Finite element failure analysis of continuous prestressed concrete box girders

In order to analyze the load carrying capacity of prestressed concrete box girders, failure behaviors of in-situ deteriorated continuous prestressed concrete box girders under loading are experimentally observed and a finite failure analysis method for predicting behaviors of box girders is developed. A degenerated solid shell element is used to simulate box girders and material nonlinearity is considered. Since pre-stressed concrete box girders usually have a large number of curve prestressed tendons, a type of combined element is presented to simulate the prestressed tendons of box girders, and then the number of elements can be significantly reduced. The analytical results are compared with full-scale failure test results. The comparison shows that the presented method can be effectively applied to the failure analysis of in-situ continuous prestressed concrete box girders, and it also shows that the studied old bridge still has enough load carrying capacity.

Ply-by-Ply Failure Analysis of Laminates under Dynamic Loading

Ply-by-ply failure analysis of symmetric and anti-symmetric laminates under uniform sinusoidal transverse dynamic loading is performed for a specified duration.The study investigates the first ply failure load,followed by the detection of successive ply failures and their failure modes using various failure theories.Some of the well-established failure theories,mostly used by the researchers,are considered for the failure prediction in laminates.The finite element computational model based on higher order shear deformation displacement field is used for the failure analysis and the complete methodology is computer coded using FORTRAN.The ply-discount stiffness reduction scheme is employed to modify the material properties of the failed lamina.The failure theories used in the analysis are compared according to their ability to predict failure load,failed ply,failure mode and progression of failure.The failure analysis is performed for both the cross-ply and angle-ply laminates with all edges simply supported and clamped.The significance of fibre orientation and stacking sequence in terms of the strength of a laminate and failure progression is also highlighted.

Damage response of conventionally reinforced two-way spanning concrete slab under eccentric impacting drop weight loading

Reinforced concrete(RC)structures are generally designed to carry quasi-static gravity loads through almost indispensable components namely slab,however,it may be subjected to high intense loads induced from the impact of projectiles generated by the tornado,falling construction equipment,and also from accidental explosions during their construction and service lifespan.Impacts due to rock/boulder falls do occur on the structures located especially in hilly areas.Such loadings are not predictable but may cause severe damage to the slab/structure.It stimulates structural engineers and researchers to investigate and understand the dynamic response of RC structures under such impulsive loading.This research work first investigates the performance of 1000×1000×75 mm^(3)conventionally reinforced two-way spanning normal strength concrete slab with only tension reinforcement(0.88%)under the concentric impact load(1035 N)using the finite element method based computer code,ABAQUS/Explicit-v.6.15.The impact load is delivered to the centroid of the slab using a solid-steel cylindroconical impactor(drop weight)with a flat nose of diameter 40 mm,having a total mass of 105 kg released from a fixed height of 2500 mm.Two popular concrete constitutive models in ABAQUS namely;Holmquist-Johnson-Cook(HJC)and Concrete Damage Plasticity(CDP),with strain rate effects as per fib MODEL CODE 2010,are used to model the concrete material behavior to impact loading and to simulate the damage to the slab.The slab response using these two models is analyzed and compared with the impact test results.The strain rate effect on the reinforcing steel bars has been incorporated in the analysis using the Malvar and Crawford(1998)approach.A classical elastoplastic kinematic idealization is considered to model the steel impactor and support system.Results reveal that the HJC model gives a little overestimation of peak displacement,maximum acceleration,and damage of the slab while the predictions given by the CDP model are in reasonable agreement with the experimental test results/observations available in the open literature.Following the validation of the numerical model,analyses have been extended to further investigate the damage response of the slab under eccentric impact loadings.In addition to the concentric location(P1)of the impacting device,five locations on a quarter of the slab i.e.,two along the diagonal(P2&P3),the other two along the mid-span(P4&P5),and the last one(P6)between P3 and P5,covering the entire slab,are considered.Computational results have been discussed and compared,and the evaluation of the most damaging location(s)of the impact is investigated.It has been found that the most critical location of the impact is not the centroid of the slab but the eccentric one with the eccentricity of 1/6th of the span from the centroid along the mid-span section.

Experimental and Numerical Studies of Failure Modes and Load-Carrying Capacity of Through-Diaphragm Connections

Shear failure in panel zones and plastic hinges in steel beams are the two major failure modes of connections between concrete-filled steel tubular(CFST) columns and steel beams. To investigate the behavior of this type of connection in both modes,two through-diaphragm connections were tested under cyclic and monotonic loadings and the load-carrying capacity,ductility,and strength of degradation of connections were discussed. Using ABAQUS software,we developed nonlinear finite-element models(FEMs) to simulate the load-carrying capacity and failure modes of the connections under monotonic loading. The finite-element(FE) analysis and test results showed reasonable agreement for the through-diaphragm connections,which confirms the accuracy of FEMs in predicting the load-carrying capacity and failure modes of connections. Based on the validated FEM,a parametric study was then conducted to investigate the infl uence of the thicknesses of the tube and diaphragm on the load-carrying capacity and failure modes of these connections. The results indicate that the strength,stiff ness,and load-carrying capacity are infl uenced less by the thickness of the diaphragm,and more by the thickness of the steel tube. According to the FE analysis results,it can be found that the critical condition between the two failure modes is determined by the shear resistance and bending resistance.

不同起爆条件下双钢壁LNG储罐抗爆性能分析

由于双钢壁储罐具有建造周期短、投资小等优点,在LNG储存中应用越来越广泛,但其易在外罐受到外部冲击时引发内罐的破坏。为了分析储罐在不同外爆载荷条件下的破坏行为,以双钢壁LNG储罐为研究对象,考虑内、外罐及保冷材料之间的载荷传递与相互作用,建立了外罐-保冷材料-内罐多介质的多相耦合有限元模型,并对多影响因素下储罐在外爆载荷作用下的破坏进行了分析,探究其抗爆性能。结果表明:在外爆载荷作用下,内、外罐从迎爆面中心向内凹陷直至发生破坏,最大应力均在迎爆面中心,且越靠近中心应力值越大;内、外罐材料均先达到屈服强度后发生塑性变形,随后达到失效应变值并发生破坏;与外罐相比,内罐发生破坏的时间晚42.9%,变形范围和破坏范围分别小12.3%、6.7%;储罐的抗爆性能随着储存液位的升高和罐体容积的增大而增强,随着起爆位置从罐壁中心向上、下两侧移动而提高,在罐壁中心起爆时储罐的破坏程度最大。该研究成果可为双钢壁LNG储罐的设计和储存液位的控制等方面提供理论参考依据。

横向载荷与预紧力对螺栓断裂寿命的影响

螺栓连接依靠自身简单可靠的特点被广泛应用于各个行业,然而螺栓的疲劳断裂却是一个非常突出的问题.因此,为准确预测螺栓断裂失效寿命,进行了螺栓材料的疲劳裂纹扩展实验,求得了螺栓材料的断裂参数,从而建立了Paris裂纹扩展模型.然后运用有限元方法与疲劳裂纹扩展实验进行对标,并取得较好的效果,为螺栓断裂失效寿命的计算奠定了基础.最后,考虑到螺栓预紧力与横向载荷对螺栓断裂的影响,建立了带裂纹的螺栓有限元模型,并采用有限元方法进行螺栓失效寿命计算的定量分析.结果表明:横向载荷与螺栓预紧力对应力强度因子和螺栓使用寿命具有较大的影响.

多向荷载耦合作用下复合基础承载特性分析

针对水下石油生产系统复合基础在不同方向荷载耦合作用下的承载特性,分析复合加载模式下的破坏包络线。采用非线性有限元数值模拟方法,通过固定位移比法绘制竖向—倾覆、水平—扭转、竖向—水平—倾覆、竖向—水平—扭转荷载空间内的地基承载力破坏包络线,分析不同长径比和桩间距对不同方向荷载耦合作用下地基承载力包络线的影响,并分别将归一化处理后的竖向—倾覆、水平—扭转荷载包络线拟合为关于长径比和桩间距的包络线数学表达式。结果表明:随竖向荷载分量的增大,基础在二维荷载空间内包络线尺寸有所减小。结合实际工程应用,通过绘制地基承载力破坏包络线,对基础设计方案校核和评估,能很好指导工程实践与设计。

等直径膨胀套管螺纹接头安全分析

目前螺纹接头性能研究主要集中在常规油套管特殊螺纹接头力学性能分析方面,对膨胀套管螺纹接头在轴向拉伸和压缩载荷、内外压力以及弯矩载荷复合作用下的力学性能分析不足。为研究等直径膨胀套管下入过程中,在复合载荷作用下螺纹接头的力学行为,给螺纹接头的安全分析提供依据,采用三维有限元软件建立等直径膨胀套管特殊螺纹接头数值分析模型,分析了复合载荷对膨胀套管内、外螺纹牙上应力和变形位移分布规律的影响。分析结果表明:在轴向拉伸载荷作用下,随着载荷值逐渐增大,内、外螺纹牙应力值呈现先骤减而后处于逐渐减小的趋势,内螺纹根部出现变形量小、应力值较大的特征;载荷值相同时,承受轴向压缩载荷时螺纹牙上的应力要明显小于承受轴向拉伸载荷时螺纹牙上的应力,变形位移值仅为承受轴向拉伸载荷时螺纹牙上变形位移值的1/2;弯矩会增大螺纹牙上的变形位移,弯矩越大变形量越大,内螺纹根部越容易遭到破坏。研究结论可为等直径膨胀套管下入过程中螺纹接头安全分析提供理论依据。

碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料-金属连接结构面外拉伸失效机制

采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方式对复合材料-金属连接结构的面外拉伸失效机制进行了研究,探究了铝合金下垫块尺寸变化对结构承载能力及失效机制的影响。研究发现:增大铝合金下垫块与复合材料层合板的接触面积能够提高结构的承载能力;无倒角处理的铝合金下垫块会对层合板产生明显的剪切作用,引发层合板分层,致使结构过早发生破坏;在铝合金下垫块增设倒角可避免层合板发生分层,并提高结构的承载能力。结合本构方程、改进的三维Hashin准则及刚度退化方法,建立了复合材料-金属连接结构的渐进损伤模型,得到了结构的预测失效载荷及破坏形式,所得结果与试验结果一致。

水平力作用下部分填充方钢管混凝土柱的最优填充率分析

在钢管内部分填充混凝土形成的部分填充钢管混凝土柱能提升钢管柱的强度、刚度和抗震性能,适用于桥墩柱和框架中下部柱子。基于验证的精细化有限元分析模型,对部分填充方钢管混凝土柱在轴压和水平荷载共同作用下的受力性能进行了参数分析,主要分析了轴压比(0.1~0.6)、钢管宽厚比(20~50)、钢材强度(Q235~Q690)、混凝土强度(C20~C60)、截面宽度(200~600 mm)和柱子高宽比(4~16)的影响。结果表明:填充率会影响部分填充钢管混凝土柱的破坏模式,随填充率增大,柱子破坏模式从钢管截面破坏转变为柱底部钢管混凝土截面破坏,柱子的强度和刚度提高;混凝土填充率增加到一定程度后柱底钢管混凝土截面形成塑性铰,此时达到最优填充率,继续增加填充率,柱子的强度及延性基本不变;轴压比、宽厚比、钢材强度、混凝土强度、截面宽度和高宽比对最优填充率的影响呈现出规律性变化;建立了部分填充方钢管混凝土柱在轴力和水平力作用下的简化力学模型并提出了其最优填充率的计算方法。

木-钢组合箱梁抗弯性能试验及有限元对比分析

【目的】为促进木结构在大型工程中的应用范围,本研究提出了一种以落叶松胶合木板作为上下翼板、焊接冷弯薄壁槽钢作为腹板并通过螺栓连接的木-钢组合箱梁。【方法】采用分级加载的方式分别对3根木-钢组合箱梁和1根木箱梁进行弯曲加载试验,观测组合箱梁和木箱梁在荷载作用下翼缘和腹板的应变变化、挠度的发展、破坏过程及形态变化,研究其抗弯极限承载力和抗弯刚度等力学性能,并基于ABAQUS建立了有限元模型对组合箱梁及胶合木箱梁进行数值模拟分析。【结果】组合箱梁的翼板与腹板组合性能较好,最终均为下翼缘木板受拉断裂的破坏模式,同时伴随着钢材局部屈曲和上翼缘木材的局部劈裂等破坏;木箱梁为腹板顺纹剪切破坏。相比胶合木箱梁,组合箱梁的抗弯极限承载能力平均提升了30.33%,但初始刚度平均降低了34.42%;根据翼板横向应变分布计算了木箱梁和木-钢组合箱梁上翼缘的剪力滞系数以及有效分布宽度。有限元模型与试验结果吻合良好,能有效预测木-钢组合箱梁及胶合木箱梁的弯曲性能。【结论】木-钢组合箱梁充分发挥了木材和钢材的力学性能,相比于纯木箱梁,抗弯承载力提升显著,说明木-钢组合箱梁是一种科学合理的组合形式,研究成果可为木-钢组合箱梁的后续研究提供一定的理论基础。

高速客车轴箱轴承的偏载分析及轴承滚子非对称修形

通过对铁路高速客车轴箱轴承在偏载下滚动体与内外圈的接触应力和位移等所进行的有限元分析,提出了滚子非对称修形新概念。有限元分析结果表明,由于轴向载荷的影响,滚动体与内外圈的接触应力和位移等沿滚动体轴线的分布发生偏移,传统的对称修形虽然可以避免滚动体两端的边界应力集中 但无法克服“偏载效应”。为了同时避免所谓的“边缘效应”和克服“偏载效应”,必须根据偏载下滚动体与内外圈的接触应力或位移的偏移分布规律对滚子进行相应的非对称母线修形,从而使非对称修形滚子轴承有更高的可靠性和使用寿命。

深井岩盐层套管外载的三维有限元分析

深埋于地下的岩盐在一定地应力和温度作用下发生蠕变,对井中的套管产生随时间而变化的外载,致使套管变形甚至挤毁,为此,针对塔里木油田羊塔地区岩盐层的温度、应力状态及其蠕变特性,建立了岩盐层、水泥环和套管耦合的三维有限元力学模型,研究了地应力状态及其大小、井内液体支撑压力对岩盐层套管受力的影响规律。研究表明,非均匀地应力作用下,盐岩蠕变产生的套管外载是非均匀的,在最小地应力方向的套管外载最大,此时若按上覆地层压力计算套管外挤载荷局限性较大。应用新模型对深井、超深井封固岩盐层的Φ250.83mm套管、Φ177.8mm套管和Φ206.38mm3种技术套管的强度进行了分析,计算结果与该油田技术套管挤毁的情况吻合,可见新建模型是合理的,可为深井岩盐层套管强度设计提供理论依据。

非均匀外挤压力作用下内径偏磨套管的应力分析

油气井套管损坏中的很大一部分发生在泥岩段,泥岩浸水膨胀是造成泥岩段套管损坏的主要原因。钻井及修井过程中的泥岩段套管磨损会降低套管的强度,从而加剧套管损坏。采用有限元法分析了不同磨损程度下套管抗挤强度的变化,探讨了套管磨损处于泥岩段时套管磨损程度与套管损坏间的关系。结果表明:当偏心距和其中一个水平主地应力固定不变,在另一水平主应力线性增加的情况下,含磨损缺陷的套管抗挤强度显著下降;在地应力不变的情况下,磨损位置处于最小水平地应力方向时,随着偏心距的增加磨损位置应力迅速增大,套管抗挤强度和抗挤强度系数均逐渐减小。这为钻井、修井及采油过程中防治套管损坏提供了重要依据。

爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土梁破坏形态有限元分析

在持续时间较长的爆炸荷载作用下，钢筋混凝土框架或梁通常会发生常见的弯曲破坏形态，但是在持续时间较短的爆炸荷载，如化学爆炸产生的脉冲荷载作用下，钢筋混凝土结构有可能在弯曲破坏发生之前产生剪切破坏。这种现象已被室内外试验所证实，其原因是脉冲荷载激发了结构中的剪力，从而使结构产生剪切破坏。为了预报钢筋单纯凝土梁在爆炸荷载下的响应破坏形态，本文提出了一种基于Ｔｉｍｏｓｈｅｎｋｏ梁理论的非线性分层梁有限元法。在材料模型中考虑了混凝土和钢盘的右面线性和应变速率效应等因素。应用这方法，本文计算分析了爆炸荷载作用下钢筋混凝土梁的动态响应以及弯曲、弯剪和剪切等不同的破坏形态，计算预报的结构动态响应和破坏形态与现场试验结果有较好的一致性。

非均匀载荷作用下套管挤压失效数值分析

在已有的理论研究与试验工作的基础上，采用有限元数值方法，分析计算了受非均匀地应力作用下套管－水泥环结构的受力与变形，讨论了两个敏感参数─—非均匀载荷比和套管椭圆度对套管失效的影响问题。计算分析发现，随地应力非均匀程度的增加，套管形变经历了由两向挤压－挤压到两向拉伸－挤压组合方式的转变，而套管应力的变化相对较小。由此可得出初步结论：与非均匀地应力作用相对应的套管结构的拉伸－挤压形变，有可能是导致套管失效的主要机制；套管椭圆度的存在使得套管的强度和刚度被进一步的削弱。

水泥环性质对套管抗挤强度影响的有限元分析

套管常在油层和泥岩部位严重损坏，分析认为这是生产过程中地应力发生了变化，导致油层孔隙压力或泥岩力学性质改变，造成地应力重新分布的结果。因此，水泥环的质量对套管的影响较大。建立了二维平面轴对称和平面应变有限元模型，利用Ansys有限元软件分析了套管在水泥环影响下的变形特征。分析表明，最大应力在套管内壁产生，均匀我荷下套管抗挤强度是非均匀载荷的5～7倍，而且栽荷椭圆度越大，套管内壁应力越大。增大水泥环弹性模量可以有效减小套管最大应力，因此，均匀我荷下应适当提高水泥环弹性模量，以达到提高套管抗挤强度的目的。

内压和面内弯矩作用下含局部减薄弯头塑性极限载荷的有限元分析

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