Experimental study on the slip evolution of planar fractures subjected to cyclic normal stress

The frictional rupture mechanisms of rock discontinuities considering the dynamic load disturbance still remain unclear.This paper investigates the transitional behaviors of slip events happened on a planar granite fracture under cyclic normal stress with diferent oscillation amplitudes.The experimental results show that the activations of fast slips always correlate with unloading of normal stress.Besides,the intensive normal stress oscillation can weaken the shear strength which is recoverable when the normal stress return to constant.The rupture patterns are quantifed by stress drop,slip length and slip velocity.With the efect of small oscillation amplitudes,the slip events show chaotic shapes,compared to the regular and predictable style under constant normal stress.When the amplitude is large enough,the big and small slip events emerge alternately,showing a compound slip style.Large amplitude of the cyclic normal stress also widens the interval diferences of the slip events.This work provides experimental supports for a convincible link between the dynamic stress disturbance and the slip behavior of rock fractures.

Conflict： Efficient State or State Under the Rule of Law？-- The Hungarian Case of the Victory of the Efficient State over the State Under the Rule of Law

This study is seeking an answer as to whether the efficient state and the state under the rule of law are indeed irreconcilable, as well as to whether these two categories are by nature to be seen as contrary concepts. The basic issue is whether efficiency is to be handled as an ＂extralegal＂ category, or whether legal regulation, in accordance with public administration traditions in Europe, can in itself meet the requirement of efficiency. Also the study presents the formation of the issue of conflict between the effective state and the state under the rule of law in Hungary after the election held in 2010 in the practice of economic policy and legislation of the Orban government. We are trying to answer the question of the tendency of power concentration to really menace the principles of a traditionally-formed state under the rule of law, as well as whether the economic policy of the government can be implemented effectively in a strongly centralized political and state administrative system.

Frictional sliding of infilled planar granite fracture under oscillating normal stress

This paper investigates the frictional behavior of the infilled rock fracture under dynamic normal stress.A series of direct shear tests were conducted on saw-cut granite fractures infilled with quartz using a selfdeveloped dynamic shear apparatus,and the effects of normal load oscillation amplitude,normal load oscillation period and sliding velocity were studied.The test results reveal that the shear response can be divided into three stages over a whole loading-unloading process,characterized by different time spans and stress variations.Generally,a smaller oscillation amplitude,a longer oscillation period and a fast shear velocity promote the stability of the friction system,which is also confirmed by the Coulomb failure criterion calculated based on the observed periodic apparent friction coefficient.The dynamic strengthening/weakening phenomenon is dependent on the oscillation amplitude and product of sliding velocity and oscillation period(vT).Also,the rate and state friction law incorporating the parameter a that characterizes the normal stress variation is employed to describe the dynamic friction coefficient but exhibits an incompetent performance when handling intensive variation in normal stress.Finally,the potential seismicity induced by oscillating normal stress based on the observed stress drop is analyzed.This work helps us understand the sliding process and stability evolution of natural faults,and its benefits for relative hazard mitigation.

Timberland Investing and Private Property Rights in the United States of America

Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.

On the Theory of Chinese Legal Education in the New Era

The Central Committee of the Community Party of China with Comrade XI Jinping at its core has made strategic thinking and top-level design for Chinese legal education in the new era, put forward a series of new concepts, ideas and strategies that are epochal, iconic, and original, and created a scientific and modernized theory of Chinese legal education in the new era. The theory on Chinese legal education for the new era, as an important part of XI Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, profoundly answers significant questions about the orientation, goal, status, relationship, management, and system of Chinese legal education in the new era, and guides us to build a leading country in legal education.

一体化与统纪化:“儒法国家”,抑或大国礼治?

“儒法国家”作为概括中国秦汉以后政治系统特质的既有模式,没有充分估量礼治对于中国国家结构的奠基意义,易于呈现为古今断裂的历史政治叙事。周礼所开启的中心统合主义原理展现为一体化与统纪化。一体化包含了统治权力一体化、族群伦理一体化、家国经济一体化,由周礼中的分封、宗法和井田开其端,深刻影响了郡县大一统的制度体系。统纪化是指礼治秩序精神的历史性延续,分别呈现为生统、宗统和治统,三统相系相维而不断推进一体化进程。正是大国礼治所展现出的一体化和统纪化,使我们在面临秩序危机的时候赓续了大一统国家的基本结构,在进一步推进族群、经济和治理层级深度融合的进程中完成了文明古国的现代转化。

个人信息出境的国内法规制路径及体系化完善

数字化个人信息的大规模跨境传输使得个人权益、公共利益和国家安全利益受损的风险加剧,国际社会尚未达成统一法律规范予以应对。为维护国家数据主权、促进数据产业发展与保障个人信息安全,各国选择以国内法规制的方式对个人信息出境予以监管,具体表现为国家专门立法、联盟统一立法与国家分散立法。我国通过专门立法规制个人信息出境,形成了“硬性”与“软性”两轨监管机制,但存在分轨监管内容交叉、公私共治监管尚未形成的问题,阻碍个人信息的安全出境。在统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治的背景下,我国应以系统观念加强个人信息出境监管建设,从主体上发挥公私体系的协同性,从规范上强化攻防体系的均衡性,从空间上增进内外体系的互动性,为促成个人信息跨境规制的多边共识贡献中国智慧。

The Role of Consultative Democracy under the Constitutional Framework and the Associated Rule of Law

The logical sequence of China＇s state governance is ＂governing party--consultative conferences--people＇s congresses--the people.＂ The ＂governing party--consultative conferences＂ link in the chain involves political consultation through people＇s consultative conferences. The ＂governing party--consultative conferences--people＇s congresses＂ link involves a process of obtaining legitimacy for the Party＇s views based on political consultations which are then translated into the national will by the system of people＇s congresses. The ＂people＇s congresses--the people＂ link involves the two-pronged logic of elections and governing the country according to law. The ＂governing party--the people＂ link is an illustration of the party＇s mass line, which essentially involves social consultation. Consultative democracy usually includes the political consultation in the ＂governing party---consultative conferences＂ link and the social consultation in the ＂governing party-- the people＂ link in the chain, both of which are connected through the system of people＇s congresses. This logically determines the inner relations between the Party＇s leadership, consultative democracy and the people＇s congress form of representative democracy and shapes the institutionalization of consultative democracy. That is, in the process of democratic decision-making, a circular system consisting of ＂political consultation-- legislative consultation--social consultation＂ is created to guide development of the actual system.

A Rule of Law Approach to the Division of Authority of Office in China

Making the authority of office of government at all levels more standardized and lawbased is an important step in the process of deepening financial reform and establishing fiscal and taxation systems governed by law.To do so,China needs to clarify further the legal division of authority of government at every level and protect and promote its exercise through legal mechanisms.Governments are given powers so that they may effectively protect citizens’basic interests.On the premise of clarifying the boundaries of government functions,we should use legal means and observe the principle of restraint in determining the scope of authority of office.The criteria for the division have both economic and legal aspects.Economic criteria are more basic;legal criteria make adjustments to the pattern of division derived from economic criteria.The authority of office can be divided into legislative supervision and enforcement.The current legal system allocates powers of legislative supervision quite rationally,but supervision of judicial powers in particular should be appropriately centralized.In terms of enforcement,some space is left for the division of administrative powers in the current system,and there is quite obvious homogeneity of powers between different levels of government.The legal division of authority of office requires that basic principles be stipulated in the Constitution and that a basic fiscal law be devised that clarifies the powers of all levels of government.Allocation of fiscal powers between governments and optimization of the transfer payment system,together with budget constraints,will provide an institutional guarantee for the division of these powers.Fundamentally,the legal confirmation of a system of civil rights can promote the implementation of statutory powers.

高校图书馆社会开放法治进路

文章在明晰高校图书馆公物及营造物属性基础上,阐释高校图书馆社会开放实现公共目的、拓展给付主体、细化差异化利用三重功能定位,分析高校图书馆社会开放在法律规范类型、自主管理权、社会公众权利义务等方面的法治样态,从明确权利主导、重塑条款结构、构建申诉制度、优化协同机制4个层面提出高校图书馆社会开放法治转型路径。

拜登政府对华知识产权战略及中国的因应之策

美国积极推进其知识产权战略,以保护国内产业并在全球范围内扩展其法律的域外适用性。关键措施包括美国337条款调查和美国301条款调查,以及《2022年保护美国知识产权法案》,后者针对窃取美国商业秘密的外国实体或个人。该法案不仅保护了美国的创新和竞争力,还对全球贸易规则和知识产权保护标准产生了重要影响。中国企业随着在全球市场的参与度增加,尤其需要关注并适应变化,以避免潜在的法律风险。在美国积极保护国内产业并扩展法律域外适用性的背景下,中国需加强建设自身的知识产权法律体系,并鼓励国内企业进行研发和创新,同时积极参与国际知识产权规则的制定,提升国际话语权。此外,中国企业应建立有效的风险管理体系,以保护自身的合法权益。

从“国家构建主义”到“国家规划主义”——理解党领导法治建设的视角转换

在党如何领导法治建设方面,存在国家构建主义和国家规划主义两种理论视角。国家构建主义视角强调党政同构的国家意志对社会具有高度的支配性,表现为理性建构主义的总体思维、以强制性制度变迁为主导、自上而下的单向度塑造、国家主义的价值取向、法律工具主义的实践倾向和国家法中心主义立场。该视角固然承认国家和政府介入法治建设的必要性和重要性,但容易忽视社会法治建设的恰当思路和方式。相比之下,国家规划主义将规划本身视为实现目标治理的一种必要手段,认为当下的法治建设围绕法治规划的制定和实施展开,通过党政间的耦合协同、中央与地方的联动、国家与社会的相互赋权,实现国家法治与地方法治建设的双赢。作为对党的十八大以来法治建设实践的理论概括,这一视角有助于更好地把握党领导法治建设的新特点、新机制、新思路。总体而言,虽然国家规划主义视角相较于国家构建主义视角具有理论上的优越性,但并不表明当下的法治建设完美无缺。在现实中,既需有效解决法治建设规划制定和实施过程中出现的各类问题,又要直面和研究数字社会和信息化时代的新挑战,从而实现国家规划主义法治建设实践的不断修正和升级。

数字法治政府建设与区块链耦合过程中的风险与规制

区块链凭借着去中心化、去信任化、可追溯性和安全性等特征与数字经济时代下数字法治政府建设的理念相吻合,能够推动政府治理的新一轮自我革新,加速政府治理现代化。但是区块链在与数字法治政府建设的耦合过程中也存在着政府治理权威弱化、数据安全性保障难度高以及制度漏洞和规则冲突等问题。对此,为了使区块链与政府治理更好地实现智慧互联,应当加强区块链政务应用顶层设计,坚持包容审慎监管原则,明确区块链的工具属性定位,发挥政府在数据治理过程中的主导地位,为实现数字法治政府建设、推动数字经济发展和国家治理现代化赋能。

论习近平法治思想的“大法治观”

习近平法治思想从治国安邦、经世济民的大视野大格局出发,把法治贯穿于治党治国治军、内政外交国防、国内国际治理等各领域各方面,提出了一种前所未有的系统化、整体化的“大法治观”。这种大法治观具有整体论、轨道论、功能论三个突出特征。在“五位一体”总体布局上,明确提出和深刻论述了建设法治经济、健全人民当家作主制度体系、建设社会主义法治文化、加快建设法治社会、把生态文明建设纳入法治化轨道,推动经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明领域法治建设,以高质量法治保障高质量发展、全过程人民民主、文化强国建设、和谐社会建设、美丽中国建设。在治党治国治军上,科学提出和深刻论述了坚持依规治党、推进全面依法治国、深入推进依法治军,推动政党治理、国家治理、军队治理纳入法治轨道。在国内国际治理上,明确提出和深刻论述了统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治建设、建设国际法治,确立了协调推进国内治理和国际治理的法治框架和行动纲领,推动国内国际治理法治化。

海外中国公民权益保护法治化探究

“一带一路”标志我国对外关系开启新的时代,因商贸、工作、留学、旅游等原因前往海外的中国公民日益增多,海外中国公民权益内容呈现新发展趋势。传统法律规定的责任主体和保护方式无法满足权利保护的客观需求;同时,国籍国与所在国之间的权利冲突是固有的法理瓶颈。这些都使得海外中国公民权益保护面临着诸多难题。对此,应通过国际合作缓解国籍国与所在国的主权冲突,运用国际条约协调国籍国与所在国的保护竞合,注重司法协助化解国籍国与所在国的管辖之争;同时,应完善各层次立法、增强保护机制的系统性、鼓励保护手段创新,共同构建并完善海外中国公民权益保护的法律机制。

在大国治理新征程中推进法治中国建设——习近平法治思想研究综述

党的二十大报告在新时代新征程中国共产党的使命任务中系统提出中国式现代化的中国特色。其中,中国式现代化是人口规模巨大的现代化,在这样一个大国治理中,应进一步加强习近平法治思想研究,将其放在大国治理的伟大法治实践之中,深入社会实际,坚持理论与实践相结合,坚持问题导向,服务实践。围绕习近平法治思想十一个要义,系统梳理和总结当前学界研究成果,结合党的二十大报告,从大国治理的高度,在制度层面应加强如何“把党的领导落实到党和国家事业各领域各方面各环节”,如何进一步推动“全面推进国家各方面工作法治化”“在法治轨道上全面建设社会主义现代化”“以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴”等方面的研究阐释。

中国式法治现代化视域下的社会治理法治化

法治现代化是国家治理现代化的题中之义,中国式法治现代化的过程同时也是国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的过程。社会治理的法治化,既是国家治理现代化的重要组成部分和基本评判指标,也是中国式法治现代化在社会治理领域的具体表现形态。在中国式法治现代化进程中,社会治理法治化实践具有鲜明的人民性特质。“社会治理法治化”命题要求社会治理以国家法律规范体系为制度依凭,要求社会治理是一种多元规范之治,要求以社会治理共同体的存在为社会结构条件,要求在社会治理实践中充分体现中国特色社会主义的全过程人民民主。将社会治理法治化置于新时代国家发展基本方略之中,有助于理解社会治理法治化的重大意义,明晰社会治理法治化的战略目标。

老龄法治的国家法定义务面向

人口老龄化问题的出现是经济社会进步的必然结果,老龄法治从法律治理的视角回应解决老年人所关心的各种问题并给出合理性说明。由国家作为保障公民生存发展的义务主体是历史演化过程中的基本规律,从权利和义务相统一的辩证关系来看,老龄群体权利的实现必须以国家履行义务为在先保障。国际社会组织和世界各国所颁行的立法文件构成了我国开展老龄法治的实证规范来源,其中蕴含着深刻的法理逻辑和普遍性的制度价值。作为法治中国建设的重要子系统,应当加快老龄法律制度建设,遵循价值理念、法律体系和制度操作的结构内容具体展开并积极贯彻落实。

宪法福利学:中国现代社会主义福利国家与社会福利制度建设目标

2021年是中国现代社会福利制度建设新时代元年。中国式现代化国家治理体系建设、现代民主政治和法治国家制度建设、现代社会福利共识、科学精准疫情防控、重塑国家形象和中国参与全球治理等,需要共同聚焦现代社会福利制度,现代宪法福利学议题应运而生。文章首次探讨宪法福利学内涵外延、主要构成要件与基本特征;界定宪法福利学、财税制度与福利国家制度范式历史发展四个阶段与时代特征;简述宪法福利学纵向研究的全球、地区、主权国家、中央政府、地方政府、地方社区和个人家庭福利体系七个层次;探讨政治福利,宪法福利,立法、司法与法律福利,政府与行政福利,财税福利,公共福利,社会福利和生活化福利八大领域;探讨现代宪法福利学理论范式、中国现代社会主义福利国家与社会福利制度建设国家目标之间的社会制度逻辑,以期为现代国家治理体系与治理能力现代化奠定宪法化福利制度与福利化宪法制度基础。

CPTPP协定下的中国国有企业科技创新规则:合规性分析和完善建议

国有企业科技创新规则是我国建设世界主要科学中心和创新高地、实现高水平科技自立自强的重要法治保障。中国如加入CPTPP协定后,国有企业科技创新规则,作为国有企业一般性规则的重要组成部分,将面临规范性审查。具体而言,国有企业科技创新规则在非歧视待遇和商业考虑要求下,与CPTPP协定的要求存在冲突的地方;在非商业援助要求下,既有挑战、也有机遇;而与透明度要求总体上保持一致,但仍有需要进一步细化、完善的地方。为此,我国应以涉外法治为理论指引,积极应对、主动求变,推动构建更加公平、合理的国有企业科技创新规则。