Silencing of Jumonji domain-containing 1C inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via nuclear factor-κB signaling

BACKGROUND Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disorder induced by an imbalance between osteoclastic activity and osteogenic activity.During osteoporosis,bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)exhibit an increased ability to differentiate into adipocytes and a decreased ability to differentiate into osteoblasts,resulting in bone loss.Jumonji domain-containing 1C(JMJD1C)has been demonstrated to suppress osteoclastogenesis.AIM To examine the effect of JMJD1C on the osteogenesis of BMSCs and the potential underlying mechanism.METHODS BMSCs were isolated from mouse bone marrow tissues.Oil Red O staining,Alizarin red staining,alkaline phosphatase staining and the expression of adipo-genic and osteogenic-associated genes were assessed to determine the differen-tiation of BMSCs.Bone marrow-derived macrophages(BMMs)were incubated with receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaΒligand to induce osteoclast differentiation,and osteoclast differen-tiation was confirmed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining.Other related genes were measured via reverse transcription coupled to the quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure the levels of inflammatory cytokines,including tumor necrosis factor alpha,interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 beta.RESULTS The osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential of BMSCs isolated from mouse bone marrow samples was evaluated.JMJD1C mRNA and protein expression was upregulated in BMSCs after osteoblast induction,while p-nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)and inflammatory cytokines were not significantly altered.Knockdown of JMJD1C repressed osteogenic differentiation and enhanced NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine release in BMSCs.Moreover,JMJD1C expression decreased during BMM osteoclast differentiation.CONCLUSION The JMJD1C/NF-κB signaling pathway is potentially involved in BMSC osteogenic differentiation and may play vital roles in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.

Suppressing high mobility group box-1 release alleviates morphine tolerance via the adenosine5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 pathway

Opioids,such as morphine,are the most potent drugs used to treat pain.Long-term use results in high tolerance to morphine.High mobility group box-1(HMGB1) has been shown to participate in neuropathic or inflammatory pain,but its role in morphine tolerance is unclear.In this study,we established rat and mouse models of morphine tolerance by intrathecal injection of morphine for 7 consecutive days.We found that morphine induced rat spinal cord neurons to release a large amount of HMGB1.HMGB1 regulated nuclear factor κB p65 phosphorylation and interleukin-1β production by increasing Toll-like receptor 4receptor expression in microglia,thereby inducing morphine tolerance.Glycyrrhizin,an HMGB1 inhibito r,markedly attenuated chronic morphine tole rance in the mouse model.Finally,compound C(adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase inhibitor) and zinc protoporphyrin(heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor)alleviated the morphine-induced release of HMGB1 and reduced nuclear factor κB p65 phosphorylation and interleukin-1β production in a mouse model of morphine tolerance and an SH-SY5Y cell model of morphine tole rance,and alleviated morphine tolerance in the mouse model.These findings suggest that morphine induces HMGB1 release via the adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway,and that inhibiting this signaling pathway can effectively reduce morphine tole rance.

N-acetylserotonin alleviates retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB pathway in rats

AIM:To observe the effects of N-acetylserotonin(NAS)administration on retinal ischemia-reperfusion(RIR)injury in rats and explore the underlying mechanisms involving the high mobility group box 1(HMGB1)/receptor for advanced glycation end-products(RAGE)/nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)signaling pathway.METHODS:A rat model of RIR was developed by increasing the pressure of the anterior chamber of the eye.Eighty male Sprague Dawley were randomly divided into five groups:sham group(n=8),RIR group(n=28),RIR+NAS group(n=28),RIR+FPS-ZM1 group(n=8)and RIR+NAS+FPS-ZM1 group(n=8).The therapeutic effects of NAS were examined by hematoxylin-eosin(H&E)staining,and retinal ganglion cells(RGCs)counting.The expression of interleukin 1 beta(IL-1β),HMGB1,RAGE,and nod-like receptor 3(NLRP3)proteins and the phosphorylation of nuclear factorkappa B(p-NF-κB)were analyzed by immunohistochemistry staining and Western blot analysis.The expression of HMGB1 protein was also detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).RESULTS:H&E staining results showed that NAS significantly reduced retinal edema and increased the number of RGCs in RIR rats.With NAS therapy,the HMGB1 and RAGE expression decreased significantly,and the activation of the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway was antagonized along with the inhibition of p-NF-κB and NLRP3 protein expression.Additionally,NAS exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing IL-1βexpression.The inhibitory of RAGE binding to HMGB1 by RAGE inhibitor FPS-ZM1 led to a significant decrease of p-NF-κB and NLRP3 expression,so as to the IL-1βexpression and retinal edema,accompanied by an increase of RGCs in RIR rats.CONCLUSION:NAS may exhibit a neuroprotective effect against RIR via the HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB signaling pathway,which may be a useful therapeutic target for retinal disease.

Lysophosphatidic acid induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB in Panc-1 cells by mobilizing cytosolic free calcium

AIM: To clarify whether Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) activates the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Panc-1, a human pancreatic cancer cell line, was used throughout the study. The expression of LPA receptors was confirmed by reverse-transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cytosolic free calcium was measured by fluorescent calcium indicator fura-2, and the localization of NF-κB was visualized by immunofluorescent method with or without various agents, which effect cell signaling. RESULTS: Panc-1 expressed LPA receptors, LPA1, LPA2 and LPA3. LPA caused the elevation of cytosolic free calcium dose-dependently. LPA also caused the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Cytosolic free calcium was attenuated by pertussis toxin (PTX) and U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C. The translocation of NF-κB was similarly attenuated by PTX and U73122, but phorbol ester, an activator of protein kinase C, alone did not translocate NF-κB. Furthermore, the translocation of NF-κB was completely blocked by Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM. Thapsigargin, an endoplasmic- reticulum Ca2+-ATPase pump inhibitor, also promoted the translocation of NF-κB. Staurosporine, a proteinkinase C inhibitor, attenuated translocation of NF-κB induced by LPA. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that protein kinase C is activated endogenously in Panc-1, and protein kinase C is essential for activating NF-κB with cytosolic calcium and that LPA induces the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in Panc-1 by mobilizing cytosolic free calcium.

Clinical significance of SQSTM1/P62 and nuclear factor-κB expression in pancreatic carcinoma

BACKGROUND Overexpression of SQSTM1(sequestosome 1,P62)and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of a variety of malignant tumors.AIM To explore the expression of P62 and NF-κB in pancreatic cancer and their relationship with clinicopathological features.METHODS The expression levels of P62 and NF-κB were analyzed by immunohistochemistry with a tissue chip containing 40 cases of human pancreatic carcinoma.Then we analyzed the correlation among P62 expression,phospho-P65 expression,and clinicopathological features of pancreatic carcinoma samples.RESULTS P62 expression was mainly observed in the cytoplasm of pancreatic carcinoma cells.Phosphorylated P65(phospho-P65)was mainly expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of pancreatic carcinoma cells.There was a significant difference in P62 expression among T stages.And a significant difference in phosphor-P65 expression among pathology types was noted.In the cases with strongly positive P62 expression,significant differences were found in age.And there were significant differences in T stage and tumor-node-metastasis stage in the cases with strongly positive phosphor-P65 expression.CONCLUSION In pancreatic carcinoma,P62 expression is significantly correlated with T stage.It may be a valuable malignant indicator for human pancreatic carcinoma.

IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2在结直肠癌中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨核因子κb激酶亚基ε的抑制剂(IKBKE)、Yes相关蛋白1(YAP1)和转录增强结构域转录因子2(TEAD2)在结直肠癌(CRC)组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法收集2016年1月至2017年12月在蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院手术切除的142例CRC组织及对应癌旁组织,采用免疫组化法检测标本中IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2的表达情况。分析3种蛋白在CRC组织中表达的相关性,分析蛋白阳性率与患者临床病理参数及预后的关系;绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,比较这些蛋白不同表达情况患者的生存差异。采用Cox回归分析影响患者预后的危险因素。结果CRC组织中IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2的阳性率均显著高于癌旁组织(65.5%比9.9%,73.9%比14.1%,66.9%比8.5%,均P<0.05)。IKBKE的表达与肿瘤的分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、肿瘤-淋巴结-远处转移(TNM)分期有关,YAP1和TEAD2的表达均与肿瘤的分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、远处转移及TNM分期有关。Spearman秩相关分析显示CRC组织中IKBKE与YAP1、TEAD2表达均呈正相关(均P<0.01)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2阳性表达组的总生存率降低。Cox回归分析显示IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2阳性、肿瘤分化程度高、TNM分期高是CRC患者预后的独立危险因素。结论CRC中IKBKE、YAP1和TEAD2阳性表达与肿瘤的分化程度、TNM分期、转移等因素有关,可能成为CRC治疗的潜在靶点;检测这3个蛋白的表达有助于评估预后。

Role of post-translational modifications of HTLV-1 Tax in NF-κB activation

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1(HTLV-1),the first human retrovirus discovered,is the etiological agent of adult-T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.The HTLV-1 encoded Tax protein is a potent oncoprotein that deregulates gene expression by constitutively activating nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB).Tax activation of NF-κB is critical for the immortalization and survival of HTLV-1-infected T cells.In this review,we summarize the present knowledge on mechanisms underlying Tax-mediated NF-κB activation,with an emphasis on post-translational modifications of Tax.

Rhamnus crenata leaf extracts exhibit anti-inflammatory activity via modulating the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways

Objective:To elucidate the potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Rhamnus crenata leaf extracts using RAW264.7 cells.Methods:We used 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay to measure cell viability.Nitric oxide(NO)production was measured using Griess reagent.Western blotting and RT-PCR assays were carried out for analyzing the protein and gene expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators,respectively.Moreover,PD98059(ERK1/2 inhibitor),SB203580(p38 inhibitor),SP600125(JNK inhibitor),and BAY11-7082(NF-κB inhibitor)were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Rhamnus crenata leaf extract.Results:Rhamnus crenata leaf extracts significantly inhibited the production of the pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO,iNOS,COX-2,IL-1β,and TNF-αin lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.Rhamnus crenata leaf extracts also suppressed LPS-induced degradation of IκB-αand nuclear accumulation of p65,which resulted in the inhibition of NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 cells.Additionally,the extracts attenuated the phosphorylation of p38,ERK1/2,and JNK in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.Moreover,HO-1 expression induced by Rhamnus crenata leaf extracts was significantly downregulated by SB230580,PD98059,SP600125 and BAY11-7082.Conclusions:Rhamnus crenata leaf extract may upregulate HO-1 expression through inhibition of p38,ERK1/2,and NF-κB activation,which may contribute to the anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts.Rhamnus crenata leaf extracts may have great potential for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs to treat acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.

Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-2 is involved in IL-18-induced NF-κB activation

objective: To investigate whether interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-2 (IRAK-2) is involved in interleukin-18 (IL-18)-induced nuclear factor- κ B (NF-κ B) activation. Methods: Phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) was designed antisense to sequences of IRAK-2. Antisense IRAK-2 ODN was delivered by lipofectin encapsulation into cultured HepG2 cells. IRAK-2 mRNA expression was assayed by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR. The levels of NF- K B were measured by sandwich ELISA. Results: Antisense IRAK-2 ODN blocked IRAK -2expression. IL-18 activated NT- K B and the A value increased from a basal level of 0.115±0.004 to 2.141 ±0.038. Antisense IRAK-2 ODN inhibited IL-18-induced NT- K B activation in a dose (1-8μg )-dependent fashion. When the cells were treated with 4μg antisense IRAK-2 ODN for 8 h, a maximum inhibition of 45.4% was induced as shown by the reduction of the OD value from a control level of 2.141±0.038 down to 1.168±0.026. Conclusion: IRAK-2 can regulate IL-18-stimulated NF- K B activation.

Maraviroc promotes recovery from traumatic brain injury in mice by suppression of neuroinflammation and activation of neurotoxic reactive astrocytes

Neuroinflammation and the NACHT,LRR,and PYD domains-containing protein 3 inflammasome play crucial roles in secondary tissue damage following an initial insult in patients with traumatic brain injury(TBI).Maraviroc,a C-C chemokine receptor type 5 antagonist,has been viewed as a new therapeutic strategy for many neuroinflammatory diseases.We studied the effect of maraviroc on TBI-induced neuroinflammation.A moderate-TBI mouse model was subjected to a controlled cortical impact device.Maraviroc or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour after TBI and then once per day for 3 consecutive days.Western blot,immunohistochemistry,and TUNEL(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling)analyses were performed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of maraviroc at 3 days post-TBI.Our results suggest that maraviroc administration reduced NACHT,LRR,and PYD domains-containing protein 3 inflammasome activation,modulated microglial polarization from M1 to M2,decreased neutrophil and macrophage infiltration,and inhibited the release of inflammatory factors after TBI.Moreover,maraviroc treatment decreased the activation of neurotoxic reactive astrocytes,which,in turn,exacerbated neuronal cell death.Additionally,we confirmed the neuroprotective effect of maraviroc using the modified neurological severity score,rotarod test,Morris water maze test,and lesion volume measurements.In summary,our findings indicate that maraviroc might be a desirable pharmacotherapeutic strategy for TBI,and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 might be a promising pharmacotherapeutic target to improve recovery after TBI.

围绝经期女性外周血OSTF1、OPG/RANKL对骨质疏松症的预测价值

目的探讨围绝经期女性外周血破骨细胞刺激因子1(OSTF1)、护骨素(OPG)/核因子-κB受体活化因子配基(RANKL)对骨质疏松症的预测价值。方法选择2021年3月至2023年1月河北省妇幼保健中心收治的165例围绝经期骨质疏松症患者为疾病组,并纳入同期120例围绝经期骨密度正常的健康志愿者为对照组。采用Pearson相关分析外周血OSTF1、OPG/RANKL与骨密度的相关性,并收集基线资料,采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析骨质疏松症发生的影响因素,并使用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析外周血OSTF1、OPG/RANKL对骨质疏松症的预测价值。结果疾病组患者血清OSTF1、RANKL水平明显高于对照组,血清OPG水平、OPG/RANKL明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。疾病组患者整体骨密度、腰椎骨密度和T值明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,OSTF1、OPG/RANKL、OPG、整体骨密度、腰椎骨密度、T值和RANKL是骨质疏松症发生的影响因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示:血清OSTF1预测骨质疏松症发生的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.772(95%CI:0.705~0.843);OPG/RANKL的AUC为0.616(95%CI:0.531~0.699);2项联合的AUC为0.906(95%CI:0.864~0.952)。结论围绝经期女性外周血OSTF1、OPG/RANKL异常表达,OSTF1和OPG/RANKL可应用于骨质疏松症预测,值得临床进一步研究并推广。

加味真武汤对慢性肾衰竭大鼠ASK1/MAPK/NF-κB信号通路及肾纤维化的影响

目的:探讨加味真武汤对慢性肾衰竭大鼠细胞凋亡信号调节激酶1(ASK1)/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)/核转录因子NF-κB(NF-κB)信号通路及肾纤维化的影响。方法:60只Wistar雄性大鼠分为对照组、模型组、阳性药组(卡托普利,5mg/kg)、加味真武汤低剂量组(0.245g/kg)、加味真武汤高剂量组(0.98g/kg),每组20只。除正常组外,其余各组大鼠建立慢性肾衰竭模型,分组给予相应药物处理后,全自动生化分析仪检测血清中尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)水平;采用ELISA法检测血清转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)水平;苏木精-伊红染色(HE)染色观察大鼠肾组织病理生理变化;Western blot法进行肾组织ASK1/MAPK/NF-κB信号通路蛋白检测。结果:与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠生活质量较差,肾组织出现肾小球硬化、其周围组织纤维化、肾间质大量炎性细胞浸润等病变,血清中BUN、SCr、TGF-β1、MCP-1表达水平及肾组织中ASK1、p-MAPK、p-NF-κB蛋白表达水平显著上升(P<0.05);给药治疗后,低剂量组、阳性药组、高剂量组较模型组大鼠生活质量及肾组织病理症状均有所改善,且高剂量组效果最明显,血清中BUN、SCr、TGF-β1、MCP-1表达水平及肾组织中ASK1、p-MAPK、p-NF-κB蛋白表达水平依次下降(P<0.05)。结论:加味真武汤可抑制ASK1活性,降低MAPK、NF-κB蛋白磷酸化水平,减轻肾组织炎症损伤,减缓肾组织纤维化进程,本研究可为加味真武汤的临床应用提供理论参考。

芝麻酚通过AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB信号通路调控食管鳞状细胞癌Eca109细胞的自噬和凋亡

目的:探讨芝麻酚(SEM)通过腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)/沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)/核因子κB(NF-κB)通路影响食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)Eca109细胞自噬和凋亡的机制。方法:用不同浓度的SEM(0、1.5625、3.125、6.25、12.5、25、50、100、200、400μmol/L)分别处理Eca109细胞、人食管上皮细胞HEEpiC 48 h,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖率,筛选适宜的SEM浓度用于后续实验。将Eca109细胞分为对照组(CK组,0μmol/L)、低剂量SEM组(SEM-L组,25μmol/L)、中剂量SEM组(SEM-M组,50μmol/L)、高剂量SEM组(SEM-H组,100μmol/L)、高剂量SEM+Compound C(AMPK抑制剂)组(SEM-H+Compound C组,100μmol/L+10μmol/L),所有各组Eca109细胞在对应的药物浓度下处理48 h后,CCK-8法检测Eca109细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,透射电镜观察Eca109细胞内自噬小体,WB法检测Eca109细胞中微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、Beclin-1、B淋巴细胞瘤2(Bcl2)、Bcl2相关X蛋白(BAX)、p-AMPK、SIRT1、p-NF-κB p65的表达。结果:通过预实验选择SEM实验浓度为25、50、100μmol/L用于正式研究。在SEM处理下,与CK组比较,SEM-L组、SEM-M组、SEM-H组Eca109细胞的增殖水平(24、48 h)和Bcl2、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达均显著降低,细胞凋亡率和自噬小体数量、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、Beclin-1、BAX、p-AMPK、SIRT1蛋白表达显著升高,且呈剂量依赖性(均P<0.05);与SEM-H组比较,SEM-H+Compound C组Eca109细胞增殖水平(24、48 h)和Bcl2、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达均显著升高,细胞凋亡率和自噬小体数量、LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、Beclin-1、BAX、p-AMPK、SIRT1蛋白表达均显著降低(均P<0.05)。结论:SEM可能通过激活AMPK/SIRT1信号通路而抑制NF-κB活性来促进Eca109细胞自噬与凋亡。

Helicobacter pylori tumor necrosis factor-α inducing protein promotes cytokine expression via nuclear factor-κB

AIM:To study the effects of Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori)tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF)inducing protein (Tip-α)on cytokine expression and its mechanism. METHODS:We cloned Tip-αfrom the H.pylori strain 26695,transformed Escherichia coli with an expression plasmid,and then confirmed the expression product by Western blotting.Using different concentrations of Tip-αthat affected SGC7901 and GES-1 cells at different times,we assessed cytokine levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.We blocked SGC7901 cells with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate(PDTC),a specific inhibitor of nuclear factorκB(NF-κB).We then detected interleukin(IL)-1βand TNF-αlevels in SGC7901 cells. RESULTS:Western blot analysis using an anti-Tip-α antibody revealed a 23-kDa protein,which indicated that recombinant Tip-αprotein was recombined successfully.The levels of IL-1β,IL-8 and TNF-αwere sig-nificantly higher following Tip-αinterference,whether GES-1 cells or SGC-7901 cells were used(P<0.05).However,the levels of cytokines(including IL-1β,IL-8 and TNF-α)secreted by SGC-7901 cells were greater than those secreted by GES-1 cells following treatment with Tip-αat the same concentration and for the same duration(P<0.05).After blocking NF-κB with PDTC, the cells(GES-1 cells and SGC-7901 cells)underwent interference with Tip-α.We found that IL-1βand TNF-αlevels were significantly decreased compared to cells that only underwent Tip-αinterference(P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Tip-αplays an important role in cyto-kine expression through NF-κB.

Sphingosine kinase 1 dependent protein kinase C-δ activation plays an important role in acute liver failure in mice

AIM: To investigate the role of protein kinase C(PKC)-δ activation in the pathogenesis of acute liver failure(ALF) in a well-characterized mouse model of D-galactosamine(D-Gal N)/lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced ALF.METHODS: BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to five groups, and ALF was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of D-Ga IN(600 mg/kg) and LPS(10 μg/kg). Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) levels at different time points within one week were determined using a multiparameteric analyzer. Serum levels of high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1), tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 as well as nuclear factor(NF)-κB activity were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hepatic morphological changes at 36 h after ALF induction were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Expression of PKC-δ in liver tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) was analyzed by Western blot.RESULTS: The expression and activation of PKC-δ were up-regulated in liver tissue and PBMCs of mice with D-Gal N/LPS-induced ALF. Inhibition of PKC-δ activation with rottlerin significantly increased the survival rates and decreased serum ALT/AST levels at 6, 12 and 24 h compared with the control group(P < 0.001). Rottlerin treatment also significantly decreased serum levels of HMGB1 at 6, 12, and 24 h, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1 β at 12 h compared with the control group(P < 0.01). The inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis in liver tissue were also decreased in the rottlerin treatment group. Furthermore, sphingosine kinase 1(Sph K1) dependent PKC-δ activation played an important role in promoting NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production in ALF.CONCLUSION: Sph K1 dependent PKC-δ activation plays an important role in promoting NF-κB activation and inflammatory response in ALF, and inhibition of PKC-δ activation might be a potential therapeutic strategy for this disease.

3D-QSAR and action mechanism of potential dual inhibitors towards AP-1 and NF-κB

Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship （3D-QSAR） and docking studies of a series of novel dioxopyrrolinyl-amino-pyrimidine derivatives, which are potential dual inhibitors mediating a transcriptional activation towards protein-1 （AP-1） and nuclear factor kappa B （NF-κB）, have been carried out. The QS, AR models established by comparative molecular field analysis （CoMFA） and comparative molecular similarity index analysis （CoMSIA） show a good predictive ability with cross-validated coefficients q2 of 0.644 and 0.636, respectively. The docking result shows that there are quite lower average values of the flexible and rigid energy scores on the selected binding sites, meanwhile, it further shows that the binding sites just fall on the joint regions between AP-1 （and NF-κB） and DNA. The reason that these analogues have inhibition function towards AP-I and NF-κB is that their existence on these joint regions can effectively prevent free AP-I and NF-κB from binding to DNA. These results can offer a valuable theoretical reference to the pharmaceutical molecular design as well as the action mechanism analysis.

NF-κB Apaf-1蛋白在胃癌组织中的表达及意义

目的:探讨核转录因子-κB(Nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)和凋亡蛋白酶活化因1(Apoptotic protease activating factor-1,Apaf-1)在胃癌组织中的表达及意义,为胃癌的临床治疗开辟新思路。方法:收集50例胃癌患者的胃癌组织及其癌旁正常组织,采用免疫组化SP法检测NF-κB和Apaf-1蛋白的表达情况,分析二者与临床病理特征的关系和二者间相关性。结果:NF-κB蛋白在胃癌组织中的表达高于癌旁正常组织,而Apaf-1蛋白的表达低于癌旁组织,二者蛋白表达变化与分化程度、TNM分期、浸润深度及淋巴转移均有关(P<0.05)。相关性分析显示胃癌组织中NF-κB蛋白和Apaf-1蛋白表达为负相关(rs=-0.36,P<0.05)。结论:胃癌组织中NF-κB蛋白和Apaf-1蛋白表达异常,参与了胃癌的发生、发展,有望为胃癌的诊断及治疗提供参考。

致密斑细胞COX-2的表达及AP-1、NFκB信号通路

目的评估低盐(LS)培养对小鼠致密斑(MMDD1)细胞环氧化酶-2(COX-2)表达及核因子-κB(NF-κB)和活化蛋白-1(AP-1)活性的影响。方法经脂质体转染含NF-κB或AP-1的报告质粒,采用瞬时表达方法检测正常盐(NS)与LS培养对NF-κB和AP-1转录活性的影响。采用RT-PCR检测MMDD1细胞COX-2表达的变化,Westernblot方法检测细胞内p-p38MAPK、p-p44/42、c-Jun、c-Fos和COX-2蛋白的表达。结果LS培养促进了MMDD1细胞COX-2mRNA和蛋白表达(P<0.01)。LS培养后,p38和p44/42的磷酸化程度显著上调(P<0.01),180min后达到高峰。p38抑制剂SB-203580、p44/42抑制剂PD-98059可降低LS诱导的COX-2表达(P<0.01)。LS培养促进了c-Jun、c-Fos蛋白表达(P<0.01),激活了AP-1和NF-κB的转录活性(P<0.01)。25μmol/LNF-κB抑制剂PDTC和20μmol/LAP-1抑制剂curcumin下调了LS诱导的NF-κB、AP-1活性(P<0.01)。25μmol/LPDTC、20μmol/Lcurcumin降低了LS诱导的COX-2mRNA和蛋白表达(P<0.01)。结论LS培养可促进MMDD1细胞COX-2的表达,其作用可能与促进p38MAPK、p44/42激酶的磷酸化,增加NF-κB和AP-1的活性有关。

内皮素-1、NF-κB及AP-1对高糖诱导大鼠肾小球系膜细胞纤维连接蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨高糖(HG)对大鼠肾小球系膜细胞(GMC)表达纤维连接蛋白(FN)的影响及内皮素-1(ET-1)、NF-κB和AP-1在FN表达中的作用。方法建立高糖培养条件下的大鼠肾小球系膜细胞模型,在mRNA水平及蛋白水平检测不同条件下的ET-1和FN表达。结果(1)HG组与正常糖浓度(NG)组比较,HG组ET-1及FN的mRNA和蛋白表达显著增加(P<0.01)。(2)NG组加入ET-1(5nmol/L)后,FNmRNA及蛋白表达增加(P<0.01),加入ET-1受体拮抗剂PD142893(10μmol/L)后,HG及ET-1诱导的FNmRNA及蛋白表达均被明显抑制(P<0.01)。(3)给予NF-κB抑制剂PDTC(10μmol/L)后,HG及ET-1诱导的FNmRNA及蛋白表达均被明显抑制(P<0.01)。(4)给予JNK特异性抑制剂SP600125(10μmol/L)后,HG及ET-1诱导的FNmRNA及蛋白表达均被明显抑制(P<0.01)。结论HG增强大鼠GMC表达FN的作用通过ET-1介导,NF-κB和AP-1参与调控ET-1介导的FN表达增加。

NF-kappa B和AP-1在非小细胞肺癌中的表达

背景与目的核因子kappaB(NFkappaB)和激活蛋白1(AP1)在细胞凋亡和增生过程中所起的作用逐渐被人们所认知,在肿瘤的形成过程中也扮演着重要的角色。本研究分析了NFkappaB、AP1在非小细胞肺癌中的表达,以明确二者之间的相互关系,并进一步研究二者对周期蛋白cyclinD1和caspase3在非小细胞肺癌中表达的影响。方法应用Westernblot检测NFkappaB、AP1、cyclinD1和caspase3在非小细胞肺癌中的蛋白表达,应用RTPCR检测不同NFkappaB和AP1表达的肺癌组织中cyclinD1和caspase3的mRNA表达。应用相关分析判断NFkappaB和AP1的相关性。结果在45例非小细胞肺癌患者中,NFkappaB和AP1在肺癌组织中的表达均高于癌旁肺组织中的表达(0.6047比0.2798,P<0.01)。在NFkappaB和AP1较高表达的肺癌组织中,cyclinD1蛋白表达和mRNA表达均增加(P<0.01),而caspase3的蛋白表达和mRNA表达减少(P<0.01)。相关分析显示NFkappaB和AP1有明显的相关性(r=0.800,P<0.01)。结论NFkappaB和AP1作为转录因子可能在非小细胞肺癌的形成和发展中起重要作用。