Shear sliding of rough-walled fracture surfaces under unloading normal stress

Through high-precision engraving,self-affine sandstone joint surfaces with various joint roughness coefficients(JRC=3.21e12.16)were replicated and the shear sliding tests under unloading normal stress were conducted regarding various initial normal stresses(1e7 MPa)and numbers of shearing cycles(1 e5).The peak shear stress of fractures decreased with shear cycles due to progressively smooth surface morphologies,while increased with both JRC and initial normal stress and could be verified using the nonlinear Barton-Bandis failure criterion.The joint friction angle of fractures exponentially increased by 62.22%e64.87%with JRC while decreased by 22.1%e24.85%with shearing cycles.After unloading normal stress,the sliding initiation time of fractures increased with both JRC and initial normal stress due to more tortuous fracture morphologies and enhanced shearing resistance capacity.The surface resistance index(SRI)of fractures decreased by 4.35%e32.02%with increasing shearing cycles due to a more significant reduction of sliding initiation shear stress than that for sliding initiation normal stress,but increased by a factor of 0.41e1.64 with JRC.After sliding initiation,the shear displacement of fractures showed an increase in power function.By defining a sliding rate threshold of 5105 m/s,transition from“quasi-static”to“dynamic”sliding of fractures was identified,and the increase of sliding acceleration steepened with JRC while slowed down with shearing cycles.The normal displacement experienced a slight increase before shear sliding due to deformation recovery as the unloading stress was unloaded,and then enhanced shear dilation after sliding initiation due to climbing effects of surface asperities.Dilation was positively related to the shear sliding velocity of fractures.Wear characteristics of the fracture surfaces after shearing failure were evaluated using binary calculation,indicating an increasing shear area ratio by 45.24%e91.02%with normal stress.

Experimental study on the slip evolution of planar fractures subjected to cyclic normal stress

The frictional rupture mechanisms of rock discontinuities considering the dynamic load disturbance still remain unclear.This paper investigates the transitional behaviors of slip events happened on a planar granite fracture under cyclic normal stress with diferent oscillation amplitudes.The experimental results show that the activations of fast slips always correlate with unloading of normal stress.Besides,the intensive normal stress oscillation can weaken the shear strength which is recoverable when the normal stress return to constant.The rupture patterns are quantifed by stress drop,slip length and slip velocity.With the efect of small oscillation amplitudes,the slip events show chaotic shapes,compared to the regular and predictable style under constant normal stress.When the amplitude is large enough,the big and small slip events emerge alternately,showing a compound slip style.Large amplitude of the cyclic normal stress also widens the interval diferences of the slip events.This work provides experimental supports for a convincible link between the dynamic stress disturbance and the slip behavior of rock fractures.

Nonlinear Elastic Constitutive Model of Soil-Structure Interfaces Under Relatively High Normal Stress

The shear characteristics of soil-structure interfaces with different roughness are studied systematically by us-ing the DRS-1 high normal stress and residual shear apparatus. The experimental results indicate that,under a relatively high normal stress,normal stress and the coefficient of structural roughness are the most important factors affecting the mechanical interface characteristics. The relationship between shear stress and shear displacement of the soil-structure interface is a hyperbolic curve with high regression accuracy. Based on our experimental results,a nonlinear elastic con-stitutive model of the soil-structure interface under relatively high normal stress is established with a definite physical meaning for its parameters. The model can predict the strain hardening behavior of the soil during the shearing process. The results show an encouraging agreement with experimental data from direct shear tests.

Impact of normal stress-induced closure on laboratory-scale solute transport in a natural rock fracture

The impact of normal stress-induced closure on fluid flow and solute transport in a single rock fracture is demonstrated in this study.The fracture is created from a measured surface of a granite rock sample.The Bandis model is used to calculate the fracture closure due to normal stress,and the fluid flow is simulated by solving the Reynold equation.The Lagrangian particle tracking method is applied to modeling the advective transport in the fracture.The results show that the normal stress significantly affects fluid flow and solute transport in rock fractures.It causes fracture closure and creates asperity contact areas,which significantly reduces the effective hydraulic aperture and enhances flow channeling.Consequently,the reduced aperture and enhanced channeling affect travel time distributions.In particular,the enhanced channeling results in enhanced first arriving and tailing behaviors for solute transport.The fracture normal stiffness correlates linearly with the 5th and 95th percentiles of the normalized travel time.The finding from this study may help to better understand the stress-dependent solute transport processes in natural rock fractures.

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Shear Strength and Strain Energy of Rock Under Constant Shear Stress and Unloading Normal Stress

Excavation and earth surface processes(e.g.,river incision)always induce the unloading of stress,which can cause the failure of rocks.To study the shear mechanical behavior of a rock sample under unloading normal stress conditions,a new stress path for direct shear tests was proposed to model the unloading of stress caused by excavation and other processes.The effects of the initial stresses(i.e.,the normal stress and shear stress before unloading)on the shear behavior and energy conversion were investigated using laboratory tests and numerical simulations.The shear strength of a rock under constant stress or under unloading normal stress conforms to the Mohr Coulomb criterion.As the initial normal stress increases,the cohesion decreases linearly and the tangent of the internal friction angle increases linearly.Compared with the results of the tests under constant normal stress,the cohesions of the rock samples under unloading normal stress are smaller and their internal friction angles are larger.A strength envelope surface can be used to describe the relationship between the initial stresses and the failure normal stress.Shear dilatancy can decrease the total energy of the direct shear test under constant normal stress or unloading normal stress,particularly when the stress levels(the initial stresses in the test under unloading normal stress or the normal stress in the test under constant normal stress)are high.The ratio of the dissipated energy to the total energy at the moment failure occurs decreases exponentially with increasing initial stresses.The direct shear test under constant normal stress can be considered to be a special case of a direct shear test under unloading normal stress with an unloading amount of zero.

Parameter Estimations of the TFR Model Under Exponential Distribution at a Normal Stress

The TFR（Tampered Failure Rate） model was proposed by Bhattacharyya and Soejoeti（1989） for step-stress accelerated life tests, On step-stress completely accelerated test occasions, the paper gives a method of estimating parameters under a normal stress.

Viscosity and Normal Stress Difference of Aggregating Colloid

Following a sticky particle model and Its computer simulation scheme proposed In the previous papers, the viscosity and normal stress difference are cakulated when the aggregating colloid is being sheared. The plotting of the viscosity vs shear strain shows a sigmoidal shape, which Is also observed in experimental results. The normal stress difference is plotted vs shear strain, which has not been reported in the literatures till now.

Finite element analysis on stresses field of normalized layer thickness within ceramic coating on aluminized steel

Multilayer ceramic coatings were fabricated on steel substrate using a combined technique of hot dipping aluminum(HDA) and plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO). A triangle of normalized layer thickness was created for describing thickness ratios of HDA/PEO coatings. Then, the effect of thickness ratio on stresses field of HDA/PEO coatings subjected to uniform normal contact load was investigated by finite element method. Results show that the surface tensile stress is mainly affected by the thickness ratio of Al layer when the total thickness of coating is unchanged. With the increase of Al layer thickness, the surface tensile stress rises quickly. When Al2O3 layer thickness increases, surface tensile stress is diminished. Meanwhile, the maximum shear stress moves rapidly towards internal part of HDA/PEO coatings. Shear stress at the Al2O3 /Al interface is minimal when Al2O3 layer and Al layer have the same thickness.

考虑弯曲空间效应影响的箱梁强迫振动分析

选取附加挠度为剪力滞广义位移,箱梁体系总动能中计入剪力滞附加变形的影响,综合运用薄壁结构弹性理论和Hamilton原理,建立考虑弯曲空间效应影响的箱梁强迫振动控制微分方程及边界条件,并给出任意简谐荷载作用下简支和连续箱梁的强迫振动解析解。引入振动频率影响的应力和挠度放大系数,详细分析简支、连续箱梁剪切剪力滞效应在初等梁结果中的占比及放大系数分布规律。算例分析表明:考虑弯曲空间效应影响的箱梁截面纵向动应力与有限元结果吻合良好;振动频率越大,应力和挠度放大系数、剪切效应占比越大,剪力滞效应占比越小;同频率振动时,简支箱梁放大系数远大于两跨连续箱梁(单跨长等于简支跨长),且频率越高,差值比越大;基频内振动时,箱梁纵向应力计算可忽略剪力滞效应,挠度计算需考虑剪切变形的影响。

Emotions and Stressing Situations Adaptation of Nursing Students in the New Normality

Background: New normality is uncertain in every sense, specifically in education and for many health disciplines. Being immersed in COVID-19 pandemics brought serious consequences for mental health, and is very important to handle emotions and stress coping strategies to obtain positive outcomes. Objective: To identify the most frequent emotions, as well as the adaptation strategies to the new normality faced by the students of nursing. Methods: Qualitative and phenomenological research, with the participation of 20 students from both genders in the middle term of nursing career at Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico, from August to November 2021. Information was collected from a focal group for ten sessions;analysis was according to De Souza Minayo, and there was a signed informed consent letter from participants. Results: Four categories emerged with sub-categories. Category I Maximized emotions. Sub-categories: 1) Frustration, anger, disappointment;2) Personal disappointment, hopelessness, uncertainty;3) Depression. Category II Support elements close to the new normality. Sub-categories: 1) Family communication;2) Education for mental and physical health. Category III Stressing situations that exceeded the student. Sub-category: Disease in lovely ones. Category IV Stress coping strategies. Sub-categories: 1) Friends and relatives that help to get better;2) Family values. Informers pointed out to have maximized emotion, and having no self-control on its negative outcomes occurred;in addition, the situation was not favorable at home with several losses of loved ones, as well as a poor economy that threatened students to give up studies. Conclusion: Emotions facing this new normality are very important and should be attended to, their proper handling will result in a new learning of socio-emotional abilities, stress coping strategies development, better adaptation and informed decisions taken.

储粮仓仓壁动态侧压力的树模型预测方法

针对储粮仓卸料时仓壁动态侧压力难以准确预测的问题,利用机器学习方法中的树模型建立了仓壁动态侧压力预测模型。首先,分析了仓壁动态侧压力的主要影响因素为筒仓的结构尺寸、贮料的物理参数及测点位置。利用收集的496组仓壁动态侧压力数据,构建机器学习预测模型的数据集。然后,基于树模型,建立了仓壁动态侧压力的决策树(decision tree,DT)预测模型,在此基础上,利用Bagging算法和Boosting算法,建立了仓壁动态侧压力的随机森林(random forest,RF)预测模型和梯度提升树(gradient boosting decision tree,GBDT)预测模型。通过对比3种预测模型在测试集的均方误差(mean-square error,MSE)、决定系数和相对误差,表明GBDT预测模型的泛化性能最优。最后,通过开展模型试验和数值模拟,对GBDT预测模型进行验证,结果表明拟合良好。同时,根据树模型的分枝原理,判断出仓壁动态侧压力影响因素的重要性,得到对于贮料的物理参数,密度的重要性排第一;对于筒仓的结构尺寸,卸料口尺寸排第一。因此,在进行储粮仓设计时,建议优先考虑仓内散体物料的密度和仓的卸料口尺寸。

天然裂缝产状对水力压裂施工压力的影响

天然裂缝产状是影响裂缝壁面法向应力及切向应力的重要参数,而天然裂缝应力状态是决定地面施工压力大小的重要因素,准确计算、预测施工压力大小对水力压裂设计与施工有着重要的作用。根据天然裂缝产状和地层地应力状态,基于裂缝起裂与延伸准则,建立地面施工压力计算模型,并利用实际裂缝型储层进行计算分析。研究发现:正断层与走滑断层中,倾角越小施工压力越小,正断层中方位角越趋近于0°、180°、360°时施工压力越小;走滑断层中方位角越趋近于90°、270°时施工压力越小。逆断层中,当方位角为0°~45°、135°~225°、315°~360°时,倾角越大施工压力越大,当方位角为45°~135°、225°~315°时,倾角越大施工压力越小;同一倾角下,方位角在0°~90°、180°~270°范围内时,施工压力随方位角增大而减小,方位角在90°~180°、270°~360°范围内时,施工压力随方位角增大而增大。根据天然裂缝产状准确计算施工压力大小,可为现场压裂施工参数选择与优化提供理论依据。

土工格室加筋正常固结粉质黏土应力应变响应

土工格室加筋正常固结粉质黏土对工程建设意义重大。基于土工格室与填土的相互作用机制和增量法,采用弹塑性理论、邓肯-张双曲线模型、修正剑桥屈服函数以及剪胀方程,推导了土工格室加筋正常固结黏土的应力应变响应计算模型,进行了土工格室加筋正常固结黏土的三轴固结排水剪切试验,实测不同围压下的应力应变关系,采用三轴试验结果验证了所提理论模型的正确性和可靠性。此外,采用所提理论模型进行了参数敏感分析,研究了填土的力学性质参数、格室的网格尺寸和力学性质参数对于加筋土应力应变响应的影响。研究结论表明,与砂砾料相似,土工格室约束作用对于正常固结黏土的内摩擦角影响较小,而黏聚力有所增加;随着轴向应变的增加或围压的减小,加筋效果逐渐明显;加筋正常固结黏土的强度和刚度随着非线性弹性常数k的增加、强度参数φ的增加和Rf的减小而增大,常数n对于加筋土应力应变响应影响较小。本研究成果可为工程建设提供理论借鉴。

断面有效正应力对断层侧向封闭能力的控制作用

小位移断层的侧向封闭性决定断层圈闭富集油气的能力,随着油气勘探技术理论的发展,曾被忽略的小位移断层在油气勘探和开发过程中的作用日益突出。为了明确小位移断层的内部结构特征及其对断层侧向封闭性的影响,应用自主研发的高压低速环形剪切装置,以断面有效正应力为变量,对高孔隙度纯净砂岩开展环形剪切物理模拟实验,分析断面有效正应力对断层侧向封闭性的影响。结果表明:断裂在高孔隙纯净砂岩内以碎裂作用机制为主,形成典型的碎裂型断层岩,其渗透率明显降低,是导致同层砂岩对接段侧向封闭的根本原因。在其他因素固定的条件下,断面有效正应力越大,断层岩碎裂程度越大,颗粒直径和孔隙度越小;岩石颗粒的破碎及碎屑基质的填充导致断裂带孔隙度和渗透率明显降低。断面有效正应力是小位移断层侧向封闭能力的主要控制因素,小位移断层具有富集油气的潜力。研究结果对裂陷盆地断块油气藏勘探开发具有重要的指导意义。

船舶短上层建筑(甲板室)甲板应力分布规律研究

船舶短上层建筑(或甲板室)由于规模小,横剖面正应力沿高度分布不满足平断面假定,应力分布规律与一般船型上层建筑不同,规范中缺乏针对性的设计依据。以一艘典型的短上层建筑油船为研究对象,设计多种短上建方案,借助有限元法对船舶短上层建筑甲板应力分布规律进行研究,讨论了短上层建筑长度、高度及其所在位置的影响,有限元结果与斯曼斯基和库尔庙莫夫理论公式结果的对比表明两式都有一定局限性,预报短上层建筑甲板应力会有误差。进一步在有限元结果和理论公式基础上提出新的短上建甲板应力分布公式的基本形式,采用指数函数模型对短上层建筑正应力进行拟合,得出短上层建筑船型的正应力沿高度分布规律公式,验算结果表明新公式适用性较好,可为早期短上层建筑船型强度设计提供参考。

Behavior of interfacial stresses between RC beams and GFRP sheets

Seven reinforced concrete （RC） beams with epoxy-bonded glass fiber reinforced plastic （GFRP） sheets and two control RC beams were experimentally tested to investigate the bond behavior of the interfaces between RC beams and GFRP sheets. The variable parameters considered in test beams are the layers of GFRP sheets, the bond lengths and the reinforcement ratios. The results indicate that the flexural strength of the repaired beams is increased, but the ultimate load of beams with GFRP sheets debonding failure is reduced relatively. The bond length is the main factor that results in bonding failure of the strengthened beams. An experimental method of interfacial shear stress is proposed to analyze the distribution of shear stress according to experimental results. The analytical method of shear and normal stresses and a simple equation are proposed to predict the peeling loads. The proposed model is applied to experimental beams. The analytical results show a good agreement with the experimental results.

油基泥浆下深层储层裂缝表征及有效性评价

库车地区发育典型的裂缝性致密砂岩储层,岩性致密,孔隙度低,裂缝是否有效是好储层形成的关键因素。因此,如何准确识别裂缝及评价其有效性是油田勘探开发面临的首要问题。由于钻井工程的需要,库车地区大部分井采用油基泥浆钻井。油基泥浆导电性能差,且早期的油基泥浆电成像测井仪器受分辨率限制,很难有效识别裂缝,因此,利用油基泥浆电成像测井仪与超声成像仪相结合进行构造的提取与不同张开度裂缝的拾取,可有效解决层理与裂缝精细识别问题。介绍了利用非传导泥浆地质成像仪识别裂缝方法,并系统分析裂缝面法向应力、裂缝走向与最大主应力夹角与产能的关系,建立了库车地区评价油基泥浆裂缝有效性的定量标准。在实际应用中,本套裂缝精细识别及有效性评价方法可有效地指导生产作业措施,为裂缝性致密油气藏的评价与开发提供技术手段。

非最小相位法向电磁应力驱动快速刀具伺服系统轨迹跟踪控制

基于快速刀具伺服(FTS)的金刚石车削是复杂光学表面超精密制造的一种高效手段。为进一步提高具有非最小相位特征的电磁法应力驱动FTS的控制性能,将系统逆动力学补偿嵌入主控制回路中以改善被控对象动力学特征。对改善后的被控系统以比例微分积分(PID)和前馈补偿作为主控制器,并以基于内模原理的并联谐振控制器实现周期性轨迹的超高精度跟踪。考虑系统非最小相位特征,结合因子分解和镜像极点配置方法获得了系统稳定逆动力学模型。实验测试结果表明:该文所设计的控制方法,获得了1070 Hz(-3 dB)闭环带宽;100 Hz正弦轨迹实际跟踪误差小于±0.375%,并可对5 nm台阶轨迹进行稳定闭环跟踪,证明所设计的FTS控制系统可有效实现nm精度切削。

圆环非线性恢复力的梁约束模型建模

圆环隔振器是一种以圆环结构为基础的非线性隔振器,圆环结构在压缩变形过程中会受到压力和环面拉伸的耦合作用,从而产生非线性恢复力,对圆环结构非线性恢复力的精确建模是研究隔振器性能的关键。将圆环结构等分为多段曲梁,利用梁约束模型对每段曲梁建立计及几何非线性的力-位移关系模型,结合曲梁间的力传递关系和几何约束关系,建立了圆环整体在压缩过程中的非线性恢复力模型,并计算了圆环变形过程中所有分段点处的正应力。通过电子伺服疲劳试验机对圆环结构在压缩过程中的恢复力进行了测量,验证了梁约束模型的建模精度。研究结果表明,利用梁约束模型可以表征圆环结构非线性恢复力特性,其建模精度与椭圆积分法相当,而模型表达式和求解过程都比椭圆积分法简洁。圆环在压缩量最大时正应力最大,此时最大正应力在圆环的上下端点。梁约束模型的建模精度随着分段数的增加而提高,当分段数大于12时,梁约束模型的恢复力计算误差小于2%。

市政道路沥青路面疲劳特性及耐久性评价研究

掌握荷载作用下路面结构损伤变化趋势和分布情况对道路的后期维护、使用寿命的判断和设计至关重要。通过有限元软件建立路面结构损伤计算模型,对其结构损伤变化趋势、空间分布情况以及内部水平正应力变化和分布情况进行了分析和计算,研究结果表明:底基层和基层在双轮中心线下,距离底层越近,损伤度的值就越高,基层损伤程度要高于底基层,但其损伤范围小于底基层;损伤度的增大速率随着荷载作用次数的提高而提高;在垂直方向上底基层与基层水平正应力的分布情况类似,因为受到拉应力损伤的影响,在距离层底较近部位有所降低,在离层底距离超过5cm和7cm时水平拉应力表现为线性增加的趋势;沿水平方向基层层底水平正应力分布呈现为左右对称下凹的图形,由双轮中心线的部位向两侧延伸时,水平拉应力表现出先快速增大后迅速降低的趋势。