A second modified normalized difference water index(SMNDWI) in the case of extracting the shoreline

Due to the fast development of industrialization and urbanization, shorelineextraction is necessary for the sustainable development and environment protection inmany countries. This study focused on the accurate methods of extracting theinstantaneous waterline —shoreline obtained as the same instant as the satellite imageis acquired. Based on NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) and MNDWI(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index), the study changed the bandcombination and proposed a second modified normalized water index (SMNDWI) toextract the waterline. And, this new index is applied to three types of coast to evaluatethe performance of this method with traditional ones. Results show that SNDWI isbetter than NDWI and suitable for applying to the waterline extraction.

Drought trend analysis in a semi-arid area of Iraq based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index and Standardized Precipitation Index

Drought was a severe recurring phenomenon in Iraq over the past two decades due to climate change despite the fact that Iraq has been one of the most water-rich countries in the Middle East in the past.The Iraqi Kurdistan Region(IKR)is located in the north of Iraq,which has also suffered from extreme drought.In this study,the drought severity status in Sulaimaniyah Province,one of four provinces of the IKR,was investigated for the years from 1998 to 2017.Thus,Landsat time series dataset,including 40 images,were downloaded and used in this study.The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI)were utilized as spectral-based drought indices and the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI)was employed as a meteorological-based drought index,to assess the drought severity and analyse the changes of vegetative cover and water bodies.The study area experienced precipitation deficiency and severe drought in 1999,2000,2008,2009,and 2012.Study findings also revealed a drop in the vegetative cover by 33.3%in the year 2000.Furthermore,the most significant shrinkage in water bodies was observed in the Lake Darbandikhan(LDK),which lost 40.5%of its total surface area in 2009.The statistical analyses revealed that precipitation was significantly positively correlated with the SPI and the surface area of the LDK(correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.72,respectively).The relationship between SPI and NDVI-based vegetation cover was positive but not significant.Low precipitation did not always correspond to vegetative drought;the delay of the effect of precipitation on NDVI was one year.

基于高分一号遥感影像的水体提取方法对比分析与改进

以高分一号遥感影像为数据源,以安徽省黄山市屯溪流域内的东方红水库为研究对象,采用单波段阈值法、两波段差值法、波段比值法、归一化差分水体指数(NDWI)法、归一化差分植被指数(NDVI)法共5种水陆像元度量方法,分别应用平均值法和最大类间方差迭代法两种阈值选取方法对东方红水库进行水体提取,探索最大类间方差迭代法在水体提取变量上的改进效果,在此基础上提出了一种改进的最大类间方差联合水体提取法,并对比了改进前后的水体提取效果。结果表明:改进后的水体提取方法可以很好地降低影像提取中产生的噪点,提高水体提取的精度,提取成果的平均相对误差为4.69%,决定系数为0.8579,相比于改进前平均相对误差降低了0.68%,决定系数提高了0.0539。

Response of remotely sensed Normalized Difference Water Deviation Index to the 2006 Drought of eastern Sichuan Basin

One of the most serious droughts in last century occurred in eastern Sichuan Basin in the summer of 2006 (hereinafter called the Drought). The response of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS, boarding on NASA satellites of Terra and Aqua) to the Drought was analyzed in order to reach one practicable monitoring solution for regional soil moisture. Temporal process and spatial extension of the Drought were firstly estimated with ground meteorological and hydrological observations. Then, for the whole region of Sichuan and Chongqing, the remotely sensed Normalized Difference Water In- dex (NDWI) for the summers of 2001―2006 were calculated based on 8-day composite MODIS products, which were further used to construct a new water index (Normalized Difference Water Deviation Index, NDWDI) to examine the sensitivity of remote sensing in the Drought. The study showed that the NDWDI is more sensitive to regional drought than other absolute-soil-moisture-based indices. With the new index, the study extracted the spatial-temporal characteristics of the 2006 Drought, and explored its developing and withdrawing processes, which agreed with related statistics. Compared with ground method of drought observation, the NDWDI-based remote sensing solution of this paper is more pref- erable and practicable in that the local soil properties of water consumption and supply are implicitly taken into account, and the spatial representativity limit of ground observation is circumvented to a degree as satellite remotely senses the earth surface in a way of two-dimensional pixel matrix. So, the NDWDI-based method can be used to monitor regional soil water stress situation more practically and efficiently.

基于Sentinel-2的青铜峡灌区水稻和玉米种植分布早期识别

及时准确地掌握灌区内作物种植分布对于灌溉水资源高效配置、农田精准管理具有重要指导意义。以宁夏青铜峡灌区为研究对象,利用多时相Sentinel-2卫星数据,通过水稻和玉米早期特征分析,提取关键的“水淹”信号和“植被”信号,构建时序归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)特征值数据集,并通过样本分析关键特征阈值,构建水稻和玉米早期种植分布决策树模型,提取2022年宁夏青铜峡灌区水稻和玉米种植的空间分布。结果表明(:1)玉米和水稻苗期的后半段5月15—31日,水淹信号和植被信号是区分二者关键时期。(2)基于早期作物物候特征的方法,在5月16—31日获取的水稻和玉米图像制图精度高于90%,用户精度超过91%,总体精度超过90%,Kappa系数高于0.88,明显高于同时期随机森林方法的分类精度。(3)本研究提出的方法在早期水稻和玉米种植分布提取方面具有较强的适用性,并且能够在时空尺度上以较少的实地样本进行延展,同时在时间上也更有优势。因此,该方法为青铜峡灌区水稻和玉米种植分布早期调查提供了重要的方法支撑。

青藏高原多尔索洞错水深反演与水量变化估算

利用由实测水深空间插值获得的水下地形数据估算湖泊水量及其变化往往存在较大误差。以Landsat系列影像数据及多尔索洞错12 m以下实测水深数据为基础,建立多波段组合模型进行水深模拟,结合多时相Landsat影像获取的多尔索洞错边界数据获取水深变化,估算1996~2016年多尔索洞错水量变化。实验结果表明:多因子反演模型的相关系数(R^(2))均在0.90以上,平均绝对误差低至0.48 m,相比空间插值方法能更精确地模拟多尔索洞错水深在12 m以下区域的水深分布情况;近20 a来多尔索洞错不断扩张,水位升高约0.40 m/a,水量增加约0.18 km^(3)/a。

1977—2021年博斯腾湖大湖区湖岸线动态变化

湖泊岸线的动态变化可以表征湖泊的变化。以博斯腾湖大湖区为研究区,基于1977—2021年的Landsat遥感影像数据和实测水位资料,利用MNDWI法提取水体信息,运用岸线发育系数与岸线强度,分析研究区岸线动态变化,探讨影响研究区岸线动态变化的主要因素。研究结果表明:1977—2021年研究区岸线变化最明显的区域主要是研究区北岸。1977—1989年北岸岸线向南迁移的最大距离为0.93 km;1989—2003年北岸岸线向北迁移的最大距离为5.12 km;2003—2013年北岸岸线向南迁移的最大距离为5.46 km;2013—2021年北岸岸线向北迁移的最大距离为5.11 km。1977—1989年研究区岸线长度以1.55 km/a的速率逐渐缩短;1989—2002年岸线以16.34 km/a的速率持续增长;2002—2012年岸线以22.67 km/a的速率明显缩短;2012—2021年岸线以14.36 km/a的速率快速增长。年降水量、年均气温以及开都河径流量等自然要素是研究区岸线、水位和水面面积变化的主要自然因素。研究区岸线长度和曲折性受水位和水面面积的影响较为明显,1977—2021年研究区水位、水面面积和岸线长度的变化趋势基本一致。

基于高分一号卫星影像的水体信息提取方法初探

本文以山西汾河水库为研究区域,利用高分一号卫星影像,分别选择阈值分割法、归一化差异水体指数法和面向对象法对研究区水体信息进行提取,并对3种方法提取结果进行精度检查。通过试验得出如下结论:阈值分割法对水体先验知识要求低,简单易用;归一化差异水体指数法由于未能消除阴影与水体的混淆问题,使得提取水体信息精度较低;面向对象法提取水体信息结果精度较高,但易丢失人工水塘与沟渠信息。该研究结果对利用高分一号卫星影像进行其他土地利用信息的提取具有一定借鉴意义。

Effect of Water Level Fluctuations on Wintering Goose Abundance in Poyang Lake Wetlands of China

The Poyang Lake is a Ramsar site and is the important over-wintering site for migratory waterbirds along the East Asian-Australasian Fly way. Examining the effects of water level fluctuations on waterbird abundance and analyzing the influencing mechanism is critical to waterbird protection in the context of hydrological alteration. In this study, the effect of water level regime on wintering goose abundance was examined and the influencing mechanism was interpreted. Synchronous waterbirds survey data, hydro- logical data, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （MODIS-NDVI） data and habi- tat data derived from Landsat TNUETM data and HJ/CCD data were combined. The satellite-derived Green Wave Index （GWI） based on MODIS-NDVI dataset was applied to detect changes in goose food resources. It was found that habitat size and vegetation conditions are key factors determining goose abundance. Geese numbers were positively correlated with habitat area, while intermediate range of vegetation productivity might benefit the goose abundance. Water level affects goose abundance by changing available habitat areas and vegetation conditions. We suggested that matching hydrological regime and exposed meadows time to wintering geese dynamics was crucial in the Poyang Lake wetlands. Our study could provide sound scientific information for hydrological management in the context of waterbird conservation.

Revealing Storage-area Relationship of Open Water in Ungauged Subalpine Wetland-Napahai in Northwest Yunnan, China

Mountains and plateaus in Southwest China contain many subalpine and alpine wetlands, with signifieant hydroecological functions. But ungauged or poorly gauged eonditions limit the study and understanding of hydrological regimes of these wetland types. This study selects an ungauged subalpine wetland - Napahai in Northwest Yunnan, China - as a case for developing a practical approach to revealing its storage-area relationship of open water. A Trimble R8 GNSS （Global Navigation Satellites Systems） RTK （Real-time Kinematic system） and sonar fathometer were used to survey fine- resolution elevation data and generate a digital elevation model of the Napahai Wetland. Forty-four Landsat images from 1987 to 2Oll were collected, and the Normalized Difference Water Index was used to classify open water features in the area. The area of open water in Napahai was ealculated for each phase. With these data and a developed conceptual model, the storage of open water for each phase was estimated using ArcGIS tools. Both storage and area of open water showed significant intra-annual and inter-annual variations. In the rainy season, the monthly change of average storage of open water in Napahai showed about 1-2 months lag behind mean monthly rainfall. The storage-area relationship of open water was well fit by a power function equation （R2=0.91, n=44）. This study indicates that if detailedelevations are available for similarly ungauged subalpine wetlands in Southwest China, researchers can use this practical approach to estimate multi- temporal areas and storages and reveal the storage- area relationship of open water in the wetlands. The study provided valuable information of this ease wetland for optimizing its hydro-ecological managements and a new method to wetland researchers and managers for the hydrological study of similarly ungauged wetland complex.

Wheat Yield Response to Water Deficit under Central Pivot Irrigation System Using Remote Sensing Techniques

Scarcity of rainfall and limited irrigation water resources is the main challenge for agricultural expanding policies and strategies. At the same time, there is a high concern to increase the area of wheat cultivation in order to meet the increasing local consumption. The big challenge is to incerese wheat production using same or less amount of irrigation water. In this trend, the study was carried out to analyze the sensitivity of wheat yield to water deficit using remotely sensed data in El-Salhia agricultural project which located in the eastern part of Nile delta. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were extracted from Landsat 7. Water Deficit Index (WDI) used both LST minus air temperature (Tair) and vegetation index to estimate the relative water status. Yield response factor (ky) was derived from relationship between relative yield decrease and relative evapotranspiration deficit. The relative Evapotranspiration deficit was replaced by WDI. Linear regression was found between predicted wheat yield and actual wheat yield with 0.2?6, 0.025, 0.252 and 0.76 as correlation coefficient on 30th of Dec. 2012, 15th of Jan. 2013, 16th of Feb. 2013 and 20th of Mar. 2013 respectively. The main objective of this study is using a combination between FAO 33 paper approach and remote sensing techniques to estimate wheat yield response to water.

Water bodies extraction from TM images

Aiming at the problems of high time-consuming, low accuracy and weak versatility of the existing methods of wa- ter extraction based on TM image, this paper combines principal component analysis （PCA） with the modified normalized difference water index （MNDWI） which was improved by XU Han-qiu to construct a false color composite image that could separate water from others easily. This method can realize the water extraction based on TM image by analyzing the spectral characteristics of water in this false color image and establishing a water extraction model. This paper also compares the effi- ciency of this method with MNDWI, （TM2 ＋ TM3） - （TM4 ＋ TM5） and new water index （NWI）, which were applied in the city and mountain of Taiyuan, respectively. The results show that the proposed method can extract water body from TM im- age more rapidly and efficiently and its accuracy is up to 94.03 %. In addition, this method does not require a manual selec- tion threshold, which meets the research reuuirement of high automaticm.

基于PCA和SVM的遥感影像水体提取方法及验证

针对内陆湖泊水质及光谱特性空间差异性大、支流水系结构复杂而导致的遥感影像水体提取精度低的问题,提出了结合光谱主成分分析(PCA)及支持向量机(SVM)的PCA-SVM水体提取算法。基于GF-1卫星遥感影像,对原始影像光谱波段特征进行PCA降维,从中优选熵、方差、差异性纹理特征向量,结合原始波段及归一化差分水体指数(NDWI),构建了8维特征向量,并基于SVM算法提取湖泊水体。以巢湖洪水期与非洪水期影像为研究实例,分别采用NDWI法、传统SVM算法及PCA-SVM算法对水体进行提取,并进一步基于PCA-SVM算法对2020年汛期巢湖洪水期淹没演变过程进行反演和跟踪,定量解析特征向量组合及SVM惩罚系数C对水体提取性能的影响。结果表明:PCA-SVM算法提取的湖泊完整、支流连续,显著改善了含蓝藻水体漏提、建筑物误提等问题;洪水期和非洪水期提取结果的F1分数分别为95.08%和97.95%,虚警率分别为5.43%和1.13%,提取精度显著高于NDWI法和SVM算法。

Automatic Generation of Water Masks from RapidEye Images

Water is a very important natural resource and it supports all life forms on earth. It is used by humans in various ways including drinking, agriculture and for scientific research. The aim of this research was to develop a routine to automatically extract water masks from RapidEye images, which could be used for further investigation such as water quality monitoring and change detection. A Python-based algorithm was therefore developed for this particular purpose. The developed routine combines three spectral indices namely Simple Ratios (SRs), Normalized Green Index (NGI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). The two SRs are calculated between the NIR and green band, and between the NIR and red band. The NGI is calculated by rationing the green band to the sum of all bands in each image. The NDWI is calculated by differencing the green to the NIR and dividing by the sum of the green and NIR bands. The routine generates five intermediate water masks, which are spatially intersected to create a single intermediate water mask. In order to remove very small waterbodies and any remaining gaps in the intermediate water mask, morphological opening and closing were performed to generate the final water mask. This proposed algorithm was used to extract water masks from some RapidEye images. It yielded an Overall Accuracy of 95% and a mean Kappa Statistic of 0.889 using the confusion matrix approach.

基于机载高光谱的长江口北港悬沙浓度反演

机载高光谱遥感是悬沙浓度反演的重要方法。针对高光谱悬沙浓度反演中敏感波段和反演方法的确定,以机载高光谱影像为数据源,采用相关性分析法确定单波段模型和双波段组合模型的敏感波段,并基于敏感波段构建单变量回归模型,确定最佳反演模型并获取长江口北港区域的悬沙浓度空间分布特征。结果发现,基于归一化差值指数(NDWI)构建的二次多项式模型为最佳反演模型,精度上优于其他5种常用的反演模型;且长江口北港区域的悬沙浓度与水下地形基本上呈倒数关系。相较于基于多光谱卫星影像进行遥感反演,本文的结果表明高光谱影像的精细化光谱能够更为准确地表达含沙水体的光谱信息变化,在复杂的水环境反演研究中具有重要的应用价值。

基于光谱形态信息的冰面湖精细化提取方法

冰面湖是冰盖水文系统的重要组成部分,能够反映冰盖表面融水的特征,影响极地气候及环境变化。本文以冰面湖多发育区域格陵兰岛北部为研究区,基于WorldView-2高分辨率遥感影像,提出了一种综合光谱形态信息的冰面湖精细化提取方法。首先结合适合冰面环境的水体指数NDWI_(ice)(normalized difference water index-ice)及分割阈值提取冰面水体;然后构建形态规则,将冰面水体分为独立冰面湖、独立冰面径流、混合区域3类;最后引入傅里叶描述子辅助分水岭算法精细化提取冰面湖。为验证该方法的可行性,选取一个消融期内9个时期的WorldView-2影像序列进行实验,与其他自动化方法及人工数字化结果比较,本文方法在提取准确率、完整性上均高于90%,平均错误率低于0.2%,优势明显。

长江南京段河床与洲滩平面演变特征遥感分析

以长江南京段为例,根据1984—2020年间Landsat卫星遥感影像资料,利用归一化差分水体指数法提取特定水位下的水边线,形态学方法提取河床边界和洲滩,本征正交分解法提取两者的时空演变特征。结果表明:近40年以来,长江南京段河床边界受人类活动影响向内收缩(对应水域面积减幅6%),并以长江村附近收缩最为剧烈,主要发生于1984—2005年;河段五大洲滩中,八卦洲、梅子洲及新济洲的形态变化较小,新生洲洲头消退和洲尾淤长程度相近,新潜洲自洲头向下游逐渐淤长,面积增幅200%,洲尾初期、中期及后期增长分别发生在1984—2000年、2000—2005年及2005—2020年。河床边界与洲滩时间序列的一阶模态反映了时均形态,其他高阶模态反映了局部冲淤消长规律,模态投影系数反映了各空间演变特征对应的时间演变特征。

1989-2021年粤港澳大湾区海岸线变迁及土地利用变化

利用1989-2021年7期Landsat TM/Sentinel-2 MSI遥感影像数据,借助Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台,使用改进归一化差异水体指数(Modified Normalized Difference Water Index,MNDWI)、Canny边缘检测算法、遥感解译分类方法等,完成了粤港澳大湾区7期海岸线信息的提取,并从海岸线长度、变化强度、岸线多样性、海岸带陆域面积变化以及海岸带土地利用变化等方面分析了海岸线时空变化特征和驱动因素。分析结果表明:(1)1989-2021年大湾区海岸线长度持续增加,岸线变化强度具有阶段性,2004年以前岸线增长缓慢,之后岸线增长较快,2004-2009年为岸线增长高峰期;(2)研究时期内,大湾区各个区域内的岸线都发生了一定的变化,其中珠海、香港地区、深圳、澳门地区岸线变化最强烈,其他地区相对稳定;(3)研究区内岸线类型变化明显,人工岸线逐渐取代自然岸线成为海岸线的主体,人工岸线增长达651.17 km,增幅较高,自然岸线减少407.89 km;(4)大湾区围海造地面积显著增加,增长速率较快,岸带土地利用类型由林地、草地、水域等大幅度转向为建设用地、养殖用地;(5)围海养殖、港口码头和填海造地等人为活动是大湾区海岸线发生变化的主要原因,自然环境条件、人为活动是岸线演变的重要驱动力。

Dynamicity of Land Use/Land Cover(LULC):An analysis from peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods of Durgapur Municipal Corporation(DMC)in India

The availability of better economic possibilities and well-connected transportation networks has attracted people to migrate to peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods,changing the landscape of regions outside the city and fostering the growth of physical infrastructure.Using multi-temporal satellite images,the dynamics of Land Use/Land Cover(LULC)changes,the impact of urban growth on LULC changes,and regional environmental implications were investigated in the peri-urban and rural neighbourhoods of Durgapur Municipal Corporation in India.The study used different case studies to highlight the study area’s heterogeneity,as the phenomenon of change is not consistent.Landsat TM and OLI-TIRS satellite images in 1991,2001,2011,and 2021 were used to analyse the changes in LULC types.We used the relative deviation(RD),annual change intensity(ACI),uniform intensity(UI)to show the dynamicity of LULC types(agriculture land;built-up land;fallow land;vegetated land;mining area;and water bodies)during 1991-2021.This study also applied the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL)to measure environmental sensitivity zones and find out the causes of LULC changes.According to LULC statistics,agriculture land,built-up land,and mining area increased by 51.7,95.46,and 24.79 km^(2),respectively,from 1991 to 2021.The results also suggested that built-up land and mining area had the greatest land surface temperature(LST),whereas water bodies and vegetated land showed the lowest LST.Moreover,this study looked at the relationships among LST,spectral indices(Normalized Differenced Built-up Index(NDBI),Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),and Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI)),and environmental sensitivity.The results showed that all of the spectral indices have the strongest association with LST,indicating that built-up land had a far stronger influence on the LST.The spectral indices indicated that the decreasing trends of vegetated land and water bodies were 4.26 and 0.43 km^(2)/a,respectively,during 1991-2021.In summary,this study can help the policy-makers to predict the increasing rate of temperature and the causes for the temperature increase with the rapid expansion of built-up land,thus making effective peri-urban planning decisions.

基于多源数据的山前水系提取实验:以济南市及邻区为例

河流水系的准确提取是研究构造地貌与水文地质的一项重要基础工作。以济南及邻区作为研究区,以SRTMDEM(shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation model)90 m分辨率原始高程数据和Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS卫星影像作为源数据,通过对比不同方法[数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)、归一化差异水体指数(normalized difference water index,NDWI)、改进的归一化差异水体指数(modified normalized difference water index,MNDWI)]的特点及在各地貌区的应用效果,尝试了一种能够自动提取上述地区水系的方法。结果表明:在区内的山地丘陵区和平原区,所对应的最优水系提取方法分别为基于DEM和MNDWI的提取方法,二分区的分界线可通过地形起伏度进行确定。通过对比研究区的断层和水系分布,认为研究区内的早中更新世断裂对河流造成的影响已经衰减,并且河流已达到了新的平衡状态。