Occurrence of Different Forms and Implications of Compound Specific Sterols in Continental Sediments of the Northeast South China Sea

The South China Sea(SCS) is one of the most productive and accumulative marginal shelves of organic carbon in the world. To expound the transformation and preservation of organic carbon in the Northeast SCS, where abundant oil and gas resources have been reported, compound specific sterols in free(FR), base hydrolytic(BH), and acid hydrolytic(AH) forms were analyzed in surface and columnar sediments in May, 2016. The results showed that the total contents of sterols detected ranged from 0.15 to 3.74 ppm dry weight in the surface sediments, and gradually decreased from 3.41 to0.17 ppm dry weight from surface to deep sediments, in which cholesterol(27^(△5)) was the most abundant component. Sterols mainly existed in the BH form(54.51%-74.20%), followed by the FR form(25.50%-45.49%) and then the AH form(0-3.77%) in turn, in the surface sediments. BH and FR sterols accounted for 0-49.08% and 50.92%-100% in the columnar sediments, while AH sterols were undetectable. The contents of specific sterols indicated that, the primary source of marine organic carbon was about 5 times as much as that from terrestrial input. More and more FR sterols transformed into BH sterols with increasing sedimentary depth, and BH sterols absolutely dominated in sediment depths under 25 cm. The forms of Sterols C27 were maintained at a relative consistence state, but Sterols C28 to C30 degraded gradually during the sedimentation process. It was suggested that the stability of sterols, based on the chemical structures, might be the primary factor controlling their degradation and preservation in deeper sediments. These results would help to understand the organic carbon(OC) transformation in a hydrate formation area in a marginal sea.

Changes in sea ice kinematics in the Arctic outflow region and their associations with Arctic Northeast Passage accessibility

Amplification of climate warming in the Arctic is causing a dramatic retreat of sea ice, which means the Arctic sea routes are becoming increasingly accessible. This study used a satellite-derived sea ice motion product to quantify the kinematic features of sea ice in the Arctic outflow region which specially referred to the Fram Strait and to the north of the Northeast Passage(NEP). An observed trend of increased southward sea ice displacement from the central Arctic to the Fram Strait indicated enhancement of the Transpolar Drift Stream(TDS). In the regions to the north of the NEP, the long-term trend of northward sea ice speed in the Kara sector was +0.04 cm/s per year in spring. A significant statistical relationship was found between the NEP open period and the northward speed of the sea ice to the north of the NEP. The offshore advection of sea ice could account for the opening of sea routes by 33% and 15% in the Kara and Laptev sectors, respectively. The difference in sea level pressure across the TDS,i.e., the Central Arctic Index(CAI), presented more significant correlation than for the Arctic atmospheric Dipole Anomaly index with the open period of the NEP, and the CAI could explain the southward displacement of sea ice toward the Fram Strait by more than 45%. The impact from the summer positive CAI reinforces the thinning and mechanical weakening of the sea ice in the NEP region, which improves the navigability of the NEP.

A three-dimentional model of the northeast East China Sea, with application to the M2 current field

A simple three-dimensional tidal model is used to examine the M2 tidal current distribution in a northeastern part of the East China Sea, especially the vertical variation of the current in the region. Computed M2 current is compared with observations available and found to be in good agreement.Main features of the calculating method in this study are: (1) Vertical variation of the tidal current is taken as a funetion of the depth-mean velocity: (2) the method is applicable to a variety of the vertical eddy viscosities; (3) it has a fine vertical resolution, especially near the sea bootom. So, this method not only enables us to get a steady state solution easily but also depicts effects of the friction on the vertical variation of the current much better.

Warm water wake off northeast Vietnam in the South China Sea

Due to orographic blockage, a weak wind wake occurs in summer off northeast Vietnam in the South China Sea. Under the wind wake, warm water is observed from both high-resolution satellite data and hydrographic observations. The wake of warm water forms in June, continues to mature in July and August, starts to decay in September, and disappears in October. The warm water wake also shows robust diurnal variation – it intensifies during the day and weakens in the night. Warm water wakes can be generated through wind-induced mixing and thermal（latent heat flux） processes. In this paper, a mixed layer model is used to evaluate the relative importance of the two processes on seasonal and diurnal timescales, respectively. The results demonstrate that thermal processes make a greater contribution to the wake than wind-induced mixing processes on a seasonal timescale, while the warm water wake is dominated by wind-induced mixing processes on a diurnal timescale.

Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly and Precipitation Distribution in the Alagoas State of the Brazilian Northeast

Precipitation data of 17 pluviometrical stations in the Alagoas State of the Brazilian Northeast and global spatial distribution of the Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly (SSTA) were analyzed for the period of 1981-2007. Techniques of constructing composite charts for SSTA fields are used to study the interrelation between the ocean thermal state with precipitation more than 50 mm/24 h, 20 mm/24 h or without precipitation for six ambient regions of the state. The student test is used for estimating statistical characteristics of the composites. Synoptic-scale pattern analyses of the composites reveal strikingly different spatial distribution of SSTA within each composite. The El Niño Southern Oscillation cycle refers to the coherent, large-scale fluctuation of ocean temperatures. At the highest ambient regions during heavy precipitation days, more intensive SSTA was observed. The lowest anomalies were observed for all types of precipitation in the semi-arid region. Quantile analyses of NCEP/NCAR indexes of SSTA distribution, such as NATL, SATL, TROP and RNASA were used too. Positive SSTA values in tropical regions are associated with the highest possibility of precipitation formation. The SST interhemispheric north-south gradient in equatorial regions of the North and South Atlantic has direct influence on the precipitation formation in the Alagoas State.

Relation between sea surface temperature anomaly in the Atlantic and summer precipitation over the Northeast China

Based on global monthly average data set of sea surface temperature (SST) during 1950 - 1992 and global monthly average 500 hPa height during 1930- 1997 offered by NCARINCEP, the feature of SST anomaly in the Atlantic and its relation with summer precipitation over the Northeast China are analyzed. The results show that, the second eigenvector of the SST’s empirical orthogonal expanssion in winter season over the North Atlantic suggests that dist-ibution of SST anomaly has unusual meridional difference; The location of its center is basically identical to center of significant correlation region be- tween summer precipitation over the Northeast China and winter SST in the Atlantic. When winter SST in the North Atlantic is hot in south and cold in north, the blocking situation is stronger in the middle- high latitude. Correspondingly, the blocking high pressure in the northern North Pacific is also getting stronger, the westerlies circulation index in East Asia in next summer would be lower,as a result,more precipitation in the summer would be experienced over Northeast China and vice versa.

Seasonal changes in sea ice conditions along the Northeast Passage in 2007 and 2012

Remote sensing data from passive microwave and satellite-based altimeters, associated with the data measured underway, were used to characterize seasonal and spatial changes in sea ice conditions along the Arctic Northeast Passage （NEP） and the high-latitude sea route （HSR） north of the island groups in the eastern Arctic Ocean in 2007 and 2012. In both years, summer Arctic sea ice extent reached minima since satellite records began in 1979. However, there were large differences in spatial distribution of sea ice between the two years. Sea ice conditions in the eastern sections of the sea routes were relatively slight in the 2007 summer, because of the remarkable decline of sea ice in the Pacific sector. A belt of sea ice that blocked sections from the western Laptev Sea to the eastern Kara Sea resulted in both sea routes not completely opening through the 2007 summer. The combination of a great storm in early August causing sea ice to be sheared from the Arctic pack ice and the thick ice surviving the winter delayed the summer opening of the eastern parts of the sea routes in 2012. However, the average open period, defined by 50% ice concentration for the entire NEP and HSR, reached 82 d and 55 d, respectively. Thus, 2012 was the most accessible year since the satellite era began in 1979. The distinct decrease in sea ice in the western parts of the HSR in the 2012 summer can be attributed to the thinning preconditions of sea ice prior to the melt season. The HSR opening can benefit Arctic shipping of deeper-draft vessels.

MODEL OF UPPER OCEANIC CIRCULATIONS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DURING NORTHEAST MONSOON

The large-scale upper oceanic circulation in the South China Sea (SCS) during the northeast monsoon was investigited using a 2 1/2-layer model inrolving entrainment and detraininent at the interface between the upper mixed layer and the seasonal thermocline. The model allows heat fluxes at the surface and at the interfaee with a reaxation scheme, the temperatures of the two active layers can vary. The model basin is idenical to the SCS lateral boundary with bottom topography of 50 m or more and is regarded as an enclosed basin by neglecting inflow and outflow through the straits, and is forced by the climetological wind stna of 12 calendar months. It was found tha the upper oceanic currents in winter were mainly wind-driven. Most aspects of streams reported by observations were simulated with eddyresolving.

The Influence of SST Warm-water Region and ITCZ in the North-West Pacific Ocean on the Northeast Cold Vortex and the Subtropical High

By using the monthly mean grid data of NCAR/NCEP reanalysis at 500 hPa geopotential height from 1958 to 1997,the relationship between the Northeast cold vortex and the western Pacific subtropical high was analyzed.The influence of the sea surface temperature(SST) and outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) on the Northeast cold vortex and subtropical high was studied.As was shown in the results,in summer,there was a positive correlation between the Northeast cold vortex and the subtropical high,and an anti-phase relationship existed between the threshold characteristic line of GMS-SST=28 ℃ and the height index of the Northeast cold vortex and the subtropical high.With the gradual northward moving of the threshold characteristic line,the subtropical high was weakening,and the Northeast cold vortex was increasing and strengthening.

Exploring thermocline and water masses variability in southern South China Sea from the World Ocean Database(WOD)

Study about water characteristics(temperature and salinity) from the World Ocean Database(WOD) was conducted in the area of southern South China Sea(SSCS), covering the area of 0°–10°N, 100°–117°E. From interannual analysis, upper layer(10 m) and deep water temperature(50 m) increased from 1951 until 2014. Monthly averaged show that May recorded the highest upper layer temperature while January recorded the lowest. It was different for the deep water which recorded the highest value in September and lowest in February. Contour plot for upper layer temperature in the study area shows presence of thermal front of cold water at southern part of Vietnam tip especially during peak northeast season(December–January). The appearances of warm water were obviously seen during generating southwest monsoon(May–June). Thermocline study revealed the deepest isothermal layer depth(ILD) during peak northeast and southwest monsoon. Temperature threshold at shallow area reach more than 0.8°C during the transitional period. Water mass study described T-S profile based on particular region. Water mass during the southwest monsoon is typically well mixed compared to other seasons while strong separation according to location is very clear. During transitional period between northeast monsoon to southwest monsoon, the increasing of water temperature can be seen at Continental Shelf Water(CSW) which tend to be higher than 29°C and vice versa condition during transitional period between southwest monsoon to northeast monsoon. Dispersion of T-S profile can be seen during southwest monsoon inside Tropical Surface Water(TSW) where the salinity and temperature become higher than during northeast monsoon.

东北陆海新通道物流体系建设问题与路径研究

东北陆海新通道是中蒙俄经济走廊建设的新通道,对深化中国、蒙古国和俄罗斯的共同发展与经贸合作具有重要作用。以交通基础设施互联互通为基本目标,从系统观念视角构建了“枢纽+通道+网络”全方位的东北陆海新通道物流体系。为有效提升通道区域的经贸合作水平,提出了通道育物流、物流促贸易、贸易带产业、产业拉经济的通道物流体系发展模式。基于物流系统的六项流动要素阐释了新通道的发展现状,针对面临的“软硬”联通堵点尚存、建设资金保障不足、合作思想亟待拓展、统筹规划尚不全面等问题,提出了相应对策与实现路径。东北陆海新通道物流体系的建设与完善对东北地区深度融入共建“一带一路”与全面振兴具有极其重要的战略价值。

战后以来东北亚海权与陆权地缘政治秩序的重构

经过战后以来的长期演变,尤其是自冷战终结以来,东北亚海权与陆权地缘秩序的中心已从大陆转向海洋,海权的重要性进一步凸显。这主要表现为:区域国家对海洋的战略性认识提升,纷纷制定并推进海洋发展战略;岛屿与海洋权益争端突出且频发;大国竞争背景下中美海洋战略竞争加剧。美国作为亚太地区的海洋霸主直接介入地区海洋争端,维护自身在东北亚的霸权。美国军事战略基调由竞争转向威慑,确立了发展和运用军事力量的“一体化威慑”大战略。东北亚地区海上安全风险正在升级,地缘热点和海上风险点已渐成互联迸发趋势,朝鲜半岛问题与东海、台海、南海即“三海一半岛”风险已现联动的苗头。东北亚地区的安全热点问题往往具有矛盾突出、危险性大、外溢影响明显等特点,对于整个地区安全态势具有“破窗”效应。当前东北亚的地缘风险恐怕会对中国的主权安全或国家利益构成非常严峻的挑战。中国需要及时制定科学完善的东北亚海洋安全大战略,加强海上软硬实力的现代化建设,积极探索构建东北亚海洋安全秩序的新路径,推动共建东北亚海洋命运共同体。

北极东北航道通航策略及经济性研究

北极航道是沟通东亚、北美和欧洲的最便捷航道,相对于经苏伊士运河或巴拿马运河的传统商业航线具有缩短航程、节省运输时间、减少油耗和废气排放等优势。通过对东北航道地理环境的分析(特别是冰情的分析),从而确定一条合理的适航航线。在此基础上对通航船舶进行经济性分析,制定最优的通航策略。东北航道的通航将改善中国的对外贸易平衡,对于中欧经贸往来乃至世界经济发展具有重要战略意义。

北极东北航道海冰变化特征分析研究

21世纪以来,北极海冰正在发生快速变化,海冰覆盖范围明显减小,厚度显著变薄,在此背景下,东北航道的提前开通成为可能。本文对多年来北极东北航道内的海冰变化特征和近几年东北航道的开通情况进行了分析研究,认为东北航道在9月份开通的可能性最大,8月份次之,10月份通航的困难较大;历年的航道开通起始时间变化较大,俄罗斯新西伯利亚群岛和北地群岛,与大陆之间的海冰对东北航道的开通起着关键作用。东北航道的海冰年际变化较大,这给未来东北航道使用带来了较大挑战。

54份哥伦比亚木薯种质的育种特性评价

资源是育种的基础,对引进资源进行科学的评价是确定育种方向的前提,也是加快育种进度的关键.该研究通过田间试验(1a)对引自哥伦比亚的54份木薯资源进行育种特性评价,通过对株高、块根直径、单薯鲜重、薯干率、鲜薯淀粉含量及支链淀粉含量等指标的测定和分析,确定54份资源的生产特性.结果表明:种质CM837、CM2399-4、哥伦比亚16P、19S、SG424-19、SM2300-1、SM2323-6、CMR34-11-3、CMR35-70-1和CMR35-70-1表现最好,是育种的优选材料;种质CM385-6、CM837、CM3993-9、CM4054-40、PER557、CMR26-07-15、CMR36-40-9、CMR37-14-9块根淀粉含量和生长情况较好但产量较低,可作为以高淀粉含量和以茎叶为饲料的育种材料;种质CM92-56-1、CM901、CM7595-1和SM28-80-3木薯产量和质量都较好,可作为以木薯为收获目标的育种材料.

南海东北部海底沉积物波的形态、粒度特征及物源、成因分析

在南海东北部广泛发育沉积物波。通过高分辨率多波束数据、地震剖面以及重力柱状样,对沉积物波的形态特征、粒度特征、物源以及形成机制进行了分析。研究表明大致以台湾浅滩南海底峡谷为界,北侧为近北东向展布,南侧为近南北向展布。对其分布规律、地貌和形态特征及重力柱状样粒度分析表明这些沉积物波为浊流成因。沉积物波的发育与新生代晚期研究区的构造活动密切相关,自距今6.5 Ma以来台湾造山运动使台湾岛强烈抬升剥蚀,这些剥蚀物为研究区提供了大量的陆源物质,而在南海东北部陆坡区大量发育的峡谷-冲沟系统为陆缘物质向下陆坡的输送提供了良好的通道。研究区西侧的东沙隆起长期处于抬升剥蚀状态,这种抬升剥蚀也为研究区沉积物波的发育提供了部分物源。随着坡度的减缓,浊流沉积物开始堆积,在台湾浅滩南海底峡谷的北侧形成了展布方向与冲沟垂直的沉积物波,而在南侧由于台湾浅滩南海底峡谷发生转向,浊流从水道中漫溢出来,沉积物堆积下来,形成了与原先水道近于垂直的近南北向的沉积物波。

海南岛东北部海域海砂资源分布特征及开发前景分析

海南岛东北部海砂资源丰富,主要分布在琼州海峡东口、南渡江口、铺前湾等海域,均为全新世以来的砂砾质沉积。其中位于琼州海峡东口的潮流沙脊区海砂规模最大,连续性好,面积数百平方千米,平均厚度20～30m,最大可达67m,为东西往复潮流所塑造,赋存水深5～20m,资源潜力概算可达几十亿立方米。海砂粒级主要为细砂～中砂,分选良好,平均含泥量为0.7%,岩性变化不大,易于采选。海砂各项物理性能指标优良,是建筑用砂的良好选择,SiO_2含量超过90%,其他杂质含量低,砂质纯度较高,结构松散,是良好的铸造、水泥、玻璃的硅质原料,其重矿物成分也可以进行综合利用。通过综合评价,琼州海峡东口浅滩区开发前景为A级和B级,面积约占研究区的1/3,是今后海砂开发的首选区;南渡江口至白沙浅滩开发前景为B级,良好,但开发环境风险较大,开发应谨慎;其他区域开发前景欠佳或不明朗,有待于进一步研究。

南海东北部表层沉积中钙质超微化石的分布

对南海东北部海区 (12～ 2 2°N、116～ 12 2°E) 15 5个表层样品进行了超微化石分析。结果显示 ,各站位样品超微化石总丰度相差悬殊 ,最多可达 1198枚 ,最少则样品中未发现超微化石。在总共 15 5个样品中 ,总丰度大于30 0枚的为 49个 ,占 31.6 % ,30 0～ 1枚之间的为 5 9个 ,占 38.1% ,未发现超微化石的样品有 47个 ,占 30 .3%。同时 ,超微化石在平面分布上可分成 7个区。超微化石组合主要由 15属 2 2种组成 ,在大多数样品中都是以Florisphaera profunda占绝对优势 ,这与南海其它地区超微化石组合面貌有明显差别。还讨论了影响超微化石分布的可能因素 ,包括水深、陆源物质稀释、碳酸盐溶解作用、海水透明度及营养跃层深度等等 ,并据超微化石的分布推测研究区北部碳酸盐补偿深度在 34 0 0 m左右 ,而南部可能在 35 0 0 m以上 ,同时推测该区海水营养跃层可能普遍偏深。

2009-2010年冬季南海东北部中尺度过程观测

根据南海北部陆架陆坡海域2009-2010年冬季航次的CTD调查资料,发现西北太平洋水在上层通过吕宋海峡入侵南海,其对南海东北部上层水体温盐性质的影响自东向西呈减弱趋势,影响范围可达114°E附近。入侵过程中受东北部海域反气旋式涡旋(观测期间,其中心位于20.75°N,118°E附近)的影响,海水的垂向和水平结构发生了很大变化,特别是涡旋中心区域,上层暖水深厚,混合层和盐度极大值层显著深于周边海域。该暖涡在地转流场、航载ADCP观测海流及卫星高度计资料中均得到了证实。暖涡的存在还显著影响了海水化学要素的空间分布,暖涡引起的海水辐聚将上层溶解氧含量较高的水体向下输运,使次表层的暖涡中心呈现高溶解氧的分布特征。

闽东北海域中华管鞭虾种群聚集特性

以负二项参数、平均拥挤度和聚块指数为种群分布格局强度指标,分析了闽东北海域中华管鞭虾(Solenocera crassicornis)种群聚集特性,探讨了种群聚集特性的驱动因子。结果表明,中华管鞭虾种群聚集强度较强,个体平均拥挤度较高,种群主要集中于少数团聚的斑块,不同季节种群聚集特性差异显著,春季,种群聚集强度较强,个体平均拥挤度最低,种群主要由单一团聚的斑块组成;夏季,种群聚集强度较弱,个体平均拥挤度高,种群主要由4个斑块组成;秋季,种群聚集强度最弱,个体平均拥挤度较低,种群主要由7个斑块组成;冬季,种群聚集强度最强,个体平均拥挤度最高,种群主要由单一团聚的大斑块组成。随着个体生长速度的增大,种群呈现扩散的趋势,饵料浮游动物生物量和底层水温是影响种群聚集强度的主要因子。