The Role of Toll-Like Receptors and Nuclear Factor κB p65 Protein in the Pathogenesis of Otitis Media

The role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media is explored. In recent years, the incidence of otitis media has been rising globally, becoming a significant threat to human health. More and more studies have found that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), as a member of the Toll-like receptor family, can promote the generation of inflammatory factors and is closely related to the body’s immune response and inflammatory response. Nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) is a nuclear transcription factor that can interact with various cytokines, growth factors, and apoptotic factors, participating in processes such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the body [1]. This article elaborates on the structure, function, and signaling pathways of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 proteins in the pathogenesis of otitis media, aiming to provide more precise targets and better therapeutic efficacy for the diagnosis and treatment of otitis media. The role of inflammation in disease.

Nuclear Factor kappa B p65 Expression in Mouse Cochlea

Nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) is one of the best-characterized transcription factors playing important roles in many cellular responses to a large variety of stimuli,including inflammatory cytokines, phorbol esters, growth factors, and bacterial and viral products. The aim of this study is to demonstrate NF-κB expression in the mouse cochlea and its enhancement in response to lipopolysaccharides(LPS) and kanamycin(KA) treatment. Methods KA treatment consisted of subcutaneous KA injections at 700 mg/kg twice a day with an eight-hour interval between the two injections for 3 or 7 days. For animals in the LPS treatment group, a single dose of 0.3 mg LPS dissolved in 0.2 ml sterile saline were injected into both bullae through the tympanic membrane and kept there for 3 hours. Animals in the control group received subcutaneous saline injection for 7 days. Following immmunohistochemichal processing with rabbit polyclonal anti-NF-κB p65 antibodies, cryosections of the cochlea were examined for expression of NF-κB p65 in various structures in the cochlea. Results NF-κB p65 expression, identified by presence of brown reaction products characteristic of DAB immunohistochemistry, was visible in the spiral ligament, spiral prominence, tectorial membrane(TM), spiral ganglion and nerve fibers. Relatively weak NF-κB p65 expression was also visualized in the organ of Corti. Within the organ of Corti, the inner hair cells(IHC), outer hair cells(OHC), inner pillar cells(IP), outer pillar cells (OP), Deiter’s cells(DC), and Boettcher’s cells exhibited stronger staining than the inner sulcus cells, Hensen’s cells(HC) and Claudius’cells. No NF-κB p65 expression was seen in the nucleus of the IHC and OHC. NF-κB p65 expression was increased in animals exposed to LPS or KA, demonstrating significant differences in the staining between control animals and LPS/KA-treated animals. NF-κB p65 expression was not significantly different between LPS treated and KA treated animals or between 3 and 7 days in KA-treated animals. Conclusion LPS and KA exposure increases expression of NF-κB p65 in the mouse cochlea.

Bletilla striata polysaccharides alleviate metabolic dysfunctionassociatedsteatotic liver disease through enhancing hepatocyteRelA/HNF1αsignal

BACKGROUND Bletilla striata polysaccharides(BSP)have antioxidant,immune regulation,and anti-fibrotic activities.However,the therapeutic effect and mechanisms underlying the action of BSP in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)have not been fully understood.AIMTo investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of BSP on MASLD by centering on the hepatocyte nuclearfactor kappa B p65(RelA)/hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha(HNF1α)signaling.METHODSA mouse model of MASLD was induced by feeding with a high-fat-diet(HFD)and a hepatocyte model of steatosiswas induced by treatment with sodium oleate(SO)and sodium palmitate(SP).The therapeutic effects of BSP onMASLD were examined in vivo and in vitro.The mechanisms underlying the action of BSP were analyzed for theireffect on lipid metabolism disorder,endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress,and the RelA/HNF1αsignaling.RESULTSHFD feeding reduced hepatocyte RelA and HNF1αexpression,induced ER stress,lipid metabolism disorder,andnecroptosis in mice,which were significantly mitigated by treatment with BSP.Furthermore,treatment with BSP orBSP-containing conditional rat serum significantly attenuated the sodium oleate/sodium palmitate(SO/SP)-induced hepatocyte steatosis by decreasing lipid accumulation,and lipid peroxidation,and enhancing theexpression of RelA,and HNF1α.The therapeutic effects of BSP on MASLD were partially abrogated by RELAsilencing in mice and RELA knockout in hepatocytes.RELA silencing or knockout significantly down-regulatedHNF1αexpression,and remodeled ER stress and oxidative stress responses during hepatic steatosis.CONCLUSIONTreatment with BSP ameliorates MASLD,associated with enhancing the RelA/HNF1αsignaling,remodeling ERstress and oxidative stress responses in hepatocytes.

基于NF-κBp65信号通路探索PRMT5靶向调控RPA2对肺腺癌细胞活性和侵袭能力的影响

目的基于NF-κB p65信号通路探索蛋白精氨酸甲基转移酶5(PRMT5)靶向调控复制蛋白A2(RPA2)对肺腺癌细胞活性和侵袭能力的影响。方法选择肺腺癌细胞株A549、H1299,随机分为空白对照组、质粒对照组、RPA2高表达组、PRMT5沉默组、PRMT5沉默+RPA2高表达组。质粒对照组予阴性对照siRNA转染,RPA2高表达组予pcDNA3.1/RPA2转染,PRMT5沉默组予PRMT5 siRNA转染,PRMT5沉默+RPA2高表达组予PRMT5 siRNA和pcDNA3.1/RPA2转染,然后用嘌呤霉素筛选获得稳定转染细胞。空白对照组常规培养,不予转染。收集各组细胞,采用CCK-8法检测细胞活性,采用Transwell小室实验检测细胞侵袭能力,采用Western blotting法检测PRMT5、RPA2以及p-IκBα、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达。结果在A549细胞和H1299细胞中,RPA2高表达组PRMT5、RPA2蛋白表达及细胞活性、侵袭能力均高于空白对照组和质粒对照组,PRMT5沉默组PRMT5、RPA2蛋白表达及细胞活性、侵袭能力均低于空白对照组和质粒对照组(P均<0.05);PRMT5沉默组和PRMT5沉默+RPA2高表达组PRMT5、RPA2蛋白表达及细胞活性、侵袭能力均低于RPA2高表达组(P均<0.05);PRMT5沉默+RPA2高表达组PRMT5、RPA2蛋白表达及细胞活性、侵袭能力均高于PRMT5沉默组(P均<0.05)。在A549细胞和H1299细胞中,RPA2高表达组p-IκBα、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达均低于空白对照组和质粒对照组,PRMT5沉默组p-IκBα、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达均高于空白对照组和质粒对照组(P均<0.05);PRMT5沉默组和PRMT5沉默+RPA2高表达组p-IκBα、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达均高于RPA2高表达组(P均<0.05);PRMT5沉默+RPA2高表达组p-IκBα、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达均低于PRMT5沉默组(P均<0.05)。结论PRMT5可通过靶向调控RPA2增强肺腺癌细胞活性和侵袭能力,其作用机制可能与激活NF-κB p65信号通路有关。

Targeting GPR65 alleviates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis by suppressing the JNK and NF-κB pathways

Background:G-protein coupled receptors(GPCRs)are recognized as attractive targets for drug therapy.However,it remains poorly understood how GPCRs,except for a few chemokine receptors,regulate the progression of liver fibrosis.Here,we aimed to reveal the role of GPR65,a proton-sensing receptor,in liver fibrosis and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.Methods:The expression level of GPR65 was evaluated in both human and mouse fibrotic livers.Furthermore,Gpr65-deficient mice were treated with either bile duct ligation(BDL)for 21 d or carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)for 8 weeks to investigate the role of GPR65 in liver fibrosis.A combination of experimental approaches,including Western blotting,quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR),and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),confocal microscopy and rescue studies,were used to explore the underlying mechanisms of GPR65’s action in liver fibrosis.Additionally,the therapeutic potential of GPR65 inhibitor in the development of liver fibrosis was investigated.Results:We found that hepatic macrophage(HM)-enriched GPR65 was upregulated in both human and mouse fibrotic livers.Moreover,knockout of Gpr65 significantly alleviated BDL-and CCl4-induced liver inflammation,injury and fibrosis in vivo,and mouse bone marrow transplantation(BMT)experiments further demonstrated that the protective effect of Gpr65knockout is primarily mediated by bone marrow-derived macrophages(BMMs).Additionally,in vitro data demonstrated that Gpr65 silencing and GPR65 antagonist inhibited,while GPR65 overexpression and application of GPR65 endogenous and exogenous agonists enhanced the expression and release of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β),all of which subsequently promoted the activation of hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)and the damage of hepatocytes(HCs).Mechanistically,GPR65 overexpression,the acidic pH and GPR65 exogenous agonist induced up-regulation of TNF-αand IL-6 via the Gαq-Ca^(2+)-JNK/NF-κB pathways,while promoted the expression of TGF-βthrough the Gαq-Ca^(2+)-MLK3-MKK7-JNK pathway.Notably,pharmacological GPR65 inhibition retarded the development of inflammation,HCs injury and fibrosis invivo.Conclusions:GPR65 is a major regulator that modulates the progression of liver fibrosis.Thus,targeting GPR65 could be an effective therapeutic strategy for the prevention of liver fibrosis.

Role of nuclear factor kappa B in central nervous system regeneration

Activation of nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB） is a hallmark of various central nervous system （CNS） pathologies. Neuron-specific inhibition of its transcriptional activator subunit RelA, also referred to as p65, promotes neuronal survival under a range of conditions, i.e., for ischemic or excitotoxic insults. In macro- and microglial cells, post-lesional activation of NF-κB triggers a growth-permissive program which contributes to neural tissue inflammation, scar formation, and the expression of axonal growth inhibitors. Intriguingly, inhibition of such inducible NF-~B in the neuro-glial compartment, i.e., by genetic ablation of RelA or overexpression of a trans- dominant negative mutant of its upstream regulator IκBa, significantly enhances functional recovery and promotes axonal regeneration in the mature CNS. By contrast, depletion of the NF-κB subunit p50, which lacks transcriptional activator function and acts as a transcriptional repressor on its own, causes precocious neuronal loss and exacerbates axonal degeneration in the lesioned brain. Collectively, the data imply that NF-κB orchestrates a multicellular pro- gram in which κB-dependent gene expression establishes a growth-repulsive terrain within the post-lesioned brain that limits structural regeneration of neuronal circuits. Considering these subunit-specific functions, interference with the NF-κB pathway might hold clinical potentials to improve functional restoration following traumatic CNS injury.

Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase attenuates experimental autoimmune hepatitis: Involvement of nuclear factor kappa B

To investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p38MAPK） in murine experimental autoimmune hepatitis （EAH）.METHODS： To induce EAH, the syngeneic S-100 antigen emulsified in complete Freud＇s adjuvant was injected intraperitoneally into adult male C57BI/6 mice. Liver injury was assessed by serum ALT and liver histology. The expression and activity of p38 MAPK were measured by Western blot and kinase activity assays. In addition, DNA binding activities of nuclear factor kappa B （NF-KB） were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The effects of SB203580, a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, on liver injuries and expression of proinflammatory cytokines （interferon-y, IL-12, IL-1β and TNF-α） were observed.RESULTS： The activity of p38 MAPK and NF-~：B was increased and reached its peak 14 or 21 d after the first syngeneic S-100 administration. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activation by SB203580 decreased the activation of NF-~：B and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, hepatic injuries were improved significantly after SB203580 administration.

Clinical significance of SQSTM1/P62 and nuclear factor-κB expression in pancreatic carcinoma

BACKGROUND Overexpression of SQSTM1(sequestosome 1,P62)and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of a variety of malignant tumors.AIM To explore the expression of P62 and NF-κB in pancreatic cancer and their relationship with clinicopathological features.METHODS The expression levels of P62 and NF-κB were analyzed by immunohistochemistry with a tissue chip containing 40 cases of human pancreatic carcinoma.Then we analyzed the correlation among P62 expression,phospho-P65 expression,and clinicopathological features of pancreatic carcinoma samples.RESULTS P62 expression was mainly observed in the cytoplasm of pancreatic carcinoma cells.Phosphorylated P65(phospho-P65)was mainly expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of pancreatic carcinoma cells.There was a significant difference in P62 expression among T stages.And a significant difference in phosphor-P65 expression among pathology types was noted.In the cases with strongly positive P62 expression,significant differences were found in age.And there were significant differences in T stage and tumor-node-metastasis stage in the cases with strongly positive phosphor-P65 expression.CONCLUSION In pancreatic carcinoma,P62 expression is significantly correlated with T stage.It may be a valuable malignant indicator for human pancreatic carcinoma.

Effect of NF-κB p65 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide on transdifferentiation of normal human lens epithelial cells induced by transforming growth factor-β2

AIM：To study the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B p65（NF-κB p65）antisense oligodeoxynucleotide（ASODN）on transdifferentiation of normal human lens epithelial cells induced by transforming growth factor-β2（TGF-β2）.·M ETHODS：NF-κBp65ASODNand NF-κBp65missense oligodeoxynucleotide（MSODN）were designed and synthesized.Human lens epithelial cell line（HLE B-3）cells were prepared for study and divided into 7 groups.Control group was HLE B-3 cells cultured in dulbecco’s modified eagle medium（DMEM）.T1,T2,and T3 group were HLE B-3 cells cultured in DMEM with 10 ng/m L TGF-β2 for 6h,12h,24h respectively.A＋T group was HLE B-3 cells cultured with 10 ng/m L TGF-β2for 24h after transfected by NF-κB p65 ASODN for 24h.M＋T group was HLE B-3 cells cultured with 10 ng/m L TGF-β2 for 24h after transfected by NF-κB p65 MSODN for 24h.The negative control group was HLE B-3 cells cultured with 10 ng/m L TGF-β2 for 24h after cultured with transfer agent（Hi Per Fect）for 24h.Cell morphology was observed at different time points using an inverted microscope.The expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA was detected with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR）,and the expression ofα-smooth muscle actin（α-SMA）protein was assayed with ELISA.·RESULTS：With the TGF-β2 stimulation prolongation,the expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA and a-SMA protein increased in T1,T2,T3 groups compared with the control group,and the difference was statistically significant（〈0.05）.NF-κB p65 ASODN lowered the expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA andα-SMA protein induced by TGF-β2.NF-κB p65 MSODN and Hi Per Fect did not lower the expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA andα-SMA protein induced by TGF-β2.The difference between control group and A＋T group was not statistically significant（〉0.05）,but the difference among A＋T group and other groups was statistically significant（〈0.05）.·CONCLUSION：NF-κB p65 ASODN could lower the expression of NF-κB p65 m RNA andα-SMA protein induced by TGF-β2,and antagonized TGF-β2-induced transdifferentiation of HLE B-3.NF-κB p65ASODN could be used as a new biological therapeutic target of posterior capsular opacification.

Isoflavone Attenuates the Nuclear Transcription Factor Kappa B (NF-<i>κ</i>B) Activation on MPP⁺-Induced Apoptosis of PC12 Cells

Objective: To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of cellular response to the challenge by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells, an in vitro cell model for Parkinson’s disease, and the effect of NF-κB activation on the protection of Parkinson’s disease by Isoflavone (I). Methods: PC12 cells were used to establish the cell model of Parkinson’s disease, and are divided into five groups: control group;MPP+ group;I (Isoflavone) + MPP+ group;I group;SN-50 + MPP+ group. The content of NF-κB in PC12 cells was determined by immunocytochemistry;The viability of PC12 cells after treated with cell-permeable NF-κB inhibitor SN-50 and cell viability were measured by MTT assay;the expression levels of NF-κB p65 in cytoplasm and nuclear fractions were evaluated by western blot analysis;the mRNA expression of NF-κB p65 was analyzed by in situ hybridization (ISH). Results: Compared with the control group, the protein of NF-κB p65 both in cytoplasm and in nuclei was significantly higher than in I + MPP+ and MPP+ groups;similarly, the mRNA expression level of NF-κB p65 gene was also significantly higher;moreover, the protein expression of NF-κB p65 was much lower in I group (P + group, the protein of NF-κB p65 was significantly lower in I + MPP+ group, the mRNA expression level of NF-κB p65 gene was also significantly lower, and the protein expression level of NF-κB p65 was much lower in I + MPP+ group (P + group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: NF-κB activation is essential to MPP+-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells;but Isoflavone can inhibit the cell damage to some extent to execute its protective function, which may be involved in nigral neurodegeneration in patients with Parkinson’s disease.

桃红四物汤对大鼠肢体缺血-再灌注损伤骨骼肌长链非编码RNA H19、核因子κB-p65表达的影响

目的:观察桃红四物汤对大鼠肢体缺血-再灌注损伤骨骼肌长链非编码RNA H19(LncRNA H19)、核因子κB-p65(NF-κB-p65)表达的影响。方法:选取2月龄雄性SD大鼠78只,随机分成空白组、模型组、桃红四物汤组、LncRNA H19阻滞剂组,其中空白组6只,其余每组24只。除空白组外,其他各组均阻断血流复制左后肢缺血-再灌注损伤模型,桃红四物汤组在造模前予以桃红四物汤灌胃,LncRNA H19阻滞剂组予以LncRNA H19阻断剂尾静脉注射预处理。HE染色法观察复灌后4 h腓肠肌形态及病理性改变,DAPI法观察复灌后4 h各组腓肠肌细胞凋亡变化。RT-qPCR检测复灌后(0、2、4、8 h)腓肠肌LncRNA H19、NF-κB-p65 mRNA表达,Western blot法检测0、2、4、8 h腓肠肌NF-κB-p65表达。结果:HE染色结果显示,桃红四物汤组和LncRNA H19阻断剂组肌纤维破坏及炎症浸润程度较模型组减轻。DAPI荧光染色结果显示,桃红四物汤组、LncRNA H19阻断剂组细胞凋亡率低于模型组;桃红四物汤组细胞凋亡率明显低于LncRNA H19阻断剂组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。RT-qPCR和Western blot法检测结果显示,与同一时间点空白组比较,模型组、桃红四物汤组、LncRNA H19阻断剂组LncRNA H19、NF-κB-p65表达上调,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。与同一时间点模型组比较,桃红四物汤组、LncRNA H19阻断剂组、NF-κB-p65表达下调,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),并且不同时间点显示相同倾向性。结论:桃红四物汤可降低肢体缺血-再灌注损伤骨骼肌中LncRNA H19-NF-κB信号通路表达,减少骨骼肌细胞凋亡,减轻肢体缺血-再灌注损伤。LncRNA H19可能是大鼠肢体缺血-再灌注骨骼肌损伤病理机制中的关键上游分子。NF-κB-p65蛋白可能是大鼠肢体缺血-再灌注骨骼肌损伤病理机制中的关键蛋白。

Rspo1、LGR5、NF-κB/p65在胃癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的通过检测特异性顶部盘状底板反应蛋白1(Rspo1)、富含亮氨酸的重复G蛋白偶联受体5(LGR5)与核转录因子κB/p65(NF-κB/p65)在人胃癌中的表达水平及与临床病理因素及预后之间的关系,并分析三者在胃癌发生发展中发挥的作用。方法免疫组织化学SP法测定Rspo1、LGR5及NF-κB/p65在115例胃癌组织标本及20例正常组织标本中的表达。结果Rspo1、LGR5、NF-κB/p65在胃癌中表达较正常组织增高;Rspo1、LGR5、NF-κB/p65的表达与浸润深度、TNM分期、淋巴结及远处转移有关,同时Rspo1表达与肿瘤大小、LGR5表达与肿瘤大小及分化程度有关;胃癌组织中Rspo1与LGR5、NF-κB/p65的表达呈正相关;Kaplan-Meier分析显示Rspo1、LGR5和NF-κB/p65表达阳性组3年生存率均低于阴性组;单因素Cox分析提示肿瘤大小、分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、远处转移、Rspo1、LGR5、NF-κB/p65阳性是影响胃癌患者预后的危险因素;多因素Cox分析提示淋巴结转移、远处转移、Rspo1及LGR5阳性是影响胃癌患者预后的独立危险因素。结论Rspo1、LGR5、NF-κB/p65的表达与胃癌的发生发展有关;Rspo1-LGR5在激活Wnt/β-catenin通路的同时可能激活NF-κB通路,二者对胃癌发展有协同作用。

黄芪多糖抑制Toll样受体4/核因子κB p65通路治疗大鼠膝骨关节炎

背景:黄芪多糖治疗骨关节炎具有一定的作用,Toll样受体4/核因子κB通路在膝骨关节炎发病机制中发挥重要作用。目的:探讨黄芪多糖对膝骨关节炎的干预作用及其机制。方法:40只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、黄芪多糖低剂量组、黄芪多糖高剂量组和脂多糖组(n=8),除对照组之外,其余各组均建立膝骨关节炎模型。造模成功1周后,黄芪多糖低、高剂量组分别向大鼠膝关节腔内注射质量浓度为0.1,0.5 g/L的黄芪多糖生理盐水溶液0.2 mL,脂多糖组注射0.5 g/L黄芪多糖0.2 mL+500μg/kg脂多糖0.2 mL;模型组和对照组同法注射等量生理盐水;均3 d注射1次,干预6周。干预结束后,苏木精-伊红、番红O-固绿染色观察软骨、滑膜组织病理学变化,采用Mankin’s评分和国际骨关节炎研究协会评分进行评估;ELISA法检测滑膜组织中白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、一氧化氮、丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶表达水平;Western blot检测软骨组织中聚集蛋白聚糖、Ⅱ型胶原、基质金属蛋白酶3及核因子κB p65、Toll样受体4、MyD88表达。结果与结论:①与模型组相比,黄芪多糖低、高剂量组的Mankin’s评分、国际骨关节炎研究协会评分、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、一氧化氮、丙二醛、基质金属蛋白酶3水平及核因子κB p65、Toll样受体4、MyD88表达均显著降低,聚集蛋白聚糖、Ⅱ型胶原表达及超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著升高(P<0.05),且黄芪多糖高剂量组均较低剂量组作用更明显(P<0.05);②与黄芪多糖高剂量组比,脂多糖组Mankin’s评分、国际骨关节炎研究协会评分、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、一氧化氮、丙二醛、基质金属蛋白酶3水平及核因子κB p65、Toll样受体4、MyD88表达均显著升高,聚集蛋白聚糖、Ⅱ型胶原表达及超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著降低(P<0.05);③提示黄芪多糖可通过抑制Toll样受体4/核因子κB p65通路的激活改善膝骨关节炎的胞外基质降解、炎症反应和氧化应激水平,改善关节损伤。

IGF⁃1、TNF⁃α、NF⁃κB p65亚基预测胫骨平台骨折术后愈合延迟的价值

目的探究血清胰岛素样生长因子⁃1(IGF⁃1)、肿瘤坏死因子⁃α(TNF⁃α)和核转录因子κB亚基p65(NF⁃κB p65)在胫骨平台骨折术后愈合延迟患者中的表达水平,分析其对骨折愈合延迟的预测价值。方法选取2019年8月至2020年8月本院骨科收治的178例胫骨平台骨折患者,根据患者术后骨折愈合情况分为延迟愈合组(n=34)和正常愈合组(n=144),比较两组患者不同时间点血清IGF⁃1、TNF⁃α和NF⁃κB p65亚基的表达水平,采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)评估以上指标预测患者愈合延迟的价值。结果术后4、8和12周,延迟愈合组患者的血清IGF⁃1水平明显低于正常愈合组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1、4、8和12周,延迟愈合组患者的TNF⁃α、NF⁃κB p65亚基表达水平明显高于正常愈合组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,IGF⁃1、TNF⁃α和NF⁃κB p65三者联合检测胫骨平台骨折术后愈合延迟的敏感度和特异度分别为92.30%、76.90%,AUC值为0.863,明显高于单个指标检测(P<0.05)。结论血清IGF⁃1、TNF⁃α和NF⁃κB p65亚基的表达水平与胫骨平台骨折术后愈合延迟密切相关,可作为预测胫骨平台骨折术后愈合延迟的良好指标,联合检测可提高预测准确性。

Oxymatrine Improves TNBS-induced Colitis in Rats by Inhibiting the Expression of NF-κB p65

Inflammatory bowel disease is thought to be regulated by the balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines secreted by T cells, and NF-κB p65 also plays a predominant role in the intestinal inflammation. We evaluated the potency of oxymatrine, one of active components of Sophora Root, in inhibiting the immune responses and inflammation in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid （TNBS）-induced colitis. The inflammation was markedly ameliorated in the oxymatrine-treated rats. The level of IL-2 was increased and that of IL-10 was decreased in colon tissue in the rat model, which was reversed by the treatment of oxymatrine. Moreover, the elevated expression of NF-κB p65 in colon tissue in the model was also improved by oxymatrine treatment. Our results suggest that oxymatrine might be beneficial for the abnormal immune responses and inflammation by regulating the unbalance of Th1 and Th2 cytokines secretion and inhibiting the expression of NF-κB p65 in colon tissue.

西红花苷调节TLR4/NF- κ B p65通路抑制大鼠糖尿病肾病的研究

目的观察西红花苷对糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)大鼠的作用,并探讨相关机制。方法将30只DN大鼠随机分为DN组、西红花苷组、西红花苷联合脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)[Toll样受体4(toll like receptor 4,TLR4)/核转录因子κB(nuclear transcription factorκB,NF-κB)p65通路激活剂]组,各10只;另取10只大鼠,设为对照组。西红花苷联合LPS组灌胃西红花苷(40 mg·kg^(-1)),尾静脉注射LPS(0.4 mg·kg^(-1));西红花苷组灌胃西红花苷(40 mg·kg^(-1)),尾静脉注射等量生理盐水;对照组、DN组分别灌胃、尾静脉注射等量生理盐水。每日1次,干预2周。检测糖脂指标及肾功能指标;检测血清炎症因子水平;Western blotting检测肾组织TLR4、髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)、p-NF-κB p65、NF-κB p65蛋白的表达量。结果与DN组比较,西红花苷组血液空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、空腹胰岛素(fasting serum lisulin,FINS)、三酰甘油(triglycerides,TG)和总胆固醇(triglycerides,TC)水平、24 h尿蛋白、微量白蛋白与尿肌酐比值(albumin/creatinine ratio,UACR)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)和尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)水平、血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)水平及肾组织TLR4、MyD88蛋白表达量及p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65均降低(P<0.05);与西红花苷组比较,西红花苷联合LPS组上述指标均升高(P<0.05)。结论西红花苷可改善糖脂代谢及肾功能,减轻炎症反应,从而抑制DN进展,推测其作用机制与抑制TLR4/NF-κB p65信号通路有关。

Curcumin suppresses gastric NF-κB activation and macromolecular leakage in Helicobacter pylori-infected rats

AIM:To investigate whether curcumin could attenuate nuclear factor(NF)-κB p65 expression and macromolecular leakage in the gastric mucosa of Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)-infected rats.METHODS:Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into five groups:control rats(Control),control rats supplemented with 600 mg/kg curcumin,H.pylori-infected rats(Hp),H.pylori-infected rats supplemented with 200 mg/kg curcumin(Hp + curIn H.pylori-infected groups,rats were inoculated with H.pylori suspension twice a day at an interval of 4 h for 3 d.Two weeks later,200 or 600 mg/kg curcumin was given once daily to curcuminsupplemented groups for 7 d.On the day of the experiment,macromolecular leakage in gastric mucosa was examined by intravital fluorescence microscopy.The stomach tissue was removed to examine NF-κB p65 expression in gastric epithelial cells by immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:The expression of NF-κB p65 in gastric epithelial cells and the macromolecular leakage from gastric mucosal microcirculation significantly increased in the Hp group compared with the Control group.The percentages of NF-κB p65 immunoreactive cells in Control and Hp groups were 10.72% ± 2.10% vs 16.02% ± 2.98%,P = 0.004,respectively.The percentages of macromolecular leakage in Control and Hp groups were 10.69% ± 1.43% vs 15.41% ± 2.83%,P = 0.001,respectively.Curcumin supplementation in Hp + cur-CONCLUSION:H.pylori-induced gastric inflammation in rats is associated with increased NF-κB activation and macromolecular leakage which can be reduced by curcumin supplementation.

PI3K/Akt/NF-κB通路调控ABCB1/P-gp介导的人结肠癌细胞多药耐药的研究

背景与目的:肿瘤的多药耐药(multidrug resistance,MDR)基因的表达是目前化疗失败的主要原因,磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinases,PI3K)信号通路参与肿瘤多药耐药的发生,但PI3K信号通路与多药耐药的机制尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨PI3K/Akt信号通路及其下游靶点对ATP结合蛋白亚家族1抗体(ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1,ABCB1)基因编码的P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)介导的人结肠癌耐奥沙利铂细胞株HCT-116/L-OHP细胞多药耐药性的调控作用。方法:将PI3K特异性抑制剂LY294002(20μmol/L)处理人结肠癌HCT-116/L-OHP细胞2 h后,用细胞计数试剂盒-8(cell counting kit-8,CCK-8)检测细胞对奥沙利铂的敏感性;蛋白质印迹法(Western blot)检测相关耐药蛋白P-gp、肺耐药蛋白(lung resistance-related protein,LRP)、多药耐药相关蛋白-2(multidrug resistance-related-2,MRP-2)以及PI3K/Akt信号通路下游蛋白Akt、p-Akt、IκB、p-IκB的表达变化;CHIP—PCR法检测核转录因子κB(NF-κB)对ABCB1基因启动子的影响。结果:阻断PI3K/Akt信号通路激活后,奥沙利铂对HCT-116/L-OHP细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50)由(157.48±16.73)μg/mL降至(53.68±3.18)μg/mL,逆转指数为2.93(P<0.01)。HCT-116/L-OHP细胞的p-Akt、p-IκB和P-gp的表达水平明显下降(P<0.01),Akt、IκB、LRP和MRP-2表达变化不明显。NF-κB能够与ABCB1基因启动子区域结合。结论:阻断PI3K/AKT信号通路可增强人结肠癌HCT-116/L-OHP耐药细胞的药物敏感性,抑制p-Akt和p-IκB的磷酸化表达水平,逆转P-gp介导的肠癌多药耐药。

Modic Ⅱ型改变软骨终板中核因子-κB、白介素18和P物质的表达及意义

目的 ：观察核因子-κB（NF-κB）、白介素-18（IL-18）和P物质（SP）在ModicⅡ型改变软骨终板中的表达情况,并分析其意义。方法：收集2010年10月-2011年10月因单节段腰间盘退变性疾病行椎体间融合术的患者41例,男18例,女23例,年龄20-70岁,平均47.1±13.7岁。根据手术节段终板有无ModicⅡ型改变,将其分为ModicⅡ型改变组（A组）和无Modic改变组（B组）。同时收集因腰椎爆裂性骨折行前路手术治疗的5例年轻患者作为对照组（C组）,男3例,女2例,年龄20-29岁,平均24.2±3.7岁。对术中取出的软骨终板标本行HE染色观察软骨终板组织形态学变化,免疫组化法检测NF-κB、IL-18和SP表达阳性率及阳性细胞指数。结果：HE染色结果显示,C组软骨终板无明显退变,A组退变程度重于B组。免疫组化结果显示,A、B、C组NF-κB阳性细胞指数分别为55.39±17.74、36.01±14.80、4.42±2.84,IL-18阳性细胞指数分别为45.23±12.95、30.22±12.01、5.22±3.46,SP阳性细胞指数分别为38.29±19.26、25.83±16.52、0.97±1.32。A、B组NF-κB、IL-18和SP阳性细胞指数均明显高于C组（P〈0.05）,A组明显高于B组（P〈0.05）,NF-κB与IL-18的表达水平呈高度正相关关系（P〈0.05）。结论：ModicⅡ型改变软骨终板中NF-κB、IL-18和SP表达的阳性细胞数显著性升高,可能是ModicⅡ型改变引起腰痛的原因之一。

核因子-κB对癫痫大鼠脑P-糖蛋白表达的调控作用

目的探讨核因子-κB(NF-κB)对癫痫大鼠脑P-糖蛋白(P-gp)表达的影响。方法将雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=9)、癫痫组(EP组,n=14)、NF-κB活性抑制剂吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐(PDTC)干预组(PDTC组,n=14)。采用大鼠海马注射海人酸方法制作癫痫模型,PDTC组于癫痫造模前30 min给予腹腔注射PDTC(按体质量150 mg/kg)。于造模后24 h处死各组大鼠,采用免疫组织化学方法检测并比较各组大鼠海马CA3区、齿状回、嗅周皮层、杏仁核复合体区P-gp和NF-κB亚基p65(NF-κBp65)表达情况。结果与假手术组相比,EP组海马CA3区、齿状回、杏仁核复合体区P-gp和NF-κBp65表达显著增强(P<0.01),PDTC组P-gp和NF-κBp65表达低于EP组(P<0.01),且二者具有正等级相关性(P<0.05),而在嗅周皮层二者无相关性(P>0.05)。结论抑制NF-κB活化可以降低癫痫相关脑区P-gp过表达,癫痫发作所致脑内P-gp表达上调可能与NF-κB活化有关。