Huu S. TIEU’s Predicting Outcome of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Preparing the Treatment for COVID-19 (Coronavirus) and Other Viral Pandemics

This project paper is to give a prediction for the future of other viral pandemics and to provide recommendations for preparing therapies that could help in the success of effective treatments and benefits for patients in life-threatening situations. The theory of prediction was proposed by Huu S. TIEU on March 25, 2019, and he hypothesized that any malfunctioning cell in the body could have a damaging effect. This paper discusses the prediction that Localized Oxygen Deprivation could be a contributing factor for a future epidemic or other viral pandemics that could affect body function. This paper is based on opinion and does not have sufficient evidence to support the claims made. Therefore, further in-depth study is needed to prove the findings. The author cites Hypoxia to support his idea, but he is not claiming that Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) has worked on his predictions. The author also tested a theory using cow blood curd for body function, but this test was not a structured test and the findings were not supported by other evidence. To further prove the idea or theory, further study into the subject should be conducted.

Increased alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic:A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has significantly impacted health,mental well-being,and societal functioning,particularly for individuals with psychiatric conditions and substance use disorders.Recent evidence highlights a concerning increase in alcohol consumption during the pandemic,with a study spanning 2015-2020 indicating heightened usage,especially among young and middle-aged adults,for relaxation and tension relief.Additionally,addressing challenges exacerbated by the pandemic,another study underscored persistent barriers to healthcare access,resulting in increased alcohol and tobacco use rates and limited healthcare options.These findings shed light on the unique vulnerabilities exposed by the pandemic,emphasizing the need to investigate further its impact on alcohol consumption in diverse non-urban American communities.AIM To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol abuse using socioeconomic and medical parameters in diverse non-urban community in America.METHODS Based on a cross-sectional analysis of 416 participants the United States in 2021,the study utilized The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition criteria to categorize alcohol consumption levels.Participants aged 21 years and above were surveyed through an online platform due to COVID-19 challenges.The survey was conducted from January 14 to January 31,2022,recruiting participants via social media and ensuring anonymity.Informed consent was secured,emphasizing the voluntary nature of participation,and participants could only take the survey once.RESULTS Out of 416 survey respondents,396 met eligibility criteria,with 62.9%reporting increased alcohol consumption during COVID-19.Males(68.8%)and ages 21-29 years(34.6%)predominated.Low alcohol consumption decreased by 2.8%(P=0.237),moderate by 21.4%(P<0.001),and heavy increased by 14.9%(P<0.001).Alcohol abuse rose by 6.5%(P=0.0439),with a 7%increase in self-identified alcohol abusers/alcoholics.Seeking treatment during COVID-19 rose by 6.9%.Easier alcohol access(76.0%)was reported,while 80.7%found it harder to access medical care for alcohol-related issues.These findings highlight the pandemic's impact on alcohol consumption and healthcare access,emphasizing the need for targeted interventions during public health crises.CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated alcoholism and abuse,with increased heavy consumption(P<0.001)and abuse(P=0.0439).Access to medical programs for addressing alcohol abuse declined,highlighting the need for targeted intervention.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: how countries shouldbuild more resilient health systems for preparedness and response

Objective: A resilient health system plays a crucial role in pandemic preparedness and response. Althoughthe World Health Organization (WHO) has required all states parties to strengthen core capacities to respondto public health emergencies under the International Health Regulations (2005), the actions of most countriesto combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has showed that they are not well-prepared. This crosssectionalstudy aimed to examine the health system resilience of selected countries and analyze their strategiesand measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: This study selected five countries including the Iran, Japan, Republic of Korea (South Korea), the U.K.,and the U.S., based on the severity of the national epidemic, the geographical location, and the developmentlevel. Cumulative number of death cases derived from WHO COVID-19 dashboard was used to measure theseverity of the impact of the pandemic in each country;WHO State Parties Self-Assessment Annual Reporting (SPAR)Scores and Global Health Security (GHS) Index were applied to measure the national health system resilience;and research articles and press materials were summarized to identify the strategies and measures adopted bycountries during response to COVID-19. This study applied the resilient health systems framework to analyzehealth system resilience in the selected countries from five dimensions, including awareness, diversity, selfregulation,integration and adaptation.Results: The SPAR Scores and GHS Index of the four developed countries, Japan, South Korea, the U.K. and theU.S. were above the global and regional averages;the SPAR Scores of Iran were above the global average whilethe GHI Index lain below the global average. In terms of response strategies, Japan, the U.K. and the U.S. investedmore health resources in the treatment of severe patients, while South Korea and Iran had adopted a strategyof extensive testing and identification of suspected patients. In terms of specific measures, all the five countriesadopted measures such as restrictions on entry and international travel, closure of schools and industries,lockdown and quarantine. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of implementing these measures varied acrosscountries, based on the response strategies.Conclusion: Although SPAR Scores and GHS Index have evaluated the national core capacities for preparednessand response, the actions to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the fact that most countries stilldo not build resilient health systems in response to public health emergencies. Health system strengtheningand health security efforts should be pursued in tandem, as part of the same mutually reinforcing approach todeveloping resilient health systems.

Early stage risk communication and community engagement(RCCE)strategies and measures against the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic crisi

Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has proven to be tenacious and shows that the global commu nity is still poorly prepared to handling such emerging pandemics.Enhancing global solidarity in emergency preparedness and response,and the mobilization of conscience and cooperation,can serve as an excellent source of ideas and measures in a timely manner.The article provides an overview of the key components of risk communication and community engagement(RCCE)strategies at the early stages in vulnerable nations and populations,and highlight contextual recommendations for strengthening coordinated and sustainable RCCE preventive and emergency response strategies against COVID-19 pandemic.Global solidarity calls for firming govemance,abundant community participation and enough trust to boost early pandemic preparedness and response.Promoting public RCCE response interventions needs crucially improving government health systems and security proactiveness,community to individual confinement,trust and resilience solutions.To better understand population risk and vulnerability,as well as COVID-19 transmission dynamics,it is important to build intelligent systems for monitoring isolation/quarantine and tracking by use of artificial intelligence and machine learning systems algorithms.Experiences and lessons learned from the international community is crucial for emerging pandemics prevention and control programs,especially in promoting evidence-based decision-making,integrating data and models to inform effective and sustainable RCCE strategies,such as local and global safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and mass immunization programs.

Buying Behavior Under Coronavirus Disease(COVID-19)Pandemic Situation:A Online Perspective Case in Bangladeshi Shoppers

Coronavirus disease(COVID-19)is an highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.Most people infected by the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment;a portion of infected people may die.Under coronavirous disease pandemic situation,human normal life,movement and business has been disturbed due to lockdown and closing of shopping malls and business centers in the city.Nowadays,e-commerce is a vigorous tool for diminishing streaming business processes,cycle time,organizational costs,stay at home,maintain social distancing,protect from virus,and enlightening associations with both shoppers and business partners.The research investigated the buying behavior of Bangladeshi shoppers under coronavirus disease(COVID-19)pandemic situation in case of online perspective.The research reconnoitered the impact of five aspects:health aspect,price aspect,product aspect,trust aspect,and place aspect on online buying behavior under coronavirus disease(COVID-19)pandemic situation in Bangladesh.Data were collected through a structured questionnaire by online survey method from 155 samples which encompass online shoppers in country.Simple random sampling technique were used.Data were analyzed using factor analysis,reliability analysis,and multiple regression analysis.Findings revealed that four out of five aspects:health aspect,price aspect,product aspect,and place aspect had a positive and significant influence on online buying behavior under coronavirus disease(COVID-19)pandemic situation in the perspective of Bangladesh.The assessment generates responsiveness among online practicing companies,researchers,managers,shoppers,and prospects online buyers.Online functioning businesses could be a successful leading aspects for explaining online buying behavior under coronavirus disease(COVID-19)pandemic situation in the context of Bangladesh.

Public health preparedness and responses to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic in South Asia:a situation and policy analysis

Like rest of the world,the South Asian region is facing enormous challenges with the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.The socio-economic context of the eight South Asian countries is averse to any longterm lockdown program,but the region still observed stringent lockdown close to two months.This paper analyzed major measures in public health preparedness and responses in those countries in the pandemic.The research was based on a situation analysis to discuss appropriate plan for epidemic preparedness,strategies for prevention and control measures,and adequate response management mechanism.Based on the data from March 21 to June 26,2020,it appeared lockdown program along with other control measures were not as effective to arrest the exponential growth of fortnightly COVID-19 cases in Afghanistan,Bangladesh,India,Nepal and Pakistan.However,Bhutan,Maldives and Sri Lanka have been successfully limiting the spread of the disease.The in-depth analysis of prevention and control measures espoused densely populated context of South Asia needs community-led intervention strategy,such as case containment,in order to reverse the growing trend,and adopt the policy of mitigation instead of suppression to formulate COVID-19 action plan.On the other hand,mechanism for response management encompassed a four-tier approach of governance to weave community-led local bodies with state,national and international governance actors for enhancing the countries’emergency operation system.It is concluded resource-crunch countries in South Asia are unable to cope with the disproportionate demand of capital and skilled health care workforce at the time of the pandemic.Hence,response management needs an approach of governance maximization instead of resource maximization.The epidemiologic management of population coupled with suitable public health prevention and control measures may be a more appropriate strategy to strike a balance between economy and population health during the time of pandemic.

Fragility and challenges of health systems in pandemic: lessons from India's second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

The unprecedented healthcare demand due to sudden outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has almost collapsed the health care systems especially in the developing world. Given the disastrous outbreak of COVID-19 second wave in India, the health system of country was virtually at the brink of collapse. Therefore, to identify the factors that resulted into breakdown and the challenges, Indian healthcare system faced during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, this paper analysed the health system challenges in India and the way forward in accordance with the six building blocks of world health organization (WHO). Applying integrated review approach, we found that the factors such as poor infrastructure, inadequate financing, lack of transparency and poor healthcare management resulted into the overstretching of healthcare system in India. Although health system in India faced these challenges from the very beginning, but early lessons from first wave should have been capitalized to avert the much deeper crisis in the second wave of the pandemic. To sum-up given the likely future challenges of pandemic, while healthcare should be prioritized with adequate financing, strong capacity-building measures and integration of public and private sectors in India. Likewise fiscal stimulus, risk assessment, data availability and building of human resources chain are other key factors to be strengthened for mitigating the future healthcare crisis in country.

Hospitals’responsibility in response to the threat of infectious disease outbreak in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic:implications for low-and middle-income countries

The WHO declared the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern on January 30,2020,and then a pandemic on March 11,2020.COVID-19 affected over 200 countries and territories worldwide,with 25,541,380 confirmed cases and 852,000 deaths associated with COVID-19 globally,as of September 1,2020.1 While facing such a public health emergency,hospitals were on the front line to deliver health care and psychological services.The early detection,diagnosis,reporting,isolation,and clinical management of patients during a public health emergency required the extensive involvement of hospitals in all aspects.The response capacity of hospitals directly determined the outcomes of the prevention and control of an outbreak.The COVID-19 pandemic has affected almost all nations and territories regardless of their development level or geographic location,although suitable risk mitigation measures differ between developing and developed countries.In low-and middle-income countries(LMICs),the consequences of the pandemic could be more complicated because incidence and mortality might be associated more with a fragile health care system and shortage of related resources.2-3 As evidenced by the situation in Bangladesh,India,Kenya,South Africa,and other LMICs,socioeconomic status(SES)disparity was a major factor in the spread of disease,potentially leading to alarmingly insufficient preparedness and responses in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic.4 Conversely,the pandemic might also bring more unpredictable socioeconomic and long-term impacts in LMICs,and those with lower SES fare worse in these situations.This review aimed to summarize the responsibilities of and measures taken by hospitals in combatting the COVID-19 outbreak.Our findings are hoped to provide experiences,as well as lessons and potential implications for LMICs.

Policy and research frame of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic:reflections on urban informality

How has the informality of urban slums exposed a gap in policy formulation and research questions in the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic?This paper seeks to identify the appropriate questions and policy frame that would assist future researchers and policymakers on the subject of pandemics in densely populated urban settlements.The authors argue that the nexus between asking the appropriate questions and developing appropriate policy response measures during a pandemic can significantly impact the outcome of the response.The paper examines how the government of Kenya's response to the COVID-19 pandemic reveals a deep-rooted socio-economic and cultural inequality when"blanket"policies are adopted without taking into consideration the tnique dynamics characterizing the society.The findings show that the effectiveness of implementing COVID-19 containment policies such as lockdowns,the cession of movement,working from home,distance learning,and social distancing are affected by other factors such as the nature of jobs,one's income levels,where someone lives,cultural beliefs,access to water,sanitation,intemet,and medical facilities.This means that a significant number of people within the society experience a double tragedy from the pandemic and impact of government response measures.Yet most of the existing literature has focused on the causes,spread,and impact of the pandemic on health institutions,economies,and public health with little emphasis on the impact on policy measures especially on the vulnerable segments of the society.This paper,therefore,looks at the question of how the various public health intervention strategies disrupt or construct the livelihood of the already complex informal settlement.It provides policymakers and researchers with a number of questions that can frame policy and research during a pandemic with important consideration to urban informality.

State fragility and the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic:an ecologic analysis of data from 146 countries

Background:Global spread and impact of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic are determined to a large extent,by resistance to the pandemic and public response of all countries in the world;while a country's resistance and response are in turn determined by its political and socio economic conditions.To inform future disease prevention and control,we analyzed global data to exam the relationship between state vulnerabilities and COVID-19 incidences and deaths.Methods:Vulnerability was measured using the Fragile States Index(FSI).FSI is created by the Fund for Peace to assess levels of fragility for individual countries.Total FSI score and scores for 12 specific indicators were used as the predictor variables.Outcome variables were national cumulative COVID-19 cases and deaths up to September 16,2020,derived from the World Health Organization.Cumulative incidence rates were computed using 2019 National population derived from the World Bank,and case fatality rates were computed as the ratio of deaths/COVID-19 cases.Countries with incomplete data were excluded,yielding a final sample of 146 countries.Multivariate regression was used to examine the association between the predictor and the outcome measures.Results:There were dramatic cross-country variations in both FSI and COVID-19 epidemiological measurements.FSI total scores were negatively associated with both COVID-19 cumulative incidence rates(β=-0.0135,P<0.001)and case fatality rates(β=-0.0147,P<0.05).Of the 12 FSI indicators,three negatively associated with COVID-19 incidences were E1(Economic Decline and Poverty),E3(Human Flight and Brain Drain),and S2(Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons);two positively associated were P1(State Legitimacy)and X1(External Intervention).With regard to association with case fatality rates,C1(Security Apparatus)was positive,and P3(Human Rights and Rule of Law)and X1 was negative.Conclusion:With FSI measures by the Fund of Peace,overall,more fragile countries are less likely to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic,and even if affected,death rates were lower.However,poor in state legitimacy and lack of external intervention are risk for COVID-19 infection and lack of security apparatus is risky for COVID-19 death.Implications of the study findings are discussed and additional studies are needed to examine the mechanisms underpinning these relationships.

Lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic response in China,Italy,and the U.S.:a guide for Africa and low-and middle-income countries

Africa can be"left behind"after other advanced continents recover from the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic as reflected by the global pandemic of HIV/MDS.In this paper,we summarize potentially adaptable,effective and innovative strategies from China,Italy,and the U.S.The purpose is to help African countries with weaker healthcare systems better respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.China,being the first to report COVID-19 infection swiftly swung into anti-epidemic actions by the use of innovative risk communication and epidemic containment strategies.Italy and U.S.,the next rapidly hit countries after China,however,experienced sustained infections and deaths due to delayed and ineffective response.Many African countries responded poorly to the COVID-19 pandemic as evidenced by the limited capacity for public health surveillance,poor leadership,low education and socioeconomic status,among others.Experience from China,Italy and U.S.suggests that a better response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mrica needs a strong public health leadership,proactive strategies,innovative risk communication about the pandemic,massive tests and isolation,and scaling-up community engagement.Lastly,African countries must collaborate with other countries to facilitate real-time information and experience exchange with other countries to avoid being left behind.

Hepatobiliary system and intestinal injury in new coronavirus infection(COVID-19):A retrospective study

BACKGROUND An important area of effective control of the coronavirus disease 19(COVID-19)pandemic is the study of the pathogenic features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection,including those based on assessing the state of the intestinal microbiota and permeability.AIM To study the clinical features of the new COVID-19 in patients with mild and moderate severity at the stage of hospitalization,to determine the role of hepatobiliary injury,intestinal permeability disorders,and changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiota in the development of systemic inflammation in patients with COVID-19.METHODS The study was performed in 80 patients with COVID-19,with an average age of 45 years,19 of whom had mild disease,and 61 had moderate disease severity.The scope of the examination included traditional clinical,laboratory,biochemical,instrumental,and radiation studies,as well as original methods for studying microbiota and intestinal permeability.RESULTS The clinical course of COVID-19 was studied,and the clinical and biochemical features,manifestations of systemic inflammation,and intestinal microbiome changes in patients with mild and moderate severity were identified.Intestinal permeability characteristics against the background of COVID-19 were evaluated by measuring levels of proinflammatory cytokines,insulin,faecal calprotectin,and zonulin.CONCLUSION This study highlights the role of intestinal permeability and microbiota as the main drivers of gastroenterological manifestations and increased COVID-19 severity.

Decoding the evolution and transmissions of the novel pneumonia coronavirus(SARS-CoV-2/HCoV-19)using whole genomic data

The outbreak of COVID-19 started in mid-December2019 in Wuhan, China. Up to 29 February 2020,SARS-CoV-2(HCoV-19/2019-nCoV) had infected more than 85 000 people in the world. In this study,we used 93 complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from the GISAID EpiFlu TM database to investigate the evolution and human-to-human transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 in the first two months of the outbreak.We constructed haplotypes of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes, performed phylogenomic analyses and estimated the potential population size changes of the virus. The date of population expansion was calculated based on the expansion parameter tau(τ)using the formula t=τ/2 u. A total of 120 substitution sites with 119 codons, including 79 non-synonymous and 40 synonymous substitutions, were found in eight coding-regions in the SARS-CoV-2 genomes.Forty non-synonymous substitutions are potentially associated with virus adaptation. No combinations were detected. The 58 haplotypes(31 found in samples from China and 31 from outside China)were identified in 93 viral genomes under study and could be classified into five groups. By applying the reported bat coronavirus genome(bat-RaTG13-CoV)as the outgroup, we found that haplotypes H13 and H38 might be considered as ancestral haplotypes,and later H1 was derived from the intermediate haplotype H3. The population size of the SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to have undergone a recent expansion on 06 January 2020, and an early expansion on 08 December 2019. Furthermore,phyloepidemiologic approaches have recovered specific directions of human-to-human transmissions and the potential sources for international infected cases.

Electron beam irradiation on novel coronavirus(COVID-19):A Monte-Carlo simulation

The novel coronavirus pneumonia triggered by COVID-19 is now raging the whole world.As a rapid and reliable killing COVID-19 method in industry,electron beam irradiation can interact with virus molecules and destroy their activity.With the unexpected appearance and quickly spreading of the virus,it is urgently necessary to figure out the mechanism of electron beam irradiation on COVID-19.In this study,we establish a virus structure and molecule model based on the detected gene sequence of Wuhan patient,and calculate irradiated electron interaction with virus atoms via a Monte Carlo simulation that track each elastic and inelastic collision of all electrons.The characteristics of irradiation damage on COVID-19,atoms’ionizations and electron energy losses are calculated and analyzed with regions.We simulate the different situations of incident electron energy for evaluating the influence of incident energy on virus damage.It is found that under the major protecting of an envelope protein layer,the inner RNA suffers the minimal damage.The damage for a^100-nm-diameter virus molecule is not always enhanced by irradiation energy monotonicity,for COVID-19,the irradiation electron energy of the strongest energy loss damage is 2 keV.

低频脉冲磁场诱导TRPC1改善COVID-19患者康复期下肢的肌肉无力症状

背景:肌肉无力是新型冠状病毒(COVID-19)感染后的常见症状,影响康复期人体日常活动能力。在强度1.5 mT,频率3300 Hz的低频脉冲磁场刺激下可通过诱导和激活经典瞬时感受器电位通1(classical transient receptor potential channel 1,TRPC1),提升人体骨骼肌的最大自主收缩力与力量耐力,对肌肉组织产生一系列生理支持效应,该手段是否会改善新型冠状病毒肺炎患者康复期的肌无力症状尚无研究。目的:选用低频脉冲磁场对新型冠状病毒肺炎患者下肢肌群进行磁刺激,以观察该刺激对新型冠状病毒肺炎患者康复期下肢肌群肌无力改善的影响。方法:招募胶体金法抗原检测试剂(COVID-19)为阳性并伴有肌肉无力症状的新型冠状病毒(奥密克戎毒株)感染患者14例,将所有受试者随机分成2组,分别为接受磁场刺激的试验组和接受假治疗的对照组。试验总时长3周,试验组每隔48 h对腿部进行低频脉冲磁刺激,对照组与试验组干预流程一致但给予假刺激,两组患者均不被告知磁刺激仪器是否运行,两组患者共进行9次操作,随后观察两组患者下肢局部肌群最大自主收缩力、腿部爆发力与力量耐力的变化情况。结果与结论:①在采集的8个局部肌群中,试验组患者7个局部肌群在经过3周的低频脉冲磁场刺激,最大自主收缩力值均增长。对照组除3个肌群最大自主收缩力自行增长改善以外,其他肌群肌力无提升。②试验组的左腿前群与双腿后群提升率显著高于对照组。③两组的纵跳摸高高度与膝关节峰值角速度相比试验前测均提升,试验组摸高高度提升率高于对照组。④在疲劳状态下,试验组膝关节峰值角速度下降率显著下降,对照组膝关节峰值角速度下降率无显著性变化;试验组摸高高度下降率显著下降,而对照组摸高高度下降率无显著性变化。⑤上述数据证实,在强度1.5 mT,频率3300 Hz的低频脉冲磁场刺激方案下,新型冠状病毒肺炎患者在康复期经过3周的低频脉冲磁场刺激相比人体自愈过程可使更多的下肢局部肌群肌力获得提升,对基于腿部爆发力的全身协调发力能力及功能状态明显改善。因此,低频脉冲磁场刺激可作为一种改善新冠感染患者下肢肌肉无力症状的有效、非运动的康复手段。

Subdural effusion associated with COVID-19 encephalopathy: A case report

BACKGROUND The precise mechanism by which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)impacts the central nervous system remains unclear,with manifestations spanning from mild symptoms(e.g.,olfactory and gustatory deficits,hallucinations,and headache)to severe complications(e.g.,stroke,seizures,encephalitis,and neurally demyelinating lesions).The occurrence of single-pass subdural effusion,as described below,is extremely rare.CASE SUMMARY A 56-year-old male patient presented with left-sided limb weakness and slurred speech as predominant clinical symptoms.Through comprehensive imaging and diagnostic assessments,he was diagnosed with cerebral infarction complicated by hemorrhagic transformation affecting the right frontal,temporal,and parietal regions.In addition,an intracranial infection with SARS-CoV-2 was identified during the rehabilitation process;consequently,an idiopathic subdural effusion developed.Remarkably,the subdural effusion underwent absorption within 6 d,with no recurrence observed during the 3-month follow-up.CONCLUSION Subdural effusion is a potentially rare intracranial complication associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Impact of vitamin D on COVID-19 and other viral diseases

This editorial aims to elucidate the intricate relationship between vitamin D and viral pathogenesis.It explores the anticipated role of vitamin D as a modulator in the immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)and other viral pathogens.The editorial comments are based on the review article by Engin et al.The potential role of vitamin D in modulating immune responses has been highlighted by several studies,suggesting that it may influence both the risk and severity of infections.Vitamin D receptors are present in immunocompetent cells,which indicates that vitamin D can potentially modulate innate and adaptive immune responses.This context is relevant in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),where the immune response to the virus can significantly impact the disease progression and outcome.The immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D can protect against SARSCoV-2 infection by enhancing innate and adaptive immune responses.It also maintains the integrity of the body's physical barriers and modulates inflammatory responses,thereby preventing entry and replication of the virus.Many studies have suggested that adequate vitamin D levels help alleviate morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19.Furthermore,vitamin D supplementation has been linked with a lower risk of severe disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients,particularly in those with a deficiency during seasons with less sunlight exposure.

Levels of economic developement and the spread of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in 50 U.S.states and territories and 28 European countries:an association analysis of aggregated data

Background:The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)became a global pandemic within several months after it was first reported at the end of December,2019.Countries in the Northern Hemisphere have been affected the most,including the United States and European countries.Contrary to the common knowledge that infectious diseases are more prevalent in low-and middle-income countries,COVID-19 appears to affect wealthy countries more.This paper attempts to quantify the relationship between COVID-19 infections and levels of economic development with data from the U.S.and Europe.Methods:Public domain data on the confirmed COVID-19 cases during January 1 and May 31,2020 by states and territories in the U.S.and by countries in Europe were included.Incidence rate was estimated using the 2019 total population.COVID-19 cases were associated with 2019 gross domestic product(GDP)using regression models after a logarithmic transformation of the data.The U.S.data and European data were analyzed separately,considering significant heterogeneity between the two.Results:A total of 2451691 COVID-19 cases during a 5-month period were analyzed,including 1787414 from 50 U.S.states and territories and 664277 from 28 European countries.The overall incidence rate was 5.393/1000 for the U.S.and 1.411/1000 for European countries with large variations.Lg(total cases)was significantly associated with lg(GDP)for U.S.states(=1.2579,P<0.001)and European countries(=0.7156,P<0.001),respectively.Conclusion:This study demonstrated a positive correlation between COVID-19 case incidence and GDP in the United States and 28 European countries.Study findings suggest a potential role of high-level development in facilitating infectious disease spread,such as more advanced transportation system,large metropolitan cities with high population density,better domestic and international travel for businesses,leisure,and more group activities.These factors must be considered in controlling the COVID-19 epidemic.This study focuses on the impact of economic development,many other factors might also have contributed to the rapid spread of COVID-19 in these countries and states,such as differences in national and statewide anti-epidemic strategies,people's behavior,and healthcare systems.Besides,low-and middle-income countries may have an artificially low COVID-19 case count just due to lack of diagnostic capabilities.Findings of this study also encourage future research with individual-level data to detect risk factors at the personal level to understand the risk of COVID-19.

The Use of Telemedicine in Bangladesh during COVID-19 Pandemic

This paper presents the impact of telemedicine use among patients and healthcare professionals during the epidemic due to COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh. According to our findings, as the coronavirus outbreak quickly surges worldwide, many countries are adapting non-therapeutic preventative measures. Telemedicine is the exchange of medical information from one location to another using electronic communication. Telemedicine refers to the use of information and communication technology to provide healthcare support. During the pandemic, it is safer not to visit a hospital physically for consultation until and unless it is of utmost emergency. In this scenario, Telemedicine plays a vast role in developing both the quality and access to healthcare services during a pandemic. The current (COVID-19) scenario has shown us the significance of using Telehealth to deliver healthcare, especially as a means of decreasing the risk of cross-contamination caused by close contact. Bangladesh, like every other nation, has started using telemedicine as a means of providing digital healthcare services. As the outbreak continues, this paper finds that several telemedicine service providers in Bangladesh have increased their operation for serving the general mass. This paper finds the role of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic as a bridge between providing safe healthcare consultation while keeping social distance as advised. The current situation of COVID-19 in Bangladesh has also been discussed in this paper. Despite some challenges of a telemedicine application in Bangladesh, the role of telemedicine is quite impactful during the pandemic.

COVID-19 Pandemic: Its Origin, Implications and Treatments

This is a succinct and current review of pertinent literature to guide developing serum therapy as an emergent treatment to save human lives at times of natural or genetically engineered viral/bacterial pandemics. The origin of 2019-nCoV and implications of COVID-19 are discussed using direct quotes of published scientific literature to avoid misinterpretation on this very important event that has caused great loss of human lives and international social economy. It is the goal of this review to warn against and to correct international misunderstanding created by deliberate falsification of scientific documentations and events. This misunderstanding may lead to further destruction of life, economy, and political relations. People should not be blind-sighted when making life decisions.