抑制提供了理论依据。

Subharmonic resonance of a clamped-clamped buckled beam with 1:1 internal resonance under base harmonic excitations

The subharmonic resonance and bifurcations of a clamped-clamped buckled beam under base harmonic excitations are investigated.The nonlinear partial integrodifferential equation of the motion of the buckled beam with both quadratic and cubic nonlinearities is given by using Hamilton’s principle.A set of second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations are obtained by spatial discretization with the Galerkin method.A high-dimensional model of the buckled beam is derived,concerning nonlinear coupling.The incremental harmonic balance(IHB)method is used to achieve the periodic solutions of the high-dimensional model of the buckled beam to observe the nonlinear frequency response curve and the nonlinear amplitude response curve,and the Floquet theory is used to analyze the stability of the periodic solutions.Attention is focused on the subharmonic resonance caused by the internal resonance as the excitation frequency near twice of the first natural frequency of the buckled beam with/without the antisymmetric modes being excited.Bifurcations including the saddle-node,Hopf,perioddoubling,and symmetry-breaking bifurcations are observed.Furthermore,quasi-periodic motion is observed by using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method,which results from the Hopf bifurcation of the response of the buckled beam with the anti-symmetric modes being excited.

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters under simultaneous parametric and external excitations

The nonlinear dynamics of cantilevered piezoelectric beams is investigated under simultaneous parametric and external excitations. The beam is composed of a substrate and two piezoelectric layers and assumed as an Euler-Bernoulli model with inextensible deformation. A nonlinear distributed parameter model of cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters is proposed using the generalized Hamilton＇s principle. The proposed model includes geometric and inertia nonlinearity, but neglects the material nonlinearity. Using the Galerkin decomposition method and harmonic balance method, analytical expressions of the frequency-response curves are presented when the first bending mode of the beam plays a dominant role. Using these expressions, we investigate the effects of the damping, load resistance, electromechanical coupling, and excitation amplitude on the frequency-response curves. We also study the difference between the nonlinear lumped-parameter and distributed- parameter model for predicting the performance of the energy harvesting system. Only in the case of parametric excitation, we demonstrate that the energy harvesting system has an initiation excitation threshold below which no energy can be harvested. We also illustrate that the damping and load resistance affect the initiation excitation threshold.

Nonlinear vibration of functionally graded graphene platelet-reinforced composite truncated conical shell using first-order shear deformation theory

In this study,the first-order shear deformation theory(FSDT)is used to establish a nonlinear dynamic model for a conical shell truncated by a functionally graded graphene platelet-reinforced composite(FG-GPLRC).The vibration analyses of the FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell are presented.Considering the graphene platelets(GPLs)of the FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell with three different distribution patterns,the modified Halpin-Tsai model is used to calculate the effective Young’s modulus.Hamilton’s principle,the FSDT,and the von-Karman type nonlinear geometric relationships are used to derive a system of partial differential governing equations of the FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell.The Galerkin method is used to obtain the ordinary differential equations of the truncated conical shell.Then,the analytical nonlinear frequencies of the FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell are solved by the harmonic balance method.The effects of the weight fraction and distribution pattern of the GPLs,the ratio of the length to the radius as well as the ratio of the radius to the thickness of the FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell on the nonlinear natural frequency characteristics are discussed.This study culminates in the discovery of the periodic motion and chaotic motion of the FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell.

Research on linear/nonlinear viscous damping and hysteretic damping in nonlinear vibration isolation systems

A nonlinear vibration isolation system is promising to provide a high-efficient broadband isolation performance.In this paper,a generalized vibration isolation system is established with nonlinear stiffness,nonlinear viscous damping,and Bouc-Wen(BW)hysteretic damping.An approximate analytical analysis is performed based on a harmonic balance method(HBM)and an alternating frequency/time(AFT)domain technique.To evaluate the damping effect,a generalized equivalent damping ratio is defined with the stiffness-varying characteristics.A comprehensive comparison of different kinds of damping is made through numerical simulations.It is found that the damping ratio of the linear damping is related to the stiffness-varying characteristics while the damping ratios of two kinds of nonlinear damping are related to the responding amplitudes.The linear damping,hysteretic damping,and nonlinear viscous damping are suitable for the small-amplitude,medium-amplitude,and large-amplitude conditions,respectively.The hysteretic damping has an extra advantage of broadband isolation.

Forced response of quadratic nonlinear oscillator: comparison of various approaches

The primary resonances of a quadratic nonlinear system under weak and strong external excitations are investigated with the emphasis on the comparison of dif- ferent analytical approximate approaches. The forced vibration of snap-through mecha- nism is treated as a quadratic nonlinear oscillator. The Lindstedt-Poincar method, the multiple-scale method, the averaging method, and the harmonic balance method are used to determine the amplitude-frequency response relationships of the steady-state responses. It is demonstrated that the zeroth-order harmonic components should be accounted in the application of the harmonic balance method. The analytical approximations are com- pared with the numerical integrations in terms of the frequency response curves and the phase portraits. Supported by the numerical results, the harmonic balance method pre- dicts that the quadratic nonlinearity bends the frequency response curves to the left. If the excitation amplitude is a second-order small quantity of the bookkeeping parameter, the steady-state responses predicted by the second-order approximation of the Lindstedt- Poincar method and the multiple-scale method agree qualitatively with the numerical results. It is demonstrated that the quadratic nonlinear system implies softening type nonlinearity for any quadratic nonlinear coefficients.