乳岩宁方对MCF-7荷瘤裸鼠HER-2/nue蛋白表达及对生存质量的影响

目的:观察乳岩宁方对MCF-7乳腺癌荷瘤裸鼠HER-2蛋白表达及生存质量的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法:人乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7接种于裸鼠右侧胸壁第二乳垫部皮下,选取27只荷瘤成功裸鼠随机分为对照组、乳岩宁组、平消胶囊组。记录各组裸鼠饮食、体重变化情况;第18天,处死裸鼠取肿瘤,称重,计算抑瘤率;Western Blotting检测肿瘤组织中HER-2蛋白的表达。结果:乳岩宁组体重净降明显低于对照组、平消胶囊组(P<0.01);乳岩宁组和平消胶囊组裸鼠的自主活动次数明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);乳岩宁组和平消胶囊组的瘤重均低于对照组(P<0.01);乳岩宁组、平消胶囊组HER-2蛋白表达均低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论:乳岩宁方具有一定的抑瘤作用,可能通过抑制肿瘤组织中HER-2/nue基因蛋白的表达来实现的,乳岩宁方还能提高荷瘤裸鼠的体重和自主活动次数,改善生存质量。

减氮对半冬性中筋小麦产量、NUE及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

为了研究半冬性中筋小麦在减氮条件下籽粒产量、氮效率(NUE)及氮代谢关键酶活性的差异与调控效应,于2012年-2013年以半冬性中筋小麦徐麦30、保麦1号为供试品种进行池栽试验。研究表明,施用氮肥增加了穗数和粒数,扩大了小麦库容(公顷粒数),而粒重却有所下降,但穗数和粒数的增加幅度大于粒重的降低幅度,从而提高了单位面积籽粒产量。施氮量从270 kg·hm-2降至225kg·hm-2,籽粒谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性略有提升,而单株氮素积累量、花后剑叶硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、籽粒GS活性均呈下降趋势,籽粒产量有所降低,但差异未达显著水平。减氮影响了植株对氮素的吸收,对氮肥表观利用率(RE)有降低效应,但增强了氮肥偏生产力(PFP)和氮素生理效率(PE),对NHI影响较小。在兼顾生产成本、生态和效益的条件下,将氮肥用量从270 kg·hm-2减少至225 kg·hm-2,更有利于半冬性中筋小麦的可持续高效生产。本研究为小麦合理施氮及提高氮肥利用效率提供科学依据。

浸灰酶NUE在制革上的应用

浸灰酶ＮＵＥ是一种碱性水解蛋白酶，可用作脱毛／浸灰助剂；使用后可提高浸灰效率和成革质量、增加得革率。

Effect of Nitrogen Applied Before Transplanting on NUE in Rice

Nitrogen （N） application before transplanting, where N fertilizers are applied in seedling-bed and carried to the paddy field with seedlings, is a novel method proposed in this article aiming for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency （NUE） in rice. The effect of this method on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil was investigated in a field experiment with a japonica variety, Ningjing 2, in seasons of 2004 and 2005. There were four levels of N applied 16 h before transplanting： zero N （NO）, 207 kg ha^-1 （NL）, 310.5 kg ha^-1 （NM）, and 414 kg ha^-1 （NH）. The result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect of increasing mineral N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice. Generally, N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice tended to increase with the amount of N fertilizer before transplanting, with the NH treatment having the largest effect. Additionally, N fertilizer before transplanting had significant influence on rice NUE and grain yield. Compared with other treatments, the NM treatment showed the largest influence, with basal-tillering NUE, total NUE, and grain yield being 15%, 12%, and 529.5 kg ha^-1 higher than those of NO treatment. This result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil of rice, thus improving NUE and grain yield.

Genome-wide association study of seedling nitrogen-use efficiency-associated traits in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Nitrogen(N)fertilizer application is essential for crop-plant growth and development.Identifying genetic loci associated with N-use efficiency(NUE)could increase wheat yields and reduce environmental pollution caused by overfertilization.We subjected a panel of 389 wheat accessions to N and chlorate(a nitrate analog)treatments to identify quantitative trait loci(QTL)controlling NUE-associated traits at the wheat seedling stage.Genotyping the panel with a 660K single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)array,we identified 397 SNPs associated with N-sensitivity index and chlorate inhibition rate.These SNPs were merged into 49 QTL,of which eight were multi-environment stable QTL and 27 were located near previously reported QTL.A set of 135 candidate genes near the 49 QTL included TaBOX(F-box family protein)and TaERF(ethylene-responsive transcription factor).A Tabox mutant was more sensitive to low-N stress than the wild-type plant.We developed two functional markers for Hap 1,the favorable allele of TaBOX.

释西周金文中的“虐”字

西周金文选钟乙“虣(暴)虐”之“虐”写作“”,从卜、虎会意,表示以兵杖搏虎,为“虐”之初文。“(虐)”字的造字意图与“虣”字之表示以戈钺搏虎相类,对应的词也意义相近,故文献中常见“虣(暴)虐”连言。■盨铭文“虐”所从“匕”、《说文》“虐”篆文所从“爪”,均为“卜”形之讹变。《说文》对“虐”字形、字义的说解,以及目前学术界将“虐”字追溯至甲骨文从虎抓人形之字的主流意见,均不可靠。西周金文霸姬盘中的“”字也应释为“虐”,读为“效”,义为致送。

浙江省农地规模化的空间潜力与减氮增效研究

我国农业以小农经营为主,为解决浙江省细碎化经营带来的收益和资源利用效率低、面源污染严重等问题,本研究通过分析浙江耕地分布格局,量化浙江农地规模化潜力和空间优化路径,结合农田氮平衡和成本收益分析,评估农地规模化对浙江农业生产和环境效应的影响。结果表明:浙江耕地平均田块面积为0.4 hm^(2),面积低于0.6 hm^(2)的耕地占70%。通过土地整理,73%的耕地连片面积在16 hm^(2)以上。耕地连片规模化经营可以使氮肥投入减少53%,促进氮素利用效率从38%增加至56%。农业劳动力需求从每公顷4人减少至1人,农业投入成本降低77%,劳动力农业年均收入可提高9 457元。浙江省推动实施农地规模化具备良好的资源条件,在全省范围内推行有助于发挥农业生产提质增效和环境资源保护作用。政府应当加强政策引导、加大财政支持、推动农业转型,以农地规模化提升浙江农业可持续发展潜力。

Patterns and driving factors of WUE and NUE in natural forest ecosystems along the North-South Transect of Eastern China

From July 2008 to August 2008, 72 leaf samples from 22 species and 81 soil samples in the nine natural forest ecosystems were collected, from north to south along the North-South Transect of Eastern China （NSTEC）. Based on these samples, we studied the geographical distribution patterns of vegetable water use efficiency （WUE） and nitrogen use efficiency （NUE）, and analyzed their relationship with environmental factors. The vegetable WUE and NUE were calculated through the measurement of foliar δ 13C and C/N of predominant species, respectively. The results showed： （1） vegetable WUE, ranging from 2.13 to 28.67 mg C g-1 H2O, increased linearly from south to north in the representative forest ecosystems along the NSTEC, while vegetable NUE showed an opposite trend, increasing from north to south, ranging from 12.92 to 29.60 g C g-1 N. （2） Vegetable WUE and NUE were dominantly driven by climate and significantly affected by soil nutrient factors. Based on multiple stepwise regression analysis, mean annual temperature, soil phosphorus concentration, and soil nitrogen concentration were responding for 75.5% of the variations of WUE （p0.001）. While, mean annual precipitation and soil phosphorus concentration could explain 65.7% of the change in vegetable NUE （p0.001）. Moreover, vegetable WUE and NUE would also be seriously influenced by atmospheric nitrogen deposition in nitrogen saturated ecosystems. （3） There was a significant trade-off relationship between vegetable WUE and NUE in the typical forest ecosystems along the NSTEC （p0.001）, indicating a balanced strategy for vegetation in resource utilization in natural forest ecosystems along the NSTEC. This study suggests that global change would impact the resource use efficiency of forest ecosystems. However, vegetation could adapt to those changes by increasing the use efficiency of shortage resource while decreasing the relatively ample one. But extreme impacts, such as heavy nitrogen deposition, would break this trade-off mechanism and give a dramatic disturbance to the ecosystem biogeochemical cycle.

HER-2/nue蛋白和EGFR与胃癌临床病理及预后的相关性研究

目的探讨HER-2/nue蛋白和表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)在胃癌组织中的表达,并探讨其与胃癌病理及预后的相关性。方法选取2013年1月至2016年10月间湖北省松滋市人民医院收治的73例行胃癌切除术的胃癌患者为观察组,另选取同期70例胃黏膜组织正常者为对照组,采用免疫组织化学法检测HER-2nue蛋白和EGFR蛋白在两组受试者组织标本中的表达,分析两种蛋白的表达水平与临床病理的相关性。结果 HER-2/nue蛋白和EGFR在胃癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为22(30.1%)和29(39.7%),而两者在胃黏膜正常组织中的表达率均为0.0%,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。HER-2/nue蛋白和EGFR表达与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤部位、直径及分化程度无相关性(P>0.05),与浸润深度、有无淋巴结转移、远处转移及临床TNM分期有相关性(P<0.05)。HER-2/nue蛋白与EGFR表达阳性患者的中位生存时间分别为10.1个月和11.0个月,HER-2/nue蛋白与EGFR表达阴性患者的中位生存时间分别为64.5个月和65.2个月,两者中位生存时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 HER-2/nue蛋白和EGFR在胃癌组织中的表达可作为胃癌诊断评估的重要参考指标。

生物炭与根际促生菌对辣椒氮素利用率、产量及土壤氮转化的影响

采用大棚划区试验,设置不施氮肥处理(CK),不施氮条件下施用生物炭和根际促生菌处理(PB),常规施氮处理(NN),常规施氮条件下分别施入根际促生菌处理(NP)、生物炭处理(NB)、根际促生菌+生物炭配施处理(NPB),探索了生物炭与根际促生菌对辣椒氮素利用率、产量及土壤氮转化的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,施氮、生物炭、根际促生菌相关处理(NN、NP、NB、NPB)整体提高了辣椒植株的氮素累积量、产量及土壤氮转化,不施氮相关处理(PB、CK)效果相当。在施氮处理中,与NN处理相比,NB、NPB处理均增加了辣椒植株各个器官的氮素累积量,调节了土壤氮代谢酶、提高了生育前期的土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N、NH_(4)^(+)-N含量及土壤硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)、慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)的丰度,整体以NPB处理较高;NPB处理的产量、氮素利用率(NUE)最高,比NN处理分别显著提高9.13%、6.57%。相关分析结果表明,植株氮含量、产量、NUE与土壤氮组分、氮代谢酶存在显著或极显著相关关系。生物炭和根际促生菌的联合施用,可增加辣椒根际土壤中氮功能菌的增殖和调控N转化酶的活性,增加土壤氮的有效性,从而提高辣椒植株的氮含量、产量及氮素利用率。

Tiller fertility is critical for improving grain yield,photosynthesis,and nitrogen efficiency in wheat

Genetic improvement has promoted wheat’s grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)during the past decades.Therefore,the current wheat cultivars exhibit higher grain yield and NUE than previous cultivars in the Yangtze River Basin,China since the 2000s.However,the critical traits and mechanisms of the increased grain yield and NUE remain unknown.This study explores the mechanisms underlying these new cultivars’increased grain yield and NUE by studying 21 local cultivars cultivated for three growing seasons from 2016 to 2019.Significantly positive correlations were observed between grain yield and NUE in the three years.The cultivars were grouped into high(HH),medium(MM),and low(LL)grain yield and NUE groups.The HH group exhibited significantly high grain yield and NUE.High grain yield was attributed to more effective ears by high tiller fertility and greater single-spike yield by increasing post-anthesis single-stem biomass.Compared to other groups,the HH group demonstrated a longer leaf stay-green ability and a greater flag leaf photosynthetic rate after anthesis.It also showed higher N accumulation at pre-anthesis,which contributed to increasing N accumulation per stem,including stem and leaf sheath,leaf blade,and unit leaf area at pre-anthesis,and promoting N uptake efficiency,the main contribution of high NUE.Moreover,tiller fertility was positively related to N accumulation per stem,N accumulation per unit leaf area,leaf stay-green ability,and flag leaf photosynthetic rate,which indicates that improving tiller fertility promoted N uptake,leaf N accumulation,and photosynthetic ability,thereby achieving synchronous improvements in grain yield and NUE.Therefore,tiller fertility is proposed as an important kernel indicator that can be used in the breeding and management of cultivars to improve agricultural efficiency and sustainability.

Hole fertilization in the root zone facilitates maize yield and nitrogen utilization by mitigating potential N loss and improving mineral N accumulation

Reducing environmental impacts and improving N utilization are critical to ensuring food security in China.Although root-zone fertilization has been considered an effective strategy to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE),the effect of controlled-release urea (CRU) applied in conjunction with normal urea in this mode is unclear.Therefore,a 3-year field experiment was conducted using a no-N-added as a control and two fertilization modes (FF,furrow fertilization by manual trenching,i.e.,farmer fertilizer practice;HF:root-zone hole fertilization by point broadcast manually) at 210 kg N ha^(–1) (controlled-release:normal fertilizer=5:5),along with a 1-year in-situ microplot experiment.Maize yield,NUE and N loss were investigated under different fertilization modes.The results showed that compared with FF,HF improved the average yield and N recovery efficiency by 8.5 and 22.3%over three years,respectively.HF had a greater potential for application than FF treatment,which led to increases in dry matter accumulation,total N uptake,SPAD value and LAI.In addition,HF remarkably enhanced the accumulation of ^(15)N derived from fertilizer by 17.2%compared with FF,which in turn reduced the potential loss of^(15)N by 43.8%.HF increased the accumulation of N in the tillage layer of soils at harvest for potential use in the subsequent season relative to FF.Hence,HF could match the N requirement of summer maize,sustain yield,improve NUE and reduce environmental N loss simultaneously.Overall,root-zone hole fertilization with blended CRU and normal urea can represent an effective and promising practice to achieve environmental integrity and food security on the North China Plain,which deserves further application and investigation.

Nitrogen application levels based on critical nitrogen absorption regulate processing tomatoes productivity, nitrogen uptake, nitrate distributions, and root growth in Xinjiang, China

The unreasonable nitrogen(N)supply and low productivity are the main factors restricting the sustainable development of processing tomatoes.In addition,the mechanism by which the N application strategy affects root growth and nitrate distributions in processing tomatoes remains unclear.In this study,we applied four N application levels to a field(including 0(N0),200(N200),300(N300),and 400(N400)kg/hm^(2))based on the critical N absorption ratio at each growth stage(planting stage to flowering stage:22%;fruit setting stage:24%;red ripening stage:45%;and maturity stage:9%).The results indicated that N300 treatment significantly improved the aboveground dry matter(DM),yield,N uptake,and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE),while N400 treatment increased nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)^(-)-N)residue in the 20–60 cm soil layer.Temporal variations of total root dry weight(TRDW)and total root length(TRL)showed a single-peak curve.Overall,N300 treatment improved the secondary root parameter of TRDW,while N400 treatment improved the secondary root parameter of TRL.The grey correlation coefficients indicated that root dry weight density(RDWD)in the surface soil(0–20 cm)had the strongest relationship with yield,whereas root length density(RLD)in the middle soil(20–40 cm)had a strong relationship with yield.The path model indicated that N uptake is a crucial factor affecting aboveground DM,TRDW,and yield.The above results indicate that N application levels based on critical N absorption improve the production of processing tomatoes by regulating N uptake and root distribution.Furthermore,the results of this study provide a theoretical basis for precise N management.

水稻生理生化特性对氮肥的反应及与氮利用效率的关系

选用水稻氮高效基因型IR72和9311及氮低效基因型Lemont和PECOS,采用土培方法,在5个施氮量（0、0.51、1.02、1.53、2.04 g N钵-1,分别相当于0、75、150、225、300 kg Nhm-2）处理下,研究了生理生化特性对氮肥的反应及与氮效率的关系。结果表明,在幼穗分化期,氮高效基因型水稻的可溶性蛋白含量相对低,而谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性高;不同氮效率基因型间1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶（Rubisco）含量的差异不大;两种氮效率基因型间的净光合速率（Pn）在幼穗分化期差异不明显。而在齐穗期,氮低效基因型的Pn比高效基因型的低28.66%左右;氮低效基因型在两个时期的单位叶绿素光合速率（Pn/Chl）比氮高效基因型分别低18.51%和29.67%左右。在成熟期,氮高效基因型干物质积累能力强,籽粒产量高。这些结果说明氮效率不同的基因型对氮肥的生理反应差异大。相关性分析表明,低氮水平时（0-1.53gN钵-1）,GS酶活性与收获时生物量呈显著或极显著正相关;氮肥偏生产力（PFP）、氮肥农学利用率（AE）及氮素生理利用率（NUEb）分别与GS活性、Pn/Chl和齐穗期的Pn呈显著正相关,而与可溶性蛋白含量、Rubisco含量显著负相关;氮肥吸收效率（RE）与这些生理指标没有显著相关。结果表明水稻光合特征及氮代谢与水稻氮效率间存在紧密的关系,GS活性和可溶性蛋白含量对评价水稻氮肥利用率具有重要的参考价值。

阴山北麓向日葵需水规律及水氮耦合效应研究

【目的】明确向日葵需水规律,提高水氮耦合效应。【方法】采用田间小区试验,设定3个灌水量,分别为雨养W0、补灌W1(67.5 mm)和常规灌溉W2(135 mm),3个施氮水平,分别为N0(不施氮)、推荐施氮N1(135 kg/hm^(2))、过量施氮N2(270 kg/hm^(2)),研究水氮耦合对向日葵产量、耗水量、水分利用效率、肥料利用率、水氮耦合效应的影响。【结果】随着灌水量的增加向日葵的产量、耗水量和氮肥利用率也增加,随着施氮量的增加向日葵耗水量也增加,N1处理的产量和氮肥利用率显著高于N2处理;W2N1、W2N2、W1N1处理的籽实产量较高;灌水量和施氮量对向日葵籽实产量和耗水量的交互效应显著。灌水量对向日葵籽实粗脂肪量影响较小,施氮量增加向日葵籽实的粗脂肪量减少。灌水量增加籽实的不饱和脂肪酸比例增加,优化施氮可增加籽实不饱和脂肪酸量。【结论】阴山北麓向日葵适宜的施肥灌水模式为补灌量159.2~177.1 mm,施氮量166~218.3 kg/hm^(2),12叶—现蕾期是需水需肥关键期,应保证该时期水肥供应。

混合现实媒介视角下的医学叙事研究——基于《醉花窗医案》“寒疟”案

从混合现实媒介视角出发,基于晚清医家王堉《醉花窗医案》“寒疟”案的医学叙事,遵循“具身交互”“空间交互”和“情感与意识的交互”三法则,探讨实现中医核心文化沉浸式体验的传播策略。遵照“具身交互”法则,赋予文化受众者在“太阴司天”情境中对运气理论的意境化感触;建构虚实融合空间,跨时空还原王堉基于“治未病”中医价值理念而进行“常山酒防疟”临场情境;基于“情感与意识的交互”,以互动剧的形式实现文化受众者对“医者仁心”沉浸式体悟。

长期施氮和秸秆还田对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤氮素平衡的影响

在陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区,通过4年田间定位试验研究了长期施氮和秸秆还田对作物产量、氮肥利用率、0—100 cm土层无机氮残留及体系氮平衡的影响。结果显示,施氮能显著提高作物产量,小麦、玉米4年平均产量增幅分别为64.1%和48.8%,均随施氮量的增加先增加后减小。优化施肥小麦、玉米氮肥用量较农民习惯施肥分别减少了27.3%和55.6%,但连续4年作物产量没有显著降低。秸秆还田随种植年限的推移其增产效果逐渐明显。轮作体系作物累计氮肥利用率逐年升高,前8季作物达33.3%～56.6%,说明氮肥后效明显。施氮增加了0—100 cm土层无机氮残留,且NO3--N残留明显高于NH4+-N,并与年施氮量表现出显著的正相关关系,秸秆还田对无机氮残留影响不明显。体系氮平衡表明,随施氮量增加,作物累计氮素吸收先显著增加后增幅不变,而残留Nmin和表观损失均显著增加。秸秆还田措施下,作物累计氮素吸收和氮肥利用率分别增加了13.0%和26.2%,氮素表观损失和损失率均降低了22.9%,但对残留Nmin和表观残留率的影响不显著。

小麦品种氮利用效率的评价指标及其氮营养特性研究

选用 4 0个不同小麦基因型在 2个不同生态区进行田间试验 ,系统地分析了不同N利用效率指标的基因型与环境差异及其与N营养特性的关系 .结果表明 ,N收获指数在基因型间的变异相对较小 ,其余指标受品种影响较大 .N吸收效率、氮流效率受环境影响较小 ,其余指标受环境影响较大 .所有指标均受基因型和环境互作的显著影响 .氮流效率与N吸收效率、植株N生产力和土壤N生产力极显著相关 ,综合反映了植株干物质生产和N利用状况 ,可作为一个有效的N利用效率评价指标 .指出提高开花后 。

不同基因型油菜氮素利用效率的差异及其与农艺性状和氮营养性状的关系

通过田间试验对50个甘蓝型油菜基因型进行氮利用效率筛选,并将不同氮利用效率基因型在施氮(N 180kg/hm2)和不施氮(N 0 kg/hm2)条件下的农艺性状和氮营养性状作了比较研究。结果表明,50个油菜基因型的氮利用效率具有显著差异,最大相差2.5倍(施氮)和1.7倍(不施氮)。油菜的农艺性状及氮素营养性状指标均表现出一定的基因型变异,其中第一个有效分枝高度变异系数最大,超过50%,而籽粒含氮量的变异系数最小,只有6%左右。不论供氮水平高低,氮高效基因型的每角粒数,籽粒生物量,籽粒占地上部生物量的比例以及籽粒氮占地上部总氮的比例均高于氮低效基因型,第一个有效分枝高度则显著低于氮低效基因型。另外,油菜氮素利用效率与各器官含氮量、茎叶氮素累积量、果荚氮素累积量、茎叶氮占地上部氮的比例和果荚氮占地上部氮的比例呈显著或极显著负相关,而不同氮效率基因型的地上部总生物量和地上部氮素累积总量则无显著差异。不同氮利用效率基因型的农艺性状和氮营养性状对氮肥的敏感性有显著差异。

不同基因型糯玉米氮素吸收利用效率的研究 Ⅰ.氮素吸收利用的基因型差异

为明确糯玉米的氮素吸收利用特性及为因种施肥和氮素高效利用提供依据,开展了同一氮素供应水平下31个糯玉米品种氮素吸收利用的基因型差异研究.结果表明,生产鲜穗、鲜子粒和成熟子粒糯玉米的氮素利用效率品种间变异范围分别为57.82～98.65、39.43～61.31和31.70～53.70 kg/kg.聚类分析指出,无论其收获产品是鲜穗、鲜子粒还是成熟子粒,均属于高产、氮素高效吸收利用的品种有6个,其百公斤鲜穗、鲜子粒及成熟子粒需氮量平均值分别为1.244、1.884和2.091kg.通径分析表明,提高品种鲜穗和鲜子粒产量,改良吸氮总量起主导作用;提高成熟期子粒产量,改良吸氮总量和氮素利用效率并重.