Prediction Model for Vortex-Induced Vibration of Circular Cylinder with Data of Forced Vibration

A model based on the data from forced vibration experiments is developed for predicting the vortex-induced vibra- tions （VIV） of elastically mounted circular cylinders in flow. The assumptions for free and forced vibration tests are explored briefly. Energy equilibrium is taken into account to set up the relationship between the dynamic response of selfexcited oscillations and the force coemcients from forced vibration experiments. The gap between these two cases is bridged straightforwardly with careful treatment of key parameters. Given reduced mass m^# and material damping ratio of an elastically mounted circular cylinder in flow, the response characteristics such as amplitude, frequency, lock-in range, added mass coefficient, cross-flow fluid force and the corresponding phase angle can be predicted all at once. In- stances with different combination of reduced mass and material damping ratio are compared to investigate their effects on VIV. The hysteresis phenomenon can be interpreted reasonably. The predictions and the results from recent experiments carried out by Wifliamson＇ s group are in rather good agreement.

Vortex-Induced Vibrations of A Free-Spanning Pipe Based on A Nonlinear Hysteretic Soil Model at the Shoulders

The pipe-soil interactions at shoulders can significantly affect the vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of free-spanning pipes in the subsea. In this paper, the seabed soil reacting force on the pipe is directly calculated with a nonlinear hysteretic soil model. For the VIV in the middle span, a classic van der Pol wake oscillator is adopted. Based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the vibration equations of the pipe are obtained which are different in the middle span and at the two end shoulders. The static configuration of the pipe is firstly calculated and then the VIV is simulated.The present model is validated with the comparisons of VIV experiment, pipe-soil interaction experiment and the simulation results of VIV of free-spanning pipes in which the seabed soil is modelled with spring-dashpots. With the present model, the influence of seabed soil on the VIV of a free-spanning pipe is analyzed. The parametric studies show that when the seabed soil has a larger suction area, the pipe vibrates with smaller bending stresses and is safer.While with the increase of the shear strength of the seabed soil, the bending stresses increase and the pipe faces more danger.

A nonlinear model for aerodynamic configuration of wake behind horizontal-axis wind turbine

Determination of the aerodynamic configuration of wake is the key to analysis and evaluation of the rotor aerodynamic characteristics of a horizontal-axis wind turbine. According to the aerodynamic configuration, the real magnitude and direction of the onflow velocity at the rotor blade can be determined, and subsequently, the aerodynamic force on the rotor can be determined. The commonly employed wake aerodynamic models are of the cylindrical form instead of the actual expanding one. This is because the influence of the radial component of the induced velocity on the wake configuration is neglected. Therefore, this model should be called a "linear model". Using this model means that the induced velocities at the rotor blades and aerodynamic loads on them would be inexact. An approximately accurate approach is proposed in this paper to determine the so-called "nonlinear" wake aerodynamic configuration by means of the potential theory, where the influence of all three coordinate components of the induced velocity on wake aerodynamic configuration is taken into account to obtain a kind of expanding wake that approximately looks like an actual one. First, the rotor aerodynamic model composed of axial (central), bound, and trailing vortexes is established with the help of the finite aspect wing theory. Then, the Biot-Savart formula for the potential flow theory is used to derive a set of integral equations to evaluate the three components of the induced velocity at any point within the wake. The numerical solution to the integral equations is found, and the loci of all elementary trailing vortex filaments behind the rotor are determined thereafter. Finally, to formulate an actual wind turbine rotor, using the nonlinear wake model, the induced velocity everywhere in the wake, especially that at the rotor blade, is obtained in the case of various tip speed ratios and compared with the wake boundary in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer. Hereby, some useful and referential conclusions are offered for the aerodynamic computation and design of the rotor of the horizontal-axis wind turbine.

A Nonlinear Vortex Induced Vibration Model of Marine Risers

With the exploitation of oil and gas in deep water, the traditional vortex induced vibration (VIV) theory is challenged by the unprecedented flexibility of risers. A nonlinear time-dependent VIV model is developed in this paper based on a VIV lift force model and the Morison equation. Both the inline vibration induced by the flow due to vortex shedding and the fluid-structure interaction in the transverse direction are included in the model. One of the characteristics of the model is the response-dependent lift force with nonlinear damping, which is different from other VIV models. The calculations show that the model can well describe the VIV of deepwater risers with the results agreeing with those calculated by other models.

Nonlinear dynamic characteristics model of labyrinth seal based on Muszynska model

An accurate seal forces model is the foundation to analyze the rotor-seal systems. In this paper, the Navier-Stokes equation and energy equation are solved to simulate the interior flow field in the labyrinth seal gap. The leakage rate is compared with the experimental results in the literatures. The maximum error is 4%, which proves that the method of employing CFD to simulate the interior flow field of labyrinth seal gap is reliable. Based on this, the interior flow field and fluid exciting force of stage teeth labyrinth seal are studied. By coupling with the Muszynska model, the method of defining the experience loss parameters in Muszynska model is proposed. The results indicate that the experience parameters obtained by the proposed method can depict the nonlinear exciting force of labyrinth seal better.

A Nonlinear Representation of Model Uncertainty in a Convective-Scale Ensemble Prediction System

How to accurately address model uncertainties with consideration of the rapid nonlinear error growth characteristics in a convection-allowing system is a crucial issue for performing convection-scale ensemble forecasts.In this study,a new nonlinear model perturbation technique for convective-scale ensemble forecasts is developed to consider a nonlinear representation of model errors in the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System(GRAPES)Convection-Allowing Ensemble Prediction System(CAEPS).The nonlinear forcing singular vector(NFSV)approach,that is,conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation-forcing(CNOP-F),is applied in this study,to construct a nonlinear model perturbation method for GRAPES-CAEPS.Three experiments are performed:One of them is the CTL experiment,without adding any model perturbation;the other two are NFSV-perturbed experiments,which are perturbed by NFSV with two different groups of constraint radii to test the sensitivity of the perturbation magnitude constraint.Verification results show that the NFSV-perturbed experiments achieve an overall improvement and produce more skillful forecasts compared to the CTL experiment,which indicates that the nonlinear NFSV-perturbed method can be used as an effective model perturbation method for convection-scale ensemble forecasts.Additionally,the NFSV-L experiment with large perturbation constraints generally performs better than the NFSV-S experiment with small perturbation constraints in the verification for upper-air and surface weather variables.But for precipitation verification,the NFSV-S experiment performs better in forecasts for light precipitation,and the NFSV-L experiment performs better in forecasts for heavier precipitation,indicating that for different precipitation events,the perturbation magnitude constraint must be carefully selected.All the findings above lay a foundation for the design of nonlinear model perturbation methods for future CAEPSs.

基于遗传算法的磨削力模型系数优化及验证

在磨削力模型求解问题中,目前大多使用分段计算法或列方程组直接计算各个待求系数,不仅计算量大且其精度也无法保证。另外,传统的回归模型容易陷入局部最优,难以描述非线性关系。为此,将遗传算法引入到非线性优化函数参数优化中,基于外圆横向磨削力模型、平面磨削力模型、外圆纵向磨削力模型等现有的模型数据,开展磨削力理论模型的系数优化方法研究。相关性分析结果表明:通过计算得到的3种模型磨削力的预测精度提高了14.69%~42.54%,且3种模型所预测的法向磨削力的平均误差分别为5.9%、9.13%、3.23%,切向力平均误差分别为6.78%、8.36%、3.69%。经对比知,优化后的模型拟合度较好,模型预测精度显著提高。遗传算法优化后的非线性优化函数GA-LSQ算法更适合磨削力模型的求解,可对磨削力的预测及实际加工生产中的参数优化提供参考。

浮式风力机若干特征动力学问题综述

总结浮式风力机类型及其对应的特征动力学问题,针对浮式风力机气动荷载、水动荷载的计算方法以及结构动力学、控制动力学典型问题进行论述。讨论了气动—水动—结构—伺服耦合分析的难点,重点分析了二阶波浪力、畸形波等非线性波浪荷载、流荷载及涡激运动对浮式风力机特征动力响应的影响。阐述了浮式风力机动力学研究的试验方法、数值仿真方法、样机测试方法,并对模型试验技术的相似理论、气动模型的实现和难点以及数值仿真的频域方法、时域方法和分析工具进行了归纳对比。研究表明:浮式风力机多场、多体耦合动力分析机理及相关技术仍不成熟,气动荷载、高阶非线性波浪荷载耦合模型的建立是动力学问题研究的重点,数值仿真及模型试验是浮式风力机动力响应研究的主要方法,样机测试技术的积累将促进设计标准的完善及浮式风电的产业化发展。

基于Pasternak海床模型的椭圆余弦波浪荷载作用下埋置管线动力响应解析解

通过两阶段分析方法,针对椭圆余弦波作用下埋置管线的动力响应进行了探究。基于椭圆余弦波理论,采用Biot固结方程推导了非线性波浪作用下浅水区埋置管线所受的周期波浪压力;将管线考虑为动力Pasternak海床模型上的Euler-Bernoulli梁,将波浪动荷载施加到管线上获得无限长管线的动力响应偏微分控制方程;利用Fourier变换和Laplace变换并借助卷积定理得到管线挠度、速度、加速度、转角、弯矩和剪力的动力响应解。通过与三维有限元数值算例及既有试验结果对比验证了解析解的正确性与适用性。对椭圆余弦波作用下埋置管线的动力响应特性进行了敏感参数分析,结果表明:波浪高度H显著影响了波面形状与海床内波浪力大小,不同浪高下管线转角、弯矩和剪力的变化更明显,而挠度、速度和加速度响应敏感性则较低。

大跨度桥梁非线性颤振理论与试验研究

目前,在线性颤振设防标准下,大跨桥梁的设计与建设成本巨幅增加,严重阻碍了大跨度桥梁的进一步发展,亟需研究大跨度桥梁的非线性颤振特性并构建相关非线性颤振分析理论,为后颤振设防标准的构建提供理论依据。该研究发展了基于自由振动风洞试验识别幅变颤振导数的方法,建立了多/全模态耦合三维非线性颤振频域快速分析方法和能够考虑气动与结构双重非线性效应的三维时域分析方法,拓展了桥梁断面节段模型大振幅非线性颤振研究的风洞试验技术。基于发展的非线性颤振分析方法,以国内某四主缆双层桁架主梁断面悬索桥为背景,研究了该桥主梁断面的非线性颤振特性,量化了竖向自由度对该断面非线性颤振的影响,探究了多模态耦合效应对该桥非线性颤振的影响规律,发现了几何非线性效应诱发的超谐共振行为,并据此揭示了几何非线性效应对该桥非线性颤振的影响机制。该文方便读者对非线性颤振理论与分析方法有比较全面的了解,研究可为今后建立大跨桥梁的韧性抗风设计标准提供理论支撑和技术保障。

流体机械转子系统非线性振动机理研究

为解决现有转子的线性振动模型难以精确描述转子非线性振动的问题,建立了基于Muszynska非线性密封力模型的转子-密封-轴承系统的非线性运动模型。运用四阶龙格-库塔法求解了转子系统的非线性运动方程,分别分析了在3000,8500,12000,15000 r/min转速下转子的轴心轨迹图;还求解了转速、转子结构和轴承尺寸等参数下的振动分岔图。基于建立的非线性振动模型,搭建了转子-密封-轴承系统试验台,探究了压强对转子轴心轨迹振动的影响,最终从模拟和试验2个方面探究了转子的振动规律,为进一步的优化提供基础。结果表明,在转子转速由3000 r/min增大到12000 r/min的过程中,轴心轨迹图由无量纲半径为0.4的圆形逐渐变为成倍周期图型;当转速超过15000 r/min时,转子的振动变得没有规律,变成混沌图;从转子不同影响参数下的分岔图发现,转子系统的振幅与转速和密封长度成正比,与密封间隙和轴承润滑长度成反比;在设计转子结构时可以通过增加密封间隙或延长轴承润滑长度的方式降低振幅。在转子系统中,影响最大的因素是转子转速,其次是转子结构。

索膜反射面可展开天线的形态设计

为研究金属反射网和索网的张紧状态对可展开天线形面精度的影响,考虑支撑桁架变形对索膜反射面可展开天线进行形态设计研究。金属反射网可看作一类薄膜结构,由于金属反射网和索网均需施加预张力来达到一定的刚度,因此首先基于索膜结构力密度方程进行形态设计,使其在自身预张力和外载作用下达到满足要求的形状和精度;索膜结构的张拉作用会导致桁架变形,造成再平衡后索膜反射面形面精度的降低和张力分布不合理,因此,需要建立天线整体的非线性有限元模型;对天线模型进行迭代修正,最后得到满足要求的张力设计变量和天线构型。最后通过相应算例,验证了方法的正确性。

Improved concept models for straight thin-walled columns with box cross section

This paper focuses on developing improved concept models for straight thin-walled box sectional columns which can better predict the peak crushing force that occurs during crashworthiness analyses. We develop a nonlinear translational spring based on previous research and apply such a spring element to build the enhanced concept models. The work presented in this article is developed on the basis of the publication of the author (Liu and Day, 2006b) and has been applied in a crashworthiness design issue, which is presented by the author in another paper (Liu, 2008).

IMPROVED MODEL FOR THREE DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR WATER WAVE FORCE PREDICTION

An improved model for numerically predicting nonlinear wave forces exerted on an offshore structure is pro- posed.In a previous work[9],the authors presented a model for the same purpose with an open boundary condi- tion imposed,where the wave celerity has been defined constant.Generally,the value of wave celerity is time-de- pendent and varying with spatial location.With the present model the wave celerity is evaluated by an upwind dif- ference scheme,which enables the method to be extended to conditions of variable finite water depth,where the value of wave celerity varies with time as the wave approaches the offshore structure.The finite difference method incorporated with the time-stepping technique in time domain developed here makes the numerical evolution effec- tive and stable.Computational examples on interactions between a surface-piercing vertical cylinder and a solitary wave or a cnoidal wave train demonstrates the validity of this program.

超超临界汽轮机密封非线性汽流激振力影响的转子运动特性

密封汽流激振作用常诱导转子非线性运动失稳。建立某1 000 MW汽轮机高压缸隔板密封模型,通过动网格技术和多频涡动模型得到非线性密封汽流激振力拟合模型。基于转子动力学建立包含非线性油膜力的转子-轴承-密封系统运动耦合模型,分析非线性密封汽流激振力对系统运动特性的影响。研究表明:非线性密封激振力的拟合模型具有较好的计算精度,且更贴近实际情况;汽轮机在冲转升速过程中,以转子的不平衡响应以及非线性油膜力诱发系统失稳为主。对于不同压比工况,额定转速运行后,当负荷一定时,压比越大,汽流激振现象越明显。随着负荷升高,汽流激振的影响显著增强,也加剧了压比对汽流激振的影响程度,使得密封汽流激振的影响增加,导致系统严重失稳。

不规则波中浮式平台波漂力及运动计算研究

为研究分析系泊浮式生产储油平台波浪漂移力计算精度和耦合运动时域模拟的方法,本文使用自主开发的一阶泰勒展开边界元方法对某浮式生产储油平台在压载工况下的频域波浪漂移力进行了计算,并与商业软件AQWA、WAMIT计算的漂移力结果作对比分析。在频域计算的基础上,使用基于异步耦合方法开发的系泊浮体耦合运动分析程序对浮式生产储油平台在多个不规则波海况下的非线性运动响应进行时域模拟,并与模型试验测试结果作对比,分析了数值模拟精度。从结果显示可知计算结果吻合较好,即使是更为复杂的海况,在海浪和海流同向的情况下,异步耦合分析程序也能获得与模型试验较为一致的结果。

基于非线性材料的高速磁浮电磁铁建模与分析

为更加精确、快速地分析高速磁浮悬浮电磁铁的电磁力特性,实现与控制、动力学模型的良好匹配,提出一种基于非线性材料的高速磁浮悬浮电磁铁电磁力建模方法.首先,在搭建电磁铁等效磁路(equivalent magnetic circuit,EMC)模型时,考虑了导磁材料自身的非线性,导磁材料的磁阻计算以内部磁通为基础,推导以电压及间隙为输入,电流及电磁力为输出的电磁铁解析模型,计算电磁力-间隙-电流特性,并与传统EMC模型进行对比分析;其次,搭建电磁铁有限元(finite element method,FEM)模型,对非线性EMC模型的结果进行验证;最后,采用地面试验台对悬浮电磁铁进行电磁力测试,验证EMC及FEM模型的准确性.研究结果表明:与传统电磁力模型相比,本文EMC模型计算的电磁力在大电流区间会出现饱和现象,更接近实际情况,适用范围更广;磁间隙12.5 mm,电流50 A工况下,EMC与FME计算的电磁力偏差仅为4.5%,且与试验结果具有非常高的一致性;高精度的非线性电磁力模型为悬浮系统动态特性联合分析及参数优化奠定了基础.

考虑横向性能的盾构隧道纵向非线性等效抗弯刚度计算模型

纵向等效抗弯刚度是采用等效连续化模型进行盾构隧道纵向结构分析的关键参数,其在纵向轴力和弯矩耦合作用下具有明显的非线性特征。在既有盾构隧道非线性抗弯刚度理论的基础上,考虑盾构隧道的横向变形特征,建立考虑盾构隧道横向性能的纵向非线性等效抗弯刚度计算模型,基于椭圆积分严格推导纵向轴力和弯矩耦合作用下盾构隧道在环缝完全闭合、半张开和完全张开3种变形模式下的纵向等效抗弯刚度,并根据中性轴位置方程得到各弯曲模式的临界轴力和弯矩判据,通过与既有解析模型计算结果、模型试验数据和数值计算结果的对比验证了所提出的模型的可靠性。采用该模型开展了纵向轴力和弯矩耦合作用下盾构隧道横向性能对其纵向刚度的影响分析,讨论了理论模型构建时非严格椭圆积分推导的计算误差,并基于该模型提出了附加荷载作用下盾构隧道横纵向变形的耦合分析方法。研究结果表明:该模型的解析推导是准确可靠的;盾构隧道的纵向等效抗弯刚度与其横向刚度密切相关,且为正相关;在压弯状态下盾构隧道纵向等效抗弯刚度随横向刚度的增大而得到明显提升。提出的模型构建了轴力和弯矩耦合作用下盾构隧道横、纵向刚度的匹配性,为盾构隧道横、纵向结构耦合分析搭建了桥梁。

不同横缝初始间隙的拱形重力坝-地基体系地震响应分析研究

本文构建了某拱形重力坝三维全坝段-地基体系有限元分析模型,综合考虑了坝体横缝和坝基交界面接触非线性,采用基于拉格朗日乘子法的动接触力模型模拟接触非线性问题,采用黏弹性人工边界考虑无限地基辐射阻尼效应,分别开展横缝初始间隙0、2和20 mm下的重力坝-地基体系非线性有限元动力时程分析,揭示不同横缝初始间隙对大坝动力响应的影响,为工程抗震设计提供科学依据.