Apparent discrepancy exists between Schmidt's Noticing Hypothesis and Krashen's Input Hypothesis. Whilst Krashen highlights the importance of comprehensible input and asserts that language is acquired unconcio...Apparent discrepancy exists between Schmidt's Noticing Hypothesis and Krashen's Input Hypothesis. Whilst Krashen highlights the importance of comprehensible input and asserts that language is acquired unconciously, the notion of conscious learning has gained wide support from Schmidt and other researchers. They argue that noticing enhances second language development as one crucial level of consciousness. By reviewing the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, this paper aims to justify the role of noticing as one crucial level of consciousness in enhancing second language learning.展开更多
"Noticing"is emphasized for its great influence on second language learning. Based on the previous related studies,this paper attempts to apply noticing theory to English writing teaching and learning in Chi..."Noticing"is emphasized for its great influence on second language learning. Based on the previous related studies,this paper attempts to apply noticing theory to English writing teaching and learning in China by means of the enlargement of input,the implement of output-oriented activities and the focus on feedback.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to enhance our understanding of the importance of noticing in Second Language Acquisition(SLA)from cognitive perspective.This paper mainly includes two parts:a)to consider the theoretical cons...The aim of this paper is to enhance our understanding of the importance of noticing in Second Language Acquisition(SLA)from cognitive perspective.This paper mainly includes two parts:a)to consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing from cognitive perspective,that is,in order to acquire any particular aspect of a second language(L2)the learner must first notice it.Noticing is necessary and sufficient for successful SLA;without noticing,there can be no move from input to intake;and b)to assess the validity of the assumption that noticing linguistic forms plays a crucial role in SLA,the researcher of this study attempts to investigate the potentially facilitative effects of output and visual input enhancement on the noticing and learning of the target form,adverb of frequency,by beginning learners of English as a Foreign Language(EFL).The study is a controlled experimental one with a pretest-posttest design,involving four experimental groups and one control group.A repro duction and reading task is used as the vehicle of presentation of the target input text.In this study,the following two major find ings are evident.Firstly,the subjects engaged in the output-input treatment outperformed those exposed to the same input for the sole purpose of comprehension in learning the target form.Secondly,in contrast to the positive effect of output,visual input enhancement failed to indicate any measurable effect on learning.This research paper proves that the form-based approach that induced learners to notice linguistic forms during instruction demonstrated greater benefit to learners’interlanguage development than the content-based approach that exposed learners only in comprehensible input situation.展开更多
The paper reports the results of a field study which was carried out at the Language Centre of the University of Naples and originated in the observation that learning the Italian language was not perceived by ab init...The paper reports the results of a field study which was carried out at the Language Centre of the University of Naples and originated in the observation that learning the Italian language was not perceived by ab initio students as connected to their personal and academic experiences. The claim of this research is that a procedural syllabus based on texts and tasks facilitates both the acquisition of Italian as a foreign language and the integration of language and content. Each text proposed to the learners was accompanied and enhanced by pre-, while-, and production-tasks. A particular emphasis was assigned to noticing and attention management tasks in the pre and while phase Production tasks in a later phase favoured interlanguage development by combining representational structures with controlled attention. The method of the study was a combination of qualitative and quantitative approach at any stage. Measures for written production during the course and to assess final exams were： Holistic Rating （fluency and creativity）, Accuracy Ratios （intelligibility index and error index）, and Complexity Ratios （dependent and coordinate clauses per t-units ratio and re-elaboration of a model or text type）. At the final exams, Texts and tasks learners outperformed non-texts and tasks learners. In conclusion, an input related to personal and/or academic interests, to be processed through tasks, allowed learners a rapid interlanguage change and development展开更多
In 1967,more than fifty years ago,Corder introduced the concept of“input”in the second language acquisition(SLA)research field.In 1985,Krashen introduced the concept of“comprehensible input hypothesis.”In 1990,Sch...In 1967,more than fifty years ago,Corder introduced the concept of“input”in the second language acquisition(SLA)research field.In 1985,Krashen introduced the concept of“comprehensible input hypothesis.”In 1990,Schmidt introduced the concept of“noticing hypothesis”[1].Today,“input”is becoming more and more popular in the research on second language acquisition.This paper tries to connect theories about input and noticing hypothesis in hope that the clear definition can be helpful to guide language teaching accordingly.展开更多
This paper presents an investigation on the effect of JPEG compression on the similarity between the target image and the background,where the similarity is further used to determine the degree of clutter in the image...This paper presents an investigation on the effect of JPEG compression on the similarity between the target image and the background,where the similarity is further used to determine the degree of clutter in the image.Four new clutter metrics based on image quality assessment are introduced,among which the Haar wavelet-based perceptual similarity index,known as HaarPSI,provides the best target acquisition prediction results.It is shown that the similarity between the target and the background at the boundary between visually lossless and visually lossy compression does not change significantly compared to the case when an uncompressed image is used.In future work,through subjective tests,it is necessary to check whether this presence of compression at the threshold of just noticeable differences will affect the human target acquisition performance.Similarity values are compared with the results of subjective tests of the well-known target Search_2 database,where the degree of agreement between objective and subjective scores,measured through linear correlation,reached a value of 90%.展开更多
Considering the primary focus of corrective feedback literature on verbal-correction provided by teachers and lack of attention to the role of other forms of corrective feedback in FL （foreign language） classroom in...Considering the primary focus of corrective feedback literature on verbal-correction provided by teachers and lack of attention to the role of other forms of corrective feedback in FL （foreign language） classroom interaction, this paper demonstrates how essential teachers＇ non-verbal communication and stance display are in making students＇ errors noticeable for them by providing samples from videotaped data. The findings in this study provide insights into the use of non-verbal behavior in providing students with corrective feedback. This study shows that research dealing only with verbal corrections provided by FL teachers cannot fully define the classroom interaction in terms of teachers＇ use of error correction techniques and student notification and uptake.展开更多
C-R （Consciousness-Raising） has been around for some years, and while studies on the effectiveness of C-R have mainly focused on the learning of grammatical features, more attention needs to be paid to the mastery o...C-R （Consciousness-Raising） has been around for some years, and while studies on the effectiveness of C-R have mainly focused on the learning of grammatical features, more attention needs to be paid to the mastery of other language areas. The present study is a small-scale research that explores the impact of C-R technique on the learning of some elements of written business communication. Several intermediate EFL （English as a Foreign Language） learners were exposed to models of good business letters and instructed to notice three elements, namely, the rhetorical moves, the grammatical patterns, and the expressions. Afterwards, they were assigned to write letters on their own. Their mistakes were counted and analyzed for the kinds of mistakes in each of the elements above. The result shows that they did very well in arranging the ideas in correct rhetorical moves but made much more mistakes on grammatical features and appropriateness of expressions. The explanation offered to account for this finding concerns the learners＇ allocation of cognitive capacity to different demands of task complexity. The more complex the task, such as writing in correct grammar or writing appropriate expressions, the less they devote their attention and effort to language formal features. A suggestion concerning focus-on-form activities is then offered to teachers展开更多
Cancer research is occasionally described as being in a reproducibility crisis.The cancer literature has ample papers retracted due to misconduct,including the use of paper mills,invalid authorship,or fake data.The ob...Cancer research is occasionally described as being in a reproducibility crisis.The cancer literature has ample papers retracted due to misconduct,including the use of paper mills,invalid authorship,or fake data.The objective of this paper was to gain an appreciation of the balance of retractions and associated retraction notices of 23 retracted Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals papers associated with paper mills.By 23 March 2023,these retracted papers had already accumulated 287 citations according to Web of Science Core Collection,253 according to Scopus,and 365 according to Google Scholar,i.e.,metrically speaking,they were highly rewarded.All authors had an affiliation(71%being a hospital)in China.Most(12/21;57%)of corresponding authors had emails with a@163.com suffix.Four of the retraction notices(i.e.,17%)explicitly indicated paper mills as a reason for retraction although,in general,the retraction notices lacked details and background that could assist readers’understanding of the retractions.展开更多
《英语用法指南》(Practical English Usage)(下称《指南》)1984年在我国翻译出版以来深受外语界欢迎。当然,它也有不足。近年来笔者在使用《指南》时,又发现了一些欠妥提法(注),现谈谈我们的拙见,以求教于大方之家。一、《指南》§...《英语用法指南》(Practical English Usage)(下称《指南》)1984年在我国翻译出版以来深受外语界欢迎。当然,它也有不足。近年来笔者在使用《指南》时,又发现了一些欠妥提法(注),现谈谈我们的拙见,以求教于大方之家。一、《指南》§320 infinifive without to中谈到let,make,hear等用法时指出:“Certain verbs are followed by an object and the infinitive without to. They are: let, make, see, hear, feel, watch, notice, help…”“when these展开更多
文摘Apparent discrepancy exists between Schmidt's Noticing Hypothesis and Krashen's Input Hypothesis. Whilst Krashen highlights the importance of comprehensible input and asserts that language is acquired unconciously, the notion of conscious learning has gained wide support from Schmidt and other researchers. They argue that noticing enhances second language development as one crucial level of consciousness. By reviewing the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, this paper aims to justify the role of noticing as one crucial level of consciousness in enhancing second language learning.
文摘"Noticing"is emphasized for its great influence on second language learning. Based on the previous related studies,this paper attempts to apply noticing theory to English writing teaching and learning in China by means of the enlargement of input,the implement of output-oriented activities and the focus on feedback.
文摘The aim of this paper is to enhance our understanding of the importance of noticing in Second Language Acquisition(SLA)from cognitive perspective.This paper mainly includes two parts:a)to consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing from cognitive perspective,that is,in order to acquire any particular aspect of a second language(L2)the learner must first notice it.Noticing is necessary and sufficient for successful SLA;without noticing,there can be no move from input to intake;and b)to assess the validity of the assumption that noticing linguistic forms plays a crucial role in SLA,the researcher of this study attempts to investigate the potentially facilitative effects of output and visual input enhancement on the noticing and learning of the target form,adverb of frequency,by beginning learners of English as a Foreign Language(EFL).The study is a controlled experimental one with a pretest-posttest design,involving four experimental groups and one control group.A repro duction and reading task is used as the vehicle of presentation of the target input text.In this study,the following two major find ings are evident.Firstly,the subjects engaged in the output-input treatment outperformed those exposed to the same input for the sole purpose of comprehension in learning the target form.Secondly,in contrast to the positive effect of output,visual input enhancement failed to indicate any measurable effect on learning.This research paper proves that the form-based approach that induced learners to notice linguistic forms during instruction demonstrated greater benefit to learners’interlanguage development than the content-based approach that exposed learners only in comprehensible input situation.
文摘The paper reports the results of a field study which was carried out at the Language Centre of the University of Naples and originated in the observation that learning the Italian language was not perceived by ab initio students as connected to their personal and academic experiences. The claim of this research is that a procedural syllabus based on texts and tasks facilitates both the acquisition of Italian as a foreign language and the integration of language and content. Each text proposed to the learners was accompanied and enhanced by pre-, while-, and production-tasks. A particular emphasis was assigned to noticing and attention management tasks in the pre and while phase Production tasks in a later phase favoured interlanguage development by combining representational structures with controlled attention. The method of the study was a combination of qualitative and quantitative approach at any stage. Measures for written production during the course and to assess final exams were： Holistic Rating （fluency and creativity）, Accuracy Ratios （intelligibility index and error index）, and Complexity Ratios （dependent and coordinate clauses per t-units ratio and re-elaboration of a model or text type）. At the final exams, Texts and tasks learners outperformed non-texts and tasks learners. In conclusion, an input related to personal and/or academic interests, to be processed through tasks, allowed learners a rapid interlanguage change and development
文摘In 1967,more than fifty years ago,Corder introduced the concept of“input”in the second language acquisition(SLA)research field.In 1985,Krashen introduced the concept of“comprehensible input hypothesis.”In 1990,Schmidt introduced the concept of“noticing hypothesis”[1].Today,“input”is becoming more and more popular in the research on second language acquisition.This paper tries to connect theories about input and noticing hypothesis in hope that the clear definition can be helpful to guide language teaching accordingly.
文摘This paper presents an investigation on the effect of JPEG compression on the similarity between the target image and the background,where the similarity is further used to determine the degree of clutter in the image.Four new clutter metrics based on image quality assessment are introduced,among which the Haar wavelet-based perceptual similarity index,known as HaarPSI,provides the best target acquisition prediction results.It is shown that the similarity between the target and the background at the boundary between visually lossless and visually lossy compression does not change significantly compared to the case when an uncompressed image is used.In future work,through subjective tests,it is necessary to check whether this presence of compression at the threshold of just noticeable differences will affect the human target acquisition performance.Similarity values are compared with the results of subjective tests of the well-known target Search_2 database,where the degree of agreement between objective and subjective scores,measured through linear correlation,reached a value of 90%.
文摘Considering the primary focus of corrective feedback literature on verbal-correction provided by teachers and lack of attention to the role of other forms of corrective feedback in FL （foreign language） classroom interaction, this paper demonstrates how essential teachers＇ non-verbal communication and stance display are in making students＇ errors noticeable for them by providing samples from videotaped data. The findings in this study provide insights into the use of non-verbal behavior in providing students with corrective feedback. This study shows that research dealing only with verbal corrections provided by FL teachers cannot fully define the classroom interaction in terms of teachers＇ use of error correction techniques and student notification and uptake.
文摘C-R （Consciousness-Raising） has been around for some years, and while studies on the effectiveness of C-R have mainly focused on the learning of grammatical features, more attention needs to be paid to the mastery of other language areas. The present study is a small-scale research that explores the impact of C-R technique on the learning of some elements of written business communication. Several intermediate EFL （English as a Foreign Language） learners were exposed to models of good business letters and instructed to notice three elements, namely, the rhetorical moves, the grammatical patterns, and the expressions. Afterwards, they were assigned to write letters on their own. Their mistakes were counted and analyzed for the kinds of mistakes in each of the elements above. The result shows that they did very well in arranging the ideas in correct rhetorical moves but made much more mistakes on grammatical features and appropriateness of expressions. The explanation offered to account for this finding concerns the learners＇ allocation of cognitive capacity to different demands of task complexity. The more complex the task, such as writing in correct grammar or writing appropriate expressions, the less they devote their attention and effort to language formal features. A suggestion concerning focus-on-form activities is then offered to teachers
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000300)National Crop Germplasm Resources Protection of Ministry of Agriculture of China(NB2018-2130135-07)。
文摘Since the publication of this article,the authors have noticed that the part of acknowledgement is missing from article.Here is the acknowledgement.
文摘Cancer research is occasionally described as being in a reproducibility crisis.The cancer literature has ample papers retracted due to misconduct,including the use of paper mills,invalid authorship,or fake data.The objective of this paper was to gain an appreciation of the balance of retractions and associated retraction notices of 23 retracted Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals papers associated with paper mills.By 23 March 2023,these retracted papers had already accumulated 287 citations according to Web of Science Core Collection,253 according to Scopus,and 365 according to Google Scholar,i.e.,metrically speaking,they were highly rewarded.All authors had an affiliation(71%being a hospital)in China.Most(12/21;57%)of corresponding authors had emails with a@163.com suffix.Four of the retraction notices(i.e.,17%)explicitly indicated paper mills as a reason for retraction although,in general,the retraction notices lacked details and background that could assist readers’understanding of the retractions.
文摘《英语用法指南》(Practical English Usage)(下称《指南》)1984年在我国翻译出版以来深受外语界欢迎。当然,它也有不足。近年来笔者在使用《指南》时,又发现了一些欠妥提法(注),现谈谈我们的拙见,以求教于大方之家。一、《指南》§320 infinifive without to中谈到let,make,hear等用法时指出:“Certain verbs are followed by an object and the infinitive without to. They are: let, make, see, hear, feel, watch, notice, help…”“when these
