Inversion and Prediction of Consolidation Settlement Characteristics of the Fluvial Sediments Based on Void Ratio Variation in the Northern Modern Yellow River Subaqueous Delta, China

The modern Yellow River delta is formed near the estuary of the Yellow River with the characteristics of short formation time, efficient sedimentation rate and loose structure which make sediments prone to be compacted and consolidate under the geostatic stress and overburden stress. It is one of the key areas with land subsidence disasters in China, bringing a series of safety hazards to production and living. Based on the data of massive surface cores and ten drill holes ranging from 12 to 40 m obtained from the northern modern Yellow River subaqueous delta, the inversion method suitable for the calculation of consolidation settlement characteristics of the modern Yellow River subaqueous delta is discussed, and the consolidation settlement characteristics of the delta sediments are inversed and predicted in this paper. The actual void ratio of the delta sediments at the depth from 3 to 15 m shows a significant power function relationship with the depth, while the void ratio of the sediments below 15 m changes little with depth. The pre-consolidation settlement(from deposition to sampling) of the delta sediments is between 0.91 and 1.96 m, while the consolidation settlement of unit depth is between 9.6 and 14.0 cm m^(-1). The post-consolidation settlement(from sampling to stable) of the subaqueous delta sediments is between 0.65 and 1.56 m in the later stage, and the consolidation settlement of unit depth is between 7.6 and 13.1 cm m^(-1) under the overburden stress. The delta sediments with a buried depth of 3 to 7 m contribute the most to the possible consolidation settlement in the later stage.

Analysis on Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Their Temporal and Spatial Variation in the Karst Catchment of Lianjiang River,Northern Guangdong Province

[ Objective] The study aimed to discuss the hydrogeochemical features and their temporal and spatial variation in the karst catchment of Lianjiang River, northem Guangdong Province. [ Method] Water samples were collected from 10 sub-drainages of Lianjiang River in July of 2012 and January of 2013, and then major chemical ions in tributaries of Xingzi River and Tongguanshui River were analyzed in detail to discuss the hydrochemistry type, spatial and temporal distribution and its causes of formation in Lianjiang River basin. [ Result] Among chemical ions in the wa- ter samples, Ca2. and HCO^- were dominant in Lianjiang River, accounting for over 70% and 80% of total concentrations of cations and anions re- spectively, followed by Mg2＋ and SO24-. The concentrations of most major ions were higher in winter than those in summer except SO4^2- concentra- tion was much higher in summer than that in winter, which was related to anthropogenic factors. From hydrochemical types, it is seen that HCO3-- Ca2＋ type in summer and HCO3--Ca2＋ ~ Mg2. type in winter were dominant in Lianjiang River, followed by the HCO3--SO4^2- · Ca2＋ type, and only two samples of Xingzi River belonged to HCO3--Ca2＋ Mg2· Na＋ type in winter. The spatial distribution regularity of chemical ions was not obvi- ous in the 10 sub-drainages of Lianjiang River. The concentrations of chemical ions changed greatly in the upper reaches but slightly in the lower reaches of Xingzi River catchment. The concentrations of chemical ions were steady in Tongguanshui River catchment with a smaller area, and it was a little higher in the upper reaches than those in the lower reaches. [ Conclusion] Natural processes, such as lithological heterogeneities and at- mospheric precipitation, contributed to the chemical composition of Lianjiang River catchment, northem Guangdong Province.

Testing coral paleothermometers(B/Ca, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, U/Ca and δ^(18)O) under impacts of large riverine runoff

Sea surface temperature （SST） proxies including B/Ca, Mg/Ca, St/Ca, U/Ca and δ180 were analyzed in the skeleton of a Porites coral collected from the Zhujiang River （Pearl River） Estuary （ZRE）. These geochemical proxies are influenced by river runoff and this area of the northern South China Sea is strongly affected by seasonal freshwater floods. We assessed the robustness of each SST proxy through comparison with the local instrumental SST. Coral St/Ca shows the highest correlation with SST variations （r2=0.59）, suggesting St/Ca is the most robust SST proxy. In contrast, coral δ180 （r2=0.46）, B/Ca （r2=0.43） and U/Ca （r2=0.41） ratios were only moderately correlated with SST variations, suggesting that they are disturbed by some other factors in addition to SST. The poor correlation （r2=0.27） between SST and Mg/Ca indicates that Mg/Ca in coral skeletons is not a simple function of SST variations. This may ultimately limit the use of Mg/Ca as a coral paleothermometer.

Deep-water Depositional Features of Miocene Zhujiang Formation in Baiyun Sag,Pearl River Mouth Basin

Eleven lithofacies and five lithofacies associations were indentified in the Miocene Zhujiang Formation on the basis of detailed core analysis. It could he determined that three depositional types developed, namely submarine fan, basin and deep-water traction current. Six microfacies were further recognized within the fan, including main channels in the inner fan, distributary channels in the middle fan, inter-channels, levees and the outer fan. The lower Zhujiang Formation, mainly sandstone associations, was inner fan and inner-middle fan deposits of the basin fan and the slope fan. The middle part, mainly mudstone associations, was outer fan deposits. With the transgression, the submarine fan was finally replaced by the basinal pelagic deposits which were dominated by mudstone associations, siltstone associations, and deep-water limestone associations. During the weak gravity flow activity, the lower channels, the middle-upper outer fans and basin deposits were strongly modified by the deep-water traction current. The identification of the deep-water traction deposition in Miocene Zhujiang Formation would be of great importance. It could be inferred that the deep- water traction current had been existing after the shelf-break formation since the Late Oligocene （23.8 Ma） in the Baiyun sag, influencing and controlling the sediment composition, the distribution, and depositional processes. It would provide great enlightenment to the paleo-oceanic current circulation in the northern South China Sea.

Variability of Northeast China River Break-up Date

This paper investigates the variability of the break-up dates of the rivers in Northeast China from their icebound states for the period of 1957-2005 and explores some potential explanatory mechanisms. Results show that the break-up of the two major rivers （the Heilongjiang River and Songhuajiang River） was about four days earlier, and their freeze-up was about 4-7 days delayed, during 1989 2005 as compared to 1971 1987. This interdecadal variation is evidently associated with the warming trend over the past 50 years. In addition, the break-up and freeze-up dates have large interannual variability, with a standard deviation of about 10-15 days. The break-up date is primarily determined by the January February-March mean surface air temperature over the Siberian-Northeast China region via changes in the melting rate, ice thickness, and snow cover over the ice cover. The interannual variability of the break-up date is also significantly connected with the Northern Annular Mode （NAM）, with a correlation coefficient of 0.35-0.55 based on the data from four stations along the two rivers. This relationship is attributed to the fact that the NAM can modulate the East Asian winter monsoon circulation and Siberian-Northeast China surface air temperature in January February-March.

北方主要河流水沙变异及其成因

为研究我国北方河流的水沙变异及主要成因,本文利用M-K检验法和水文量累积曲线法,分析了1950—2020年我国北方河流代表站径流量和输沙量的变化特征,探讨了影响北方河流水沙变化的主要因素。结果表明,淮河代表站年径流量没有明显的变化趋势,其他北方河流的年径流量具有减小或显著减小趋势;松花江代表站年输沙量无趋势变化,其他北方河流代表站年输沙量都有显著减少趋势;影响北方河流水沙变化的主要因素包括水土保持、水库拦沙、流域降水变化、引水引沙与泥沙综合利用、工程建设等,其中水土保持是北方河流流域保水减沙的主要措施,水库拦沙在江河水沙态势变异中发挥重要作用,流域降水变化也是北方河流水沙变异的影响因素,引水引沙与泥沙综合利用也对北方平原河流水沙变化发挥一定的作用。

Geochemical characteristics of island-arc volcanic rocks in the Nan-Nam Pat-Phetchabun zone,northern Thailand

Late Permian-Early Triassic(P2-T1) volcanic rocks distributed on the eastern side of ocean-ridge and oceanic-island basalts in the Nan-Uttaradit zone were analyzed from aspects of petrographic characteristics,rock assemblage,REE,trace elements,geotectonic setting,etc.,indicating that those volcanic rocks possess the characteristic features of island-arc volcanic rocks.The volcanic rock assemblage is basalt-basaltic andesite-andesite.The volcanic rocks are sub-alkaline,dominated by calc-alkaline series,with tholeiite series coming next.The chemical composition of the volcanic rocks is characterized by low TiO2 and K2O and high Al2O3 and Na2O.Their REE patterns are of the flat,weak LREE-enrichment right-inclined type.The trace elements are characterized by the enrichment of large cation elements such as K,Rb and Ba,common enrichment of U and Th,and depletion of Nb,Ta,Zr and Hf.The petrochemical plot falls within the field of volcanic rocks,in consistency with the plot of island-arc volcanic rocks in the Jinsha River zone of China.This island-arc volcanic zone,together with the ocean-ridge/oceanic island type volcanic rocks in the Nan-Uttaradit zone,constitutes the ocean-ridge volcanic rock-island-arc magmatic rock zones which are distributed in pairs,indicating that the oceanic crust of the Nan-Uttaradit zone once was of eastward subduction.This work is of great significance in exploring the evolution of paleo-Tethys in the Nan-Uttaradit zone.

永定河流域生态补水绩效分析及生态调度方案评估

为分析生态补水对河道内生态需水量的满足程度,以永定河流域三家店以上流域为研究区域,利用流量历时曲线法计算了不同需求条件下的河道内生态需水量,明确了现状水文条件下的河道生态缺水程度,评估了2019年和2020年生态补水过程中河道主要断面收水率及沿途损耗的空间分布规律,定量评估了生态补水对官厅水库入库流量的贡献,构建了生态水量调度模拟模型,通过对不同生态补水情景河道生态水量调度过程模拟分析,推荐了合理的生态补水调度方案.结果表明:现状永定河山区主要控制断面生态水量处于较为严重的亏缺状态,尤其是山区总控制站三家店缺水率达97%,沿途输水损耗率变化范围为(0.94%~5.38%)/10 km,且呈现上游至下游河段依次减少的规律,收水率与上游补水量呈正相关关系,构建的生态水量调度模型在两个断面率定期和验证期纳什效率系数为0.67~0.96,能够反映永定河河道生态补水过程的水流运动.根据不同情景河道生态水量调度过程模拟结果,为达到低生态流量需求目标,可采用生态补水情景方案4;为达到高生态流量需求目标,可采用生态补水情景方案5.研究成果对认识跨流域调水影响下中国北方季节性河道的生态流量恢复过程具有重要的科学意义,可为面向生态水量恢复目标的永定河跨流域调水与流域内生态补水方案制定等提供科技支撑.

贵州北部乌江光唇鱼属一新种——芙蓉江光唇鱼

报道了2020年10月在贵州北部乌江流域芙蓉江支流芙蓉江水系采集到的鲤科Cyprinidae鱼类样本,经鉴别为光唇鱼属Acrossocheilus一新种,命名为芙蓉江光唇鱼A. furongjiangensis sp. nov.。新种体细长而侧扁,尾柄细;头短小;须2对。肠道有4道弯曲。背鳍起点位于吻端至尾鳍基中点或略偏后;胸鳍末端伸达胸鳍起点至腹鳍起点中部或稍后;腹鳍起点与背鳍起点几乎相对;臀鳍起点位于腹鳍和尾鳍基的中点;尾鳍叉形。侧线完全。背鳍ⅲ-8;胸鳍ⅱ-15;腹鳍ⅲ-8;臀鳍ⅲ-5。该新种与云南光唇鱼A. yunnanensis外形相似,但新种躯体更细长、头更短、尾柄更细长、眼更大、两眼更靠近。新种背鳍末根不分枝鳍条为粗壮硬刺,后缘有17~20个锐利锯齿。鳔后室长超过前室长的2倍,前室椭圆前端有凹陷。体色自幼鱼至成鱼体侧均无不规则黑色斑点。上颌须长,向后延伸超过眼外缘。眼中点水平延伸线与鳃盖外缘近中部相接。新种与分布于贵州水域的同属种如吉首光唇鱼A. jishouensis、虹彩光唇鱼A. iridescens在体高、头长、头高、尾柄高和眼径上的差异均极显著(P<0.01)。

渭北旱塬不同年限撂荒地土壤酶活性及其化学计量变化特征

[目的]探究渭北旱塬区不同年限撂荒地的土壤养分、胞外酶活性及其化学计量的变化特征及影响因素,以期为渭北旱塬区撂荒地的改善与管理提供一定的理论依据。[方法]以渭北旱塬不同年限(5 a, 10 a, 20 a, 25 a和33 a)的撂荒地为研究对象,测定了土壤养分和参与土壤碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)循环的5种胞外酶活性,随后利用单因素方差分析、土壤胞外酶化学计量学模型和主坐标分析(PCoA)研究不同撂荒年限下土壤养分和胞外酶活性及其生态化学计量的变化规律及影响因子。[结果]随着撂荒年限的增加,土壤C和N获取酶活性显著减小,而P获取酶活性显著增加;土壤C、N和P含量变化与酶活性变化趋势相反。随撂荒年限延长,土壤微生物的C限制得到缓解,P限制逐渐加强。PCoA拟合环境因子分析结果显示:土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、总磷(TP)、速效氮(AN)和速效磷(AP)含量是驱动酶活性及其计量比变化的关键因子。[结论]撂荒对土壤养分状况具有显著改善作用,但随撂荒时间延长(20 a以上)会加剧微生物P限制,因此对经过长年撂荒的土地应当适量施用磷肥,以改善其土壤状况。

苏北平原区河流生态水位阈值计算方法适用性研究

针对平原区多数河流缺乏有效的流量资料的情况,研究适用于平原区河流生态水量阈值的计算方法具有重要现实意义。本文对比分析7Q10法、保证率法、湿周法、基于Tennant改进的生态水位法等4种代表性生态水量计算方法与结果,以水文节律、生态水位满足度为判别原则,评价了上述方法的适用性。分析结果显示:(1)在水文节律相应性方面,7Q10法、Q90法、湿周法计算的生态水位值为单一的特定值,无法反映水文节律的天然变化过程;(2)在生态满足度方面,7Q10法的多年平均生态水位的满足度最小;(3)基于Tennant法改进的生态水位法的水文节律模拟效果最好、生态水位满足度最高。研究表明:在选择的4种计算方法中,相较于7Q10法、Q90法及湿周法,基于Tennant法改进的生态水位法能较好地满足水文节律相应性和生态水位满足度原则,对平原区河流生态水位(阈值)计算具有一定的适用性。该研究成果可为苏北平原河网区流量资料缺乏型河流生态需水的确定和管理提供有益的参考。

北大巴山汉江流域地貌特征及其构造意义

北大巴山地区位于青藏高原向东扩张的前缘地带,研究该区域水系流域的构造地貌特征以及构造活动程度的空间分布,探讨研究区的新构造运动和地貌演化阶段,有助于理解该地区地貌演化对青藏高原新生代隆升的响应。同时,也能在一定程度上限定青藏高原向东扩张的范围。基于ASTER GDEM数据,提取了研究区流域的面积高程积分值(HI)及曲线(HC)、标准化河长坡降指标(SL/K)和Hack剖面、流域盆地不对称度(AF)、河谷宽高比(VF)、盆地延伸率(Re)等地貌指数,分析流域地貌特征。结果表明,研究区48个子流域中有46个面积高程积分小于0.5且积分曲线呈“S”型和下凹型,表明北大巴山地区处于地貌演化阶段的壮年-老年期。综合5种地貌指数分析,揭示研究区主要断裂都具有构造活动性,其中宁陕断裂和城口-房县断裂的构造活动性较强,安康断裂的活动性较弱。这表明青藏高原的向东扩张已经影响到了北大巴山地区的构造变形和现代地貌的演化过程。

基于多种水文学方法的秦岭北麓典型河流生态流量分析

为科学确定秦岭北麓典型河流沣河的生态流量,保障生态环境安全,合理开发秦岭北麓水资源,基于沣河秦渡镇水文站1953~2013年连续实测月径流资料,使用Tennant法、90%保证法、最枯月平均流量法、Tessman法、年内展布法、Texas法、典型水文频率年法及NGPRP法8种水文学方法计算沣河生态流量值。通过分析对比结果表明,Texas法在满足程度、水文节律方面表现较好,最终推荐Texas法作为沣河的生态流量计算方法,并给出生态流量推荐值。研究结果可为秦岭地区水资源的开发利用提供科学依据,对区域河流生态系统健康也具有重要意义。

黄河三角洲北部湿地沉积物重金属污染风险评价及来源分析

以黄河三角洲北部湿地39个表层沉积物样品为研究对象,测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As、Hg的含量,对其进行重金属污染风险评价及来源分析。结果表明:8种重金属元素在表层沉积物中平均含量由高到低顺序为:Cr>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cu>As>Cd>Hg,除As外其含量均低于山东省土壤背景值;沉积物以砂质粉砂为主,重金属元素的空间分布特征相似,可能受到“粒度效应”的影响;基于地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法,揭示了Cd、Hg为研究区主要污染物和重要的潜在生态危害因子;相关分析和因子分析表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Hg可能来源于成土母质、工业活动以及油田开采,Ni、Cd可能来源于农业活动、水产养殖以及油田开采;聚类分析表明,可进一步把Cr单独分为一类;通过因子探测分析发现,黏土含量、TOC和含水率对潜在生态危害指数(RI值)解释力较大,表明其对RI值的影响较大;通过交互作用探测分析可知,任意两个影响因子交互作用后结果为双因子增强或非线性增强,表明复杂的环境加剧了湿地的潜在生态危害。

基于深度学习和信号分解的北方寒区河流开河日期预报

中国北方寒区河流春季开河时易产生冰凌现象,威胁涉河水工建筑物的安全。准确地预测寒区河流开河日期可为防凌指挥、调度决策提供重要参考依据。本文基于中国北方典型寒区-黑龙江省的5个代表水文站近60年的历史开河日期序列,采用完全自适应集合经验模态分解(CEEMDAN)技术和深度学习长短期记忆模型(LSTM)方法构建河流开河日期预报的耦合模型,以期提高河流开河日期预报的精度。结果表明:本研究构建的开河日期预报耦合模型(CEEMDAN-LSTM)预测精度明显优于单一深度学习方法(LSTM)计算结果;与LSTM相比,CEEMDAN-LSTM可将开河日期预报的平均绝对误差从2.51 d降低至1.20 d,合格率从91.59%提高至100%。验证期平均绝对误差从3.85 d降低至1.65 d,合格率从88%提高至96%。因此,所构建的开河日期预报耦合模型具有较高的预报精度,可为我国北方寒区春季防凌指挥和调度提供技术支持。

济水千年变迁考

济水是古代流经豫鲁两省的一条大河,其与江、河、淮并称"四渎"完全是古人根据当时的实际情况而定义的。现在学术界关于济水"以黄河水为源""不能独流入海""是黄河支流"等说法是不能成立的。自古以来,济水就是以济源的泉水为源头,又汇聚了豫北广大地区的地表水、独流入海而形成的一条大河。是清水,不是浊水,这同黄河水系有本质的区别。深入考察千年来豫北和鲁西南地区水系的衍变过程,才能真正找到济水消失的原因及其遗渎变迁的踪迹。

王安忆与戴厚英淮河小说的皖北乡村书写比较研究

王安忆和戴厚英是中国当代文学史上两位颇具代表性的女作家,她们与淮河有着千丝万缕的联系,聚焦皖北乡村各自创作出“淮河系列小说”。但二人在创作视角、叙事倾向、审美追求、叙事语言等方面,有着很大不同,体现了各自鲜明的审美个性与艺术魅力。“外来妹”王安忆从“局外人”的视角,以平淡的叙事语言,审视皖北乡村的人性与文化,在回望中由批判转向怀念;“淮河的女儿”戴厚英则是从植根皖北的“局内人”视角,运用乡土味的叙事语言,从历史与现实的交叉点上书写“流泪的淮河”,在写真中由眷恋转向反思。她们的淮河小说分别展现了不同阶段的心路历程与审美追求,共同丰富了皖北乡村书写的文学图景。

青海喇家遗址极可能由地震导致的砂土液化泥流造成:“12·18”积石山地震的启示

形成于3900年前的青海省民和县喇家遗址,号称“东方庞贝”,是一处举世闻名的灾难遗址,但其成因争论由来已久、悬而未决。学者提出的多种“洪水成因”之说,已深入民众之心,但这次灾难事件真的和洪水有关么?2023年12月18日甘肃积石山县的6.2级地震的震中距喇家遗址仅16 km,不仅使喇家遗址博物馆损坏严重,而且触发的泥流在离遗址仅5 km处的民和县中川乡金田村和草滩村,造成了民房和村民被直接掩埋的灭顶之灾,可能是喇家灾难遗址形成过程的重现,成为对比研究喇家遗址成因的重要实证材料。通过对此次地震灾害的野外实地调查和综合研究,或许能解开喇家遗址成因之谜。积石山地震使黄土之下古河床砾石层中地下水沿地表破裂喷出上涌,进而造成黄土液化并顺冲沟快速往下游流动形成泥流,流经草滩村、金田村时泥流遇阻,漫出冲沟将部分房屋冲毁甚至导致村民被掩埋。特殊的地层结构及富集的地下水,在地震的触发之下造成砂土液化并形成泥流,是造成中川乡地震灾害的重要原因。现场调查表明,草滩村一家五口被掩埋的悲剧,并非典型的“砂涌”造成,更无“洪水”的痕迹,而是地震的次生泥流灾害所致。将今论古,结合喇家遗址的文化遗存保存状况及沉积物特征进一步推断,喇家遗址的形成可能与强降雨形成的山间洪流无关,更不是由所谓的“大洪水”造成的。3900年前的古地震及其造成的砂土液化和快速流动的泥流,极可能是造成喇家遗址瞬时灾难的主要成因。

珠江口盆地惠州北凹珠海组、珠江组储层发育特征及主控因素

应用13口钻井的薄片鉴定、粒度分析、扫描电镜、锆石定年、物性等分析化验资料以及录井、测试资料,系统开展了惠州北凹珠海组、珠江组储层的发育特征、主控因素及商业产能下限研究。研究表明:(1)珠海组、珠江组发育大型海相三角洲—滨浅海沉积,储层主要为三角洲前缘水下分流河道中—粗粒洁净石英砂岩,其具有高成分成熟度和高结构成熟度,储集空间类型以原生粒间孔为主,局部富集次生溶孔、高岭石晶间孔,面孔率较高。(2)储层发育主要受“优质母源+有利相带+溶蚀作用”三元联控:研究区北部华南地块的变质岩+侵入岩作为优质母源决定了储层为石英含量高的砂岩类型,奠定了优质储层发育的基础;三角洲前缘主水道沉积水动力强,单砂体厚度大,砂岩粒度粗、泥质含量低,储层物性最好;建设性成岩作用(溶蚀作用)在一定程度上具有扩储增孔效应。(3)结合录井、测试资料确定惠州北凹油层的中—粗粒石英砂岩储层商业产能下限为3 800 m。