Novel Rifle Number Recognition Based on Improved YOLO in Military Environment

Deep neural networks perform well in image recognition,object recognition,pattern analysis,and speech recog-nition.In military applications,deep neural networks can detect equipment and recognize objects.In military equipment,it is necessary to detect and recognize rifle management,which is an important piece of equipment,using deep neural networks.There have been no previous studies on the detection of real rifle numbers using real rifle image datasets.In this study,we propose a method for detecting and recognizing rifle numbers when rifle image data are insufficient.The proposed method was designed to improve the recognition rate of a specific dataset using data fusion and transfer learningmethods.In the proposed method,real rifle images and existing digit images are fusedas trainingdata,andthe final layer is transferredto theYolov5 algorithmmodel.The detectionand recognition performance of rifle numbers was improved and analyzed using rifle image and numerical datasets.We used actual rifle image data(K-2 rifle)and numeric image datasets,as an experimental environment.TensorFlow was used as the machine learning library.Experimental results show that the proposed method maintains 84.42% accuracy,73.54% precision,81.81% recall,and 77.46% F1-score in detecting and recognizing rifle numbers.The proposed method is effective in detecting rifle numbers.

GHz photon-number resolving detection with high detection efficiency and low noise by ultra-narrowband interference circuits

We demonstrate the photon-number resolution(PNR)capability of a 1.25 GHz gated InGaAs single-photon avalanche photodiode(APD)that is equipped with a simple,low-distortion ultra-narrowband interference circuit for the rejection of its background capacitive response.Through discriminating the avalanche current amplitude,we are able to resolve up to four detected photons in a single detection gate with a detection efficiency as high as 45%.The PNR capability is limited by the avalanche current saturation,and can be increased to five photons at a lower detection efficiency of 34%.The PNR capability,combined with high efficiency and low noise,will find applications in quantum information processing technique based on photonic qubits.

Automatic Team Assignment and Jersey Number Recognition in Football Videos

Football is one of the most-watched sports,but analyzing players’per-formance is currently difficult and labor intensive.Performance analysis is done manually,which means that someone must watch video recordings and then log each player’s performance.This includes the number of passes and shots taken by each player,the location of the action,and whether or not the play had a successful outcome.Due to the time-consuming nature of manual analyses,interest in automatic analysis tools is high despite the many interdependent phases involved,such as pitch segmentation,player and ball detection,assigning players to their teams,identifying individual players,activity recognition,etc.This paper proposes a system for developing an automatic video analysis tool for sports.The proposed system is the first to integrate multiple phases,such as segmenting the field,detecting the players and the ball,assigning players to their teams,and iden-tifying players’jersey numbers.In team assignment,this research employed unsu-pervised learning based on convolutional autoencoders(CAEs)to learn discriminative latent representations and minimize the latent embedding distance between the players on the same team while simultaneously maximizing the dis-tance between those on opposing teams.This paper also created a highly accurate approach for the real-time detection of the ball.Furthermore,it also addressed the lack of jersey number datasets by creating a new dataset with more than 6,500 images for numbers ranging from 0 to 99.Since achieving a high perfor-mance in deep learning requires a large training set,and the collected dataset was not enough,this research utilized transfer learning(TL)to first pretrain the jersey number detection model on another large dataset and then fine-tune it on the target dataset to increase the accuracy.To test the proposed system,this paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of its individual stages as well as of the sys-tem as a whole.

Photon number resolvability of multi-pixel superconducting nanowire single photon detectors using a single flux quantum circuit

Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors(SNSPDs) are typical switching devices capable of detecting single photons with almost 100% detection efficiency. However, they cannot determine the exact number of incident photons during a detection event. Multi-pixel SNSPDs employing multiple read-out channels can provide photon number resolvability(PNR), but they require increased cooling power and costly multi-channel electronic systems. In this work, a single-flux quantum(SFQ) circuit is employed, and PNR based on multi-pixel SNSPDs is successfully demonstrated. A multi-input magnetically coupled DC/SFQ converter(MMD2 Q) circuit with a mutual inductance M is used to combine and record signals from a multi-pixel SNSPD device. The designed circuit is capable of discriminating the amplitude of the combined signals in accuracy of Φ_(0)/M with Φ_(0) being a single magnetic flux quantum. By employing the MMD2 Q circuit,the discrimination of up to 40 photons can be simulated. A 4-parallel-input MMD2 Q circuit is fabricated, and a PNR of3 is successfully demonstrated for an SNSPD array with one channel reserved for the functional verification. The results confirm that an MMD2 Q circuit is an effective tool for implementing PNR with multi-pixel SNSPDs.

Decrement of Sugar Consumption in Rice Young Panicle Under High Temperature Aggravates Spikelet Number Reduction

Two rice genotypes Huanghuazhan(HHZ, heat-resistant) and IR36(heat-susceptible) were subjected to high-temperature(HT, 40℃) and normal-temperature(NT, 32℃) treatments at the spikelet differentiation stage. HT treatment inhibited spikelet differentiation, aggravated spikelet degeneration, reduced spikelet size, and disordered carbohydrate allocation. Meanwhile, HT treatment increased nonstructural carbohydrate content in leaves, but decreased that in stems and young panicles, and the same tendencies of sucrose and starch contents were observed in leaves and stem. However, HT treatment significantly increased the sucrose content and sharply decreased the glucose and fructose contents in young panicles. Lower activity levels of soluble acid invertase(EC3.2.1.26) and sucrose synthase(EC2.4.1.13) were observed under HT treatment. Moreover, HT treatment reduced the activities of key enzymes associated with glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which indicated sucrose consumption was inhibited in young panicles under HT treatment. Exogenous glucose and fructose applied under HT treatment increased the spikelet number more than exogenous sucrose. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the reduction of spikelet number under high temperature was more affected by the decrease in sugar consumption than the blocking of sucrose transport. The impairment of sucrose hydrolysis was the main reason for the inhibition of sugar utilization.

On two distinct Reynolds number regimes of a turbulent square jet

The effects of Reynolds number on both large-scale and small-scale turbulence properties are investigated in a square jet issuing from a square pipe. The detailed velocity fields were measured at five different exit Reynolds numbers of 8 × 10^3 〈 Re 〈 5 × 10^4. It is found that both large-scale properties （e.g,, rates of mean velocity decay and spread） and small-scale properties （e.g., the dimensionless dissipation rate constant A = εL/（u^2）^3/2） are dependent on Re for Re ≤ 3 ×10^4 or Reλ ≤ 190, but virtually become Re-independent with increasing Re or Reλ. In addition, for Reλ 〉 190, the value ofA = εL/（u^2）^3/2 in the present square jet converges to 0.5, which is consistent with the observation in direct numerical simulations of box turbulence, but lower than that in circular jet, plate wake flows, and grid turbulence. The discrepancies in critical Reynolds number and A = εL/（u^2）^3/2 among different turbulent flows most likely result from the flow type and initial conditions.

Including Planet 9 in the Solar System Increases the Coherence between the Sunspot Number Record and Solar Inertial Motion

The Sun would be subject to a significant variation of orbital motion about the solar system barycentre if a small planet is orbiting at a very large distance. This paper assesses if the Planet 9 hypothesis, the existence of a ninth planet, is consistent with the planetary hypothesis: the synchronisation of sunspot emergence to solar inertial motion (SIM) induced by the planets. We show that SIM would be profoundly affected if Planet 9 exists and that the hypothesised effect of SIM on sunspot emergence would be radically different from the effect of SIM due to the existing eight planets. We compare the frequency and time variation of Sun to barycentre distance, RB, calculated for both the eight and nine planet systems, with the frequency and time variation of sunspot number (SSN). We show that including Planet 9 improves the coherence between RB and SSN in the decadal, centennial and millennial time range. Additionally, as the variation of RB is sensitive to the longitude and period of Planet 9, it is possible to adjust both parameters to fit the variation of RB to the SSN record and obtain new estimates of the period and present longitude of Planet 9. Finally, we develop the hypothesis that planetary induced solar acceleration reduces meridional flow and consequently sunspot emergence thereby providing an explanation for the observed coincidence of grand solar minima with intervals of extreme solar acceleration.

Large-inductance superconducting microstrip photon detector enabling 10 photon-number resolution

Efficient and precise photon-number-resolving detectors are essential for optical quantum information science.Despite this,very few detectors have been able to distinguish photon numbers with both high fidelity and a large dynamic range,all while maintaining high speed and high timing precision.Superconducting nanostrip-based detectors excel at counting single photons efficiently and rapidly,but face challenges in balancing dynamic range and fidelity.Here,we have pioneered the demonstration of 10 true photon-number resolution using a superconducting microstrip detector,with readout fidelity reaching an impressive 98%and 90%for 4-photon and 6-photon events,respectively.Furthermore,our proposed dual-channel timing setup drastically reduces the amount of data acquisition by 3 orders of magnitude,allowing for real-time photon-number readout.We then demonstrate the utility of our scheme by implementing a quantum random-number generator based on sampling the parity of a coherent state,which guarantees inherent unbiasedness,robustness against experimental imperfections and environmental noise,as well as invulnerability to eavesdropping.Our solution boasts high fidelity,a large dynamic range,and real-time characterization for photon-number resolution and simplicity with respect to device structure,fabrication,and readout,which may provide a promising avenue towards optical quantum information science.

Impacts of Aggregation Methods and Trophospecies Number on the Structure and Function of Marine Food Webs

Aggregation of species with similar ecological properties is one of the effective methods to simplify food web researches.However,species aggregation will affect not only the complexity of modeling process but also the accuracy of models’outputs.Selection of aggregation methods and the number of trophospecies are the keys to study the simplification of food web.In this study,three aggregation methods,including taxonomic aggregation(TA),structural equivalence aggregation(SEA),and self-organizing maps(SOM),were analyzed and compared with the linear inverse model–Markov Chain Monte Carlo(LIM-MCMC)model.Impacts of aggregation methods and trophospecies number on food webs were evaluated based on the robustness and unitless of ecological net-work indices.Results showed that aggregation method of SEA performed better than the other two methods in estimating food web structure and function indices.The effects of aggregation methods were driven by the differences in species aggregation principles,which will alter food web structure and function through the redistribution of energy flow.According to the results of mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)which can be applied to evaluate the accuracy of the model,we found that MAPE in food web indices will increase with the reducing trophospecies number,and MAPE in food web function indices were smaller and more stable than those in food web structure indices.Therefore,trade-off between simplifying food webs and reflecting the status of ecosystem should be con-sidered in food web studies.These findings highlight the importance of aggregation methods and trophospecies number in the analy-sis of food web simplification.This study provided a framework to explore the extent to which food web models are affected by dif-ferent species aggregation,and will provide scientific basis for the construction of food webs.

The first factor affecting dryland winter wheat grain yield under various mulching measures: Spike number

Water is the key factor limiting dryland wheat grain yield.Mulching affects crop yield and yield components by affecting soil moisture.Further research is needed to determine the relationships between yield components and soil moisture with yield,and to identify the most important factor affecting grain yield under various mulching measures.A long-term 9-yearifeld experiment in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China was carried out with three treatments:no mulch (CK),plastic mulch (M_(P)) and straw mulch (M_(S)).Yield factors and soil moisture were measured,and the relationships between them were explored by correlation analysis,structural equation modeling and significance analysis.The results showed that compared with CK,the average grain yields of M_(P) and M_(S) increased by 13.0and 10.6%,respectively.The average annual grain yield of the M_(P) treatment was 134 kg ha^(–1) higher than the M_(S) treatment.There were no significant differences in yield components among the three treatments (P<0.05).Soil water storage of the M_(S) treatment was greater than the M_(P) treatment,although the differences were not statistically signifiant.Soil water storage during the summer fallow period (SWSSF) and soil water storage before sowing (SWSS) of M_(S) were significantly higher than in CK,which increased by 38.5 and 13.6%,respectively.The relationship between M_(P) and CK was not statistically significant for SWSSF,but the SWSS in M_(P) was significantly higher than in CK.In terms of soil water storage after harvest (SWSH) and water consumption in the growth period(ET),there were no signi?cant differences among the three treatments.Based on the three analysis methods,we found that spike number and ET were positively correlated with grain yield.However,the relative importance of spike number to yield was the greatest in the M_(P )and M_(S) treatments,while that of ET was the greatest in CK.Suifcient SWSSF could indirectly increase spike number and ET in the three treatments.Based on these results,mulch can improve yield and soil water storage.The most important factor affecting the grain yield of dryland wheat was spike number under mulching,and ET with CK.These findings may help us to understand the main factors influencing dryland wheat grain yield under mulching conditions compared to CK.

Bird specimen number linked with species trait and climate niche breadth

Biological specimens are fundamental for taxonomy and flora/fauna research.More importantly,they also play crucial roles in recording environmental impacts on morphology and behavior,which is vital for biodiversity research and conservation.However,there are few systematic studies on the patterns and drivers of bird specimen number at regional scales.This study is the first attempt to examine the relationships between bird specimen number and species traits as well as climate niche breadth in China,aiming to answer two questions:1)how do species’temperature niche breadth and precipitation niche breadth influence specimen number?2)which trait is most associated with bird specimen number?The associations between bird specimen number and explanatory variables were examined using ordinary least squares,generalized linear models,phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models,and multiple comparisons.The results showed that Muscicapidae was the family with the highest specimen number,and Passeriformes was the order with the highest specimen number.Bird specimen number significantly increased with larger temperature niche breadth and precipitation niche breadth.Specimen number was also positively associated with geographic range size,habitat specificity,hunting vulnerability and clutch size,but negatively associated with body size.These findings suggest that future bird specimen collection should pay more attention to birds with limited ecological niches,large body sizes,and small clutch sizes.This research enhances the use of bird specimen data to study and preserve biodiversity.

The Turbulent Schmidt Number for Transient Contaminant Dispersion in a Large Ventilated Room Using a Realizable k-εModel

Buildings with large open spaces in which chemicals are handled are often exposed to the risk of explosions.Computational fluid dynamics is a useful and convenient way to investigate contaminant dispersion in such large spaces.The turbulent Schmidt number(Sc_(t))concept has typically been used in this regard,and most studies have adopted a default value.We studied the concentration distribution for sulfur hexafluoride(SF_(6))assuming different emission rates and considering the effect of Sc_(t).Then we examined the same problem for a light gas by assuming hydrogen gas(H_(2))as the contaminant.When SF_(6) was considered as the contaminant gas,a variation in the emission rate completely changed the concentration distribution.When the emission rate was low,the gravitational effect did not take place.For both low and high emission rates,an increase in S_(ct) accelerated the transport rate of SF_(6).In contrast,for H_(2) as the contaminant gas,a larger S_(ct) could induce a decrease in the H_(2) transport rate.

Preliminary Identification of a Prime Number Other Than 2 and 3, the Origin of Twin Prime Numbers, the Structure of the Chain of Prime Numbers and the Set of Prime Numbers Less Than a Given Integer

The application of the Euclidean division theorem for the positive integers allowed us to establish a set which contains all the prime numbers and this set we called it set of supposedly prime numbers and we noted it Esp. We subsequently established from the previous set the set of non-prime numbers (the set of numbers belonging to this set and which are not prime) denoted Enp. We then extracted from the set of supposedly prime numbers the numbers which are not prime and the set of remaining number constitutes the set of prime numbers denoted Ep. We have deduced from the previous set, the set of prime numbers between two natural numbers. We have explained during our demonstrations the origin of the twin prime numbers and the structure of the chain of prime numbers.

How Prime Numbers Are Interconnected and Built with Two Equations: Addition and Subtraction Rules the Function (6µ)

Are all prime numbers linked by four simple functions? Can we predict when a prime will appear in a sequence of primes? If we classify primes into two groups, Group 1 for all primes that appear before ζ (such that , for instance 5, ), an even number divisible by 3 and 2, and Group 2 for all primes that are after ζ (such that , for instance 7), then we find a simple function: for each prime in each group, , where n is any natural number. If we start a sequence of primes with 5 for Group 1 and 7 for Group 2, we can attribute a μ value for each prime. The μ value can be attributed to every prime greater than 7. Thus for Group 1, and . Using this formula, all the primes appear for , where μ is any natural number.