This research paper mainly discusses gender of English nouns and its corresponding issues. Gender in other Indo-European languages is a grammatical abstract notion, but English gender is a semantic concrete conception...This research paper mainly discusses gender of English nouns and its corresponding issues. Gender in other Indo-European languages is a grammatical abstract notion, but English gender is a semantic concrete conception. English nouns can be divided into four categories： masculine, feminine, common and neuter. Gender genre of an English noun involves the choice of a pronoun that is employed to substitute it. Gender of the pronoun should be identical with its referent. However, the rule may be broken under special conditions. English has lost most word-ending inflectional changes, including grammatical gender of nouns.展开更多
In the framework of metaphor theory,this paper tries to research conversions from animal nouns to verbs in English,and aims to help English learners to better understand this language phenomenon.First the paper explor...In the framework of metaphor theory,this paper tries to research conversions from animal nouns to verbs in English,and aims to help English learners to better understand this language phenomenon.First the paper explores the motivations of this language phenomenon,and points out that verbs converted from animal nouns can help enrich the vocabulary,make the expression vivid and concise,and achieve certain pragmatic effects as well.Second,it studies the mechanisms of the conversion by analyzing the mapping process and similarities between two domains.Last it points out the importance of the context and the geographic factor in understanding verbs converted from animal nouns.展开更多
The countability and uncountability of French nouns are closely related to the discontinuity and homogeneity of the object that the nouns refer to.Discontinuity gives an object a bounded extension in space and time,an...The countability and uncountability of French nouns are closely related to the discontinuity and homogeneity of the object that the nouns refer to.Discontinuity gives an object a bounded extension in space and time,and separates it from other things,so the object can be counted;while homogeneity makes an object remain his nature and have the same designation even after being cut apart,so it cannot be simply calculated.The discontinuity and homogeneity explain why nouns are countable or not from the perspective of ontology,applied in French teaching,they can help learners to distinguish these two kinds of nouns.展开更多
Accumulated studies have found that learners would have an illusion of ability during the learning process when predicting whether previously learned materials can be recalled in subsequent tests.Learners may overesti...Accumulated studies have found that learners would have an illusion of ability during the learning process when predicting whether previously learned materials can be recalled in subsequent tests.Learners may overestimate or underestimate their performance in the situation,and this phenomenon is called metacognitive illusion.Recently,the belief hypothesis proposed that relevant beliefs would be produced when individuals process perceptual information,and such belief would affect the judgment.This study explores the influence of beliefs on the metacognitive illusion of complete and incomplete nouns by manipulating font shape(nouns with complete or missing strokes)and using pre-study and immediate judgments of learning(JOLs).The results of the study found that the participants had a metacognitive illusion of complete nouns,that is,the nouns with complete strokes got higher JOLs but lower recall scores than nouns with incomplete strokes.展开更多
This paper investigates the structure of the simplex nouns in Hijazi Arabic following the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework. It is argued that simplex nouns are derived in the syntax from neutral root and morphosy...This paper investigates the structure of the simplex nouns in Hijazi Arabic following the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework. It is argued that simplex nouns are derived in the syntax from neutral root and morphosyntactic features in the same way phrases are. All nouns in Hijazi Arabic (HA) must inflect for gender and number. Moreover, all nouns can attach to the definite article al-“the”. Hence, it is proposed that the functional heads (n)ominaliser,(Gen)der,(Num)ber, and (D)eterminer respectively c-command the neutral root and host the relevant feature value.展开更多
The contradiction between the unlimited cognitive needs and limited means of expression of human beings caused the phenomenon of lexical decategorization.There are many examples of nouns that are used as adjectives in...The contradiction between the unlimited cognitive needs and limited means of expression of human beings caused the phenomenon of lexical decategorization.There are many examples of nouns that are used as adjectives in Chinese.The evolution of languages is undying and it occurs at anytime.The phenomenon of‘nouns to adjectives’has dynamicity.There is a big difference in the completeness within this phenomenon and it performs as a unidirectional continuum.展开更多
The Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy cannot explain the difference in relativizability between Chinese and Korean in authentic discourse.Korean exhibits a higher preference for relativization compared to Chinese an...The Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy cannot explain the difference in relativizability between Chinese and Korean in authentic discourse.Korean exhibits a higher preference for relativization compared to Chinese and this article aims to account for this difference from the perspective of topic continuity.Specifically,the continuity of head nouns within relative clauses is stronger in Korean than in Chinese.By analyzing the parameters of referential distance and potential interference,this study finds that the head nouns in Korean relative clauses display a broader range on the continuum of continuity compared to those in Chinese relative clauses.Furthermore,the difference in the strength of continuity of head nouns between Chinese and Korean relative clauses is attributed to the typological distinction between the Component-Integral Languages and Component-Metonymic Languages postulated within the framework of the Event-Domain Cognitive Model.展开更多
This study was conducted to assess the current stock of soil organic carbon under different agricultural land uses, soil types and soil depths in the Noun plain in western Cameroon. Three sites were selected for the s...This study was conducted to assess the current stock of soil organic carbon under different agricultural land uses, soil types and soil depths in the Noun plain in western Cameroon. Three sites were selected for the study, namely Mangoum, Makeka and Fossang, representative of the three dominant soil types of the noun plain (Andosols, Acrisols and Ferralsols). Three land uses were selected per site including natural vegetation, agroforest and crop field. Soil was sampled at three depths;0 - 20 cm, 20 - 40 cm, and 40 - 60 cm. Analysis of variance showed that soil type did not significantly influence carbon storage, but rather land uses and soil depth. SOCS decreased significantly with depth in all the sites, with an average stock of 66.3 ± 15.8 tC/ha at 0 - 20 cm, compared to an average stock of 33.3 ± 7.4 tC/ha at 40 - 60 cm. SOCS was significantly highest in the natural formation with 57.2 ± 19.7 tC/ha, and lowest in cultivated fields, at 37.7 ± 10.6 tC/ha. Andosols, with their high content of coarse fragments, stored less organic carbon than Ferralsols and Acrisols.展开更多
Agroforestry systems (AFSs) offer viable solutions to climate change because of the below-ground biomass (BGB) that is maintained by the soil. Therefore, spatially explicit estimation of their BGB is crucial to accoun...Agroforestry systems (AFSs) offer viable solutions to climate change because of the below-ground biomass (BGB) that is maintained by the soil. Therefore, spatially explicit estimation of their BGB is crucial to account for emission reduction efforts. A study to assess soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen dynamics in Arabica coffee agroforests was conducted in two subdivisions (Foumbot and Kouoptamo) of the Noun Division in western Cameroon. The methodological approach involved the collection of 150 soil samples taken at different depths: 0 - 10, 10 - 20 and 20 - 30 cm. Depending on the depth, the SOC stock is 27.93 ± 1.13 tC/ha at 10 cm depth, 22.37 ± 1.47 tC/ha at 20 cm and 20.79 ± 0.31 tC/ha at 30 cm. According to the age classes of the Arabica coffee systems (ACA), the C/N ratio in our study area averaged 26.94 ± 13.60 for the (5 - 20) year old systems in Foumbot and 60.64 ± 48.80 for the (20 - 35) year old systems in Kouoptamo. Depending on the depth, at 10 cm this ratio is higher in Kouoptamo than in Foumbot with a maximum value of 57 and 38 respectively for the two subdivisions. In view of the results obtained, it would be important to analyse the types of microorganisms responsible for the decomposition of organic matter which is linked to soil organic carbon.展开更多
Based on Tess of the D'urbervilles and its two versions in Chinese, the static feature of English is clarifi ed from two aspects: preponderance of nouns and feeble verbs while the dynamic feature of Chinese is ref...Based on Tess of the D'urbervilles and its two versions in Chinese, the static feature of English is clarifi ed from two aspects: preponderance of nouns and feeble verbs while the dynamic feature of Chinese is refl ected by the frequent and fl exible application of verbs and verbal reduplication. The realistic value of this contrastive analysis is that it can point out the key points and diffi culties in learning English which is helpful for FL teaching, translation and lexicography.展开更多
Ideophones are a particular lexical class of expressive words depicting perceptual events or states, and are said to be a universal or near-universal feature of language (Dingemanse, 2012:655;Kilian-Hatz, 2001:163). T...Ideophones are a particular lexical class of expressive words depicting perceptual events or states, and are said to be a universal or near-universal feature of language (Dingemanse, 2012:655;Kilian-Hatz, 2001:163). This paper presents an overview of Ẹdo ideophones to characterize them in terms of their occurrence in grammatical syntactic frames. It in vestigates what sets them apart within word classes inẸdo and how they differ from their non-ideophonic counterparts in sentential constructions.The Basic Linguistic Theory was adopted as the method for data analysis. This was done to show how ideophones manifest syntactically in the language. Ideophones appear in copular frames with some verbs in the language, especially the verb ‘to be’. This paper concludes that Ẹdo ideophones do not occur pre-nominally in the language.展开更多
This article is written based on the modern Tibetan linguistics referencing to the classification of nouns in other languages in general, particularly, this article discusses the structure and functions of nouns in Ti...This article is written based on the modern Tibetan linguistics referencing to the classification of nouns in other languages in general, particularly, this article discusses the structure and functions of nouns in Tibetan based on the more than 30thousand of nouns collected on the purpose of information science research of Tibetan.展开更多
A central claim of Cognitive Grammar is that basic grammatical categories,such as noun and verb,have conceptual characterizations valid for all members.The standard argument against this position is invalid.The propos...A central claim of Cognitive Grammar is that basic grammatical categories,such as noun and verb,have conceptual characterizations valid for all members.The standard argument against this position is invalid.The proposed characterizations rely only on basic cognitive abilities that are clearly evident on non-linguistic grounds.Responses are made to arguments against the proposal as well as to putative alternatives.It is shown in specific detail how the characterization offered for nouns applies to a broad range of cases.展开更多
文摘This research paper mainly discusses gender of English nouns and its corresponding issues. Gender in other Indo-European languages is a grammatical abstract notion, but English gender is a semantic concrete conception. English nouns can be divided into four categories： masculine, feminine, common and neuter. Gender genre of an English noun involves the choice of a pronoun that is employed to substitute it. Gender of the pronoun should be identical with its referent. However, the rule may be broken under special conditions. English has lost most word-ending inflectional changes, including grammatical gender of nouns.
文摘In the framework of metaphor theory,this paper tries to research conversions from animal nouns to verbs in English,and aims to help English learners to better understand this language phenomenon.First the paper explores the motivations of this language phenomenon,and points out that verbs converted from animal nouns can help enrich the vocabulary,make the expression vivid and concise,and achieve certain pragmatic effects as well.Second,it studies the mechanisms of the conversion by analyzing the mapping process and similarities between two domains.Last it points out the importance of the context and the geographic factor in understanding verbs converted from animal nouns.
文摘The countability and uncountability of French nouns are closely related to the discontinuity and homogeneity of the object that the nouns refer to.Discontinuity gives an object a bounded extension in space and time,and separates it from other things,so the object can be counted;while homogeneity makes an object remain his nature and have the same designation even after being cut apart,so it cannot be simply calculated.The discontinuity and homogeneity explain why nouns are countable or not from the perspective of ontology,applied in French teaching,they can help learners to distinguish these two kinds of nouns.
文摘Accumulated studies have found that learners would have an illusion of ability during the learning process when predicting whether previously learned materials can be recalled in subsequent tests.Learners may overestimate or underestimate their performance in the situation,and this phenomenon is called metacognitive illusion.Recently,the belief hypothesis proposed that relevant beliefs would be produced when individuals process perceptual information,and such belief would affect the judgment.This study explores the influence of beliefs on the metacognitive illusion of complete and incomplete nouns by manipulating font shape(nouns with complete or missing strokes)and using pre-study and immediate judgments of learning(JOLs).The results of the study found that the participants had a metacognitive illusion of complete nouns,that is,the nouns with complete strokes got higher JOLs but lower recall scores than nouns with incomplete strokes.
文摘This paper investigates the structure of the simplex nouns in Hijazi Arabic following the Distributed Morphology (DM) framework. It is argued that simplex nouns are derived in the syntax from neutral root and morphosyntactic features in the same way phrases are. All nouns in Hijazi Arabic (HA) must inflect for gender and number. Moreover, all nouns can attach to the definite article al-“the”. Hence, it is proposed that the functional heads (n)ominaliser,(Gen)der,(Num)ber, and (D)eterminer respectively c-command the neutral root and host the relevant feature value.
基金This research project is supported by Science Foundation of Beijing Language and Culture University(supported by“the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”)(20YBB08).
文摘The contradiction between the unlimited cognitive needs and limited means of expression of human beings caused the phenomenon of lexical decategorization.There are many examples of nouns that are used as adjectives in Chinese.The evolution of languages is undying and it occurs at anytime.The phenomenon of‘nouns to adjectives’has dynamicity.There is a big difference in the completeness within this phenomenon and it performs as a unidirectional continuum.
文摘The Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy cannot explain the difference in relativizability between Chinese and Korean in authentic discourse.Korean exhibits a higher preference for relativization compared to Chinese and this article aims to account for this difference from the perspective of topic continuity.Specifically,the continuity of head nouns within relative clauses is stronger in Korean than in Chinese.By analyzing the parameters of referential distance and potential interference,this study finds that the head nouns in Korean relative clauses display a broader range on the continuum of continuity compared to those in Chinese relative clauses.Furthermore,the difference in the strength of continuity of head nouns between Chinese and Korean relative clauses is attributed to the typological distinction between the Component-Integral Languages and Component-Metonymic Languages postulated within the framework of the Event-Domain Cognitive Model.
文摘This study was conducted to assess the current stock of soil organic carbon under different agricultural land uses, soil types and soil depths in the Noun plain in western Cameroon. Three sites were selected for the study, namely Mangoum, Makeka and Fossang, representative of the three dominant soil types of the noun plain (Andosols, Acrisols and Ferralsols). Three land uses were selected per site including natural vegetation, agroforest and crop field. Soil was sampled at three depths;0 - 20 cm, 20 - 40 cm, and 40 - 60 cm. Analysis of variance showed that soil type did not significantly influence carbon storage, but rather land uses and soil depth. SOCS decreased significantly with depth in all the sites, with an average stock of 66.3 ± 15.8 tC/ha at 0 - 20 cm, compared to an average stock of 33.3 ± 7.4 tC/ha at 40 - 60 cm. SOCS was significantly highest in the natural formation with 57.2 ± 19.7 tC/ha, and lowest in cultivated fields, at 37.7 ± 10.6 tC/ha. Andosols, with their high content of coarse fragments, stored less organic carbon than Ferralsols and Acrisols.
文摘Agroforestry systems (AFSs) offer viable solutions to climate change because of the below-ground biomass (BGB) that is maintained by the soil. Therefore, spatially explicit estimation of their BGB is crucial to account for emission reduction efforts. A study to assess soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen dynamics in Arabica coffee agroforests was conducted in two subdivisions (Foumbot and Kouoptamo) of the Noun Division in western Cameroon. The methodological approach involved the collection of 150 soil samples taken at different depths: 0 - 10, 10 - 20 and 20 - 30 cm. Depending on the depth, the SOC stock is 27.93 ± 1.13 tC/ha at 10 cm depth, 22.37 ± 1.47 tC/ha at 20 cm and 20.79 ± 0.31 tC/ha at 30 cm. According to the age classes of the Arabica coffee systems (ACA), the C/N ratio in our study area averaged 26.94 ± 13.60 for the (5 - 20) year old systems in Foumbot and 60.64 ± 48.80 for the (20 - 35) year old systems in Kouoptamo. Depending on the depth, at 10 cm this ratio is higher in Kouoptamo than in Foumbot with a maximum value of 57 and 38 respectively for the two subdivisions. In view of the results obtained, it would be important to analyse the types of microorganisms responsible for the decomposition of organic matter which is linked to soil organic carbon.
文摘Based on Tess of the D'urbervilles and its two versions in Chinese, the static feature of English is clarifi ed from two aspects: preponderance of nouns and feeble verbs while the dynamic feature of Chinese is refl ected by the frequent and fl exible application of verbs and verbal reduplication. The realistic value of this contrastive analysis is that it can point out the key points and diffi culties in learning English which is helpful for FL teaching, translation and lexicography.
文摘Ideophones are a particular lexical class of expressive words depicting perceptual events or states, and are said to be a universal or near-universal feature of language (Dingemanse, 2012:655;Kilian-Hatz, 2001:163). This paper presents an overview of Ẹdo ideophones to characterize them in terms of their occurrence in grammatical syntactic frames. It in vestigates what sets them apart within word classes inẸdo and how they differ from their non-ideophonic counterparts in sentential constructions.The Basic Linguistic Theory was adopted as the method for data analysis. This was done to show how ideophones manifest syntactically in the language. Ideophones appear in copular frames with some verbs in the language, especially the verb ‘to be’. This paper concludes that Ẹdo ideophones do not occur pre-nominally in the language.
文摘This article is written based on the modern Tibetan linguistics referencing to the classification of nouns in other languages in general, particularly, this article discusses the structure and functions of nouns in Tibetan based on the more than 30thousand of nouns collected on the purpose of information science research of Tibetan.
文摘A central claim of Cognitive Grammar is that basic grammatical categories,such as noun and verb,have conceptual characterizations valid for all members.The standard argument against this position is invalid.The proposed characterizations rely only on basic cognitive abilities that are clearly evident on non-linguistic grounds.Responses are made to arguments against the proposal as well as to putative alternatives.It is shown in specific detail how the characterization offered for nouns applies to a broad range of cases.
