Continuous Measurement of Number Concentrations and Elemental Composition of Aerosol Particles for a Dust Storm Event in Beijing

A continuous measurement of number size distributions and chemical composition of aerosol particles was conducted in Beijing in a dust storm event during 21-26 March 2001. The number concentration of coarse particles （ 〉2μm） increased more significantly than fine particles （ 〈2μm） during the dust storm due to dust weather, while the anthropogenic aerosols collected during the non-dust-storm period tended to be associated with fine particles. Elemental compositions were analyzed by using proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE）. The results show that 20 elements in the dust storm were much higher than in the non-dust-storm period. The calculated soil dust concentration during the dust storm was, on average, 251.8μg m^-3, while it was only 52.1μg m^-3 on non-dust-storm days. The enrichment factors for Mg, A1, P, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, C1, Cu, Pb, and Zn show small variations between the dust storm and the non-dust-storm period, while those for Ca, Ni and Cr in the dust storm were much lower than those in the non-dust-storm period due to significant local emission sources. A high concentration and enrichment factor for S were observed during the dust storm, which implies that the dust particles were contaminated by aerosol particles from anthropogenic emissions during the long-range transport. A statistical analysis shows that the elemental composition of particles collected during the dust storm in Beijing were better correlated with those of desert soil colleted from desert regions in Inner Mongolia. Air mass back-trajectory analysis further confirmed that this dust storm event could be identified as streaks of dust plumes originating from Inner Mongolia.

A METHOD OF SOLVING THE FUZZY FINITE ELEMENT EQUATIONS IN MONOSOURCE FUZZY NUMBERS

For same cases the rules of monosource fuzzy numbers con be used into the solution of fuzzy stochastic finite element equations in engineering. This method can reduce the computing quantity of the solution. It can be proved that the amount of the solution is nearly as much as that with the general stochastic finite element method (SFEM). In addition, a new method to appreciate the structural fuzzy failure probability is presented for the needs of the modem engineering design.

社区尺度斜入射波场下场地-建筑群耦合作用模拟方法

场地-城市相互作用(site-city interaction,SCI)效应会显著改变场地地震波场分布及建筑反应,基于SCI效应理论计算研究方法的发展现状,发挥谱元(spectral element,SE)法可快速高效求解三维地震波场传播和多自由度(multi-degree of freedom,MDOF)模型计算量小且可同时模拟大量建筑的优势,同时,结合频率波数域(frequency wave number analysis,FK)方法,以等效地震荷载的方式施加地震波场,建立了FK-SE-MDOF耦合方法,实现了SE-MDOF耦合模型中多种波型(P波、SV波和SH波)的斜入射输入,解决了当前三维SCI效应研究方法中未能同时考虑建筑非线性、频谱特性、地震波波型及入射角度影响的问题。首先对方法原理进行了介绍;然后,通过与振动台试验的对比,验证了方法的正确性;进而,采用该方法建立理想场地-城市建筑群相互作用耦合模型,主要探讨了入射角度和地震波波型对SCI效应的影响,得到了一些有益结论。该方法较为真实地反映SCI效应影响的同时,可反映建筑基础轮廓对地震波场的影响,适用于需考虑建筑轮廓信息的社区尺度SCI效应研究,可为城市规划、抗震设计、风险评估以及震后救援等工作提供定量指导。

化学法造纸制浆齐和环保优化研究

化学制浆法是造纸行业中广泛采用的纸浆制造工艺,其中的漂白工序传统上普遍使用元素氯进行漂白,并利用所生成的氯气作为漂白剂,这种漂白方式会产生大量有毒性的有机卤化物,包括强致癌物二噁英等。鉴于次,近年来用二氧化氯为漂白剂的无元素氯漂白工艺开始被大量引入造纸行业,作为漂白工序的替代技术。通过研究无元素氯漂白工艺各个工段的工艺特点,归纳出无元素氯漂白纸浆在技术及环境成本综合考虑基础上的合理性,从而为其作为未来一段时期内造纸企业特别是中小型企业,为符合最新产业政策和环保标准,而对传统元素氯漂白工艺进行淘汰升级的工艺路线提供科学的参考。

7元素集合上T_(0)拓扑数计算

主要借助序与拓扑交叉的方法,得出拓扑空间上的T_(0)拓扑数与偏序之间的一一对应关系,通过对极小元和极大元的个数进行分类讨论,结合Hasse图和层级配比数,进而采用纯数学的方法计算得出7元素集合上T_(0)拓扑数为7544798.

“五音”的数理体系与解乐模式

“五音”之序的调整与确定,基于“五音”的“数5-10-12”模式的调试与形成,既使得“五音”的数理体系得以确立,亦是早期中国音乐知识扩容的过程。三分损益法的先益后损、先损后益,分别得出了宫音居中、宫音居首的五音音高之序。将五音设定音数数值,以数值大小排列,皆以宫音为首。以宫为中心,月令系统中形成了“数5-10-12”模式,其模式既在数理上构成了等分结构,也在义理上构成了平衡效果,由此奠定了早期中国“算数事物”的基础。

无气离心喷涂涂料液滴流场和分布特性的数值模拟

目的探究无气体输送的无气离心喷涂法过程中涂料液滴与管道内壁面之间的相互碰撞接触作用,以在高分子涂料离心喷涂法中获得致密高强度涂料内衬层。方法将涂料液滴视为离散相,利用离散元方法和涂料液滴附着力JKR接触模型,模拟无气离心喷涂涂料液滴运动特性。通过堆积角虚拟试验确定涂料液滴与壁面表面能。基于离心场作用下涂料液滴运动方程,导出旋转喷枪射流小孔出流速度计算模型。数值模拟无气离心喷涂过程涂料液滴流体动力特性,揭示涂料液滴碰撞作用下动态喷涂成膜规律。结果统计得到涂料液滴在水平壁面展平的表面能为32.7 J/m^(2)。对于一定的喷嘴射流小孔,涂料液滴小孔出流系数接近于常数。随着计算时间的推进,壁面黏附涂料液滴数不断增加。在无气旋转喷枪II旋转速度2500 r/min下,统计单元涂料液滴数最大,并且有较大的液滴数方差和相对误差。随着喷枪旋转速度的提高,涂料液滴数的方差和相对误差降低。结论为实现沿管道壁面涂料液滴均匀分布,旋转喷枪II旋转速度建议不应低于5000 r/min。

Element analysis method of concealed explosive based on TNA

The detection technology of concealed bulk explosives is related to social security and national defense construction and has important research significance. In this paper, an element analysis method of concealed explosives based on thermal neutron analysis is proposed.This method could provide better reconstruction precision for hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen ratios, making it possible to discriminate explosives from other compounds with the same elements but different proportions, as well as to identify the types of concealed bulk explosives. In this paper, the basic principles and mathematical model of this method are first introduced, and the calculation formula of the element number ratio(the ratio between the nucleus numbers of two different elements) of the concealed explosive is deduced. Second, a numerical simulation platform of this method was established based on the Monte Carlo JMCT code. By calibrating the absorption efficiencies of the explosive device to c rays, the element number ratios of a concealed explosive model under the irradiation of thermal neutrons were reconstructed from the neutron capture prompt c-ray spectrum. The reconstruction values were in good agreement with the actual values,which shows that this method has a high reconstruction precision of the element number ratio for concealed explosives. Lastly, it was demonstrated using the simulation study that this method can discriminate explosives,drugs, and common materials, with the capability of determining the existence of concealed bulk explosives and identifying explosive types.

高速铁路多跨桥梁低频结构噪声特性研究

随着高速铁路在城市地区的日益普及和运营速度的不断加快,桥梁噪声问题已经成为一个重要问题,因为桥梁区段的噪声占高速铁路噪声的80%以上。随着列车速度的不断加快,噪声预测模型中包含的桥梁跨径数成为影响准确预测桥梁噪声的主要因素。为了解决这一问题,本文以高速列车常用的32 m简支箱梁为例,采用傅里叶级数法和三维边界元法进行建模,研究桥梁跨数对高速铁路桥梁噪声的影响。结果表明,桥梁跨数对桥梁噪声的影响很大程度上取决于观测点相对于桥梁的位置和桥梁噪声的分布。具体来说,当超过54 m和部分近场区域时,至少需要5跨桥梁才能获得更精确的桥梁总噪声。该研究有助于桥梁噪声的控制,并可为在桥梁沿线不同位置实施不同长度的降噪措施提供参考。

Effects of Roughness Elements Distribution on Overland Flow Resistance

Roughness elements are various in a mountain area; they include gravel and ground surface vegetation that often result in surface friction drag to resist overland flows. The variation and characteristics of flow resistance strongly impact the overland flow process and watershed floods. In view of the universal existence of natural vegetation, such as Chlorophytum malayense(CM) or Ophiopogon bodinieri(OB), and the sand-gravel bed of the river channel, it is important to understand the role of different types of roughness elements in flow resistance. This study was performed to investigate and compare through flume experiments the behaviors of overland flow resistance by the reaction of multi-scale configuration of different roughness elements. The result showed that the resistance coefficient gradually reduced versus the increase of flow rate in unit width and tended to be a constant when q = 3.0 l/s.m, Fr = 1.0, and Re = 4000 for slopes of 6 to 10 degrees. The gap of the vegetated rough bed and the gravel rough bed is limited to the same as the gap of the two types of vegetation, CM and OB. It was noted that the vegetation contributed to the increase in form resistance negatively and may lead to the mean resistance on decrease. To classify the flow pattern, the laminar flows were described by DarcyWeisbach's equation. In the study the f-Re equation of vegetated bed was developed with f ?5000 Re.The friction coefficient for laminar flows can be regarded as the critical value for identifying the transformation point of the flow pattern.

Analysis of ground vibrations due to underground trains by 2.5D finite/infinite element approach

The 2.5D finite/infinite element approach is adopted to study wave propagation problems caused by underground moving trains. The irregularities of the near field, including the tunnel structure and parts of the soil, are modeled by the finite elements, and the wave propagation properties of the far field extending to infinity are modeled by the infinite elements. One particular feature of the 2.5D approach is that it enables the computation of the three-dimensional response of the half-space, taking into account the load-moving effect, using only a two-dimensional profile. Although the 2.5D finite/infinite element approach shows a great advantage in studying the wave propagation caused by moving trains, attention should be given to the calculation aspects, such as the rules for mesh establishment, in order to avoid producing inaccurate or erroneous results. In this paper, some essential points for consideration in analysis are highlighted, along with techniques to enhance the speed of the calculations. All these observations should prove useful in making the 2.5D finite/infinite element approach an effective one.

PERTURBATIONAL SOLUTIONS FOR FUZZY-STOCHASTIC FINITE ELEMENT EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS (FSFEEE)

In this paper, the random interval equilibrium equations (RIEE) is obtained by lambda-level cutting the fuzzy-stochastic finite element equilibrium equations (FSFEEE). Based on the relations between the variables of equilibrium equations, solving RIEE is transformed into solving two kinds of general random equilibrium equations (GREE). Then the recursive equations of evaluating the random interval displacement is derived from the small-parameter perturbation theory. The computational formulae of statistical characteristic of the fuzzy random displacements, the fuzzy random strains and the fuzzy random stresses are also deduced in detail.

Novel high-performance element in the electromagnetic finite-element method——node-edge element

It is known in the computational electromagnetics （CEM） that the node element has a relative wellconditioned matrix, but suffers from the spurious solution problem; whereas the edge element has no spurious solutions, but usually produces an ill-conditioned matrix. Particularly, when the mesh is over dense, the iterative solution of the matrix equation from edge element converges very slowly. Based on the node element and edge element, a node-edge element is presented, which has no spurious solutions and better-conditioned matrix. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed node-edge element is more efficient than now-widely used edge element.

A Table That Produces Elements

How do elements originate, how atoms are formed, and what are the laws? According to the unified logic of “Tong Yi Lun Thought”, combined with the elements’ attributes and the atomic composition that have been discovered now, after determining that the mechanism of increasing yang in the atomic system is the increase of proton number, the Bian Zheng relationship among proton, neutron and electron determines that there are only 128 kinds of elements in the atomic system. At the same time, element atoms have corresponding logical relations when they are generated.

The Distribution of Prime Numbers and Finding the Factor of Composite Numbers without Searching

In this paper, there are 5 sections of tables represented by 5 linear sequence functions. There are two one-variable sequence functions that they are able to represent all prime numbers. The first one helps the last one to produce another three two-variable linear sequence functions. With the help of these three two-variable sequence functions, the last one, one-variable sequence function, is able to set apart all prime numbers from composite numbers. The formula shows that there are infinitely many prime numbers by applying limit to infinity. The three two-variable sequence functions help us to find the factor of all composite numbers.

基于子区域基尼匹配系数与减法集对势的水资源空间均衡评价方法

为合理评价区域水资源分布与经济社会发展的空间均衡问题,在已有方法的基础上,提出了子区域基尼匹配系数与减法集对势相结合的水资源空间均衡评价模型。以水资源总量为基础,与人口数量、第二产业GDP和耕地面积3项指标构建一一对应的匹配关系,利用洛伦兹曲线围成的单个子区域面积比来计算子区域基尼匹配系数,进而计算五元减法集对势,最终得到相应的评价等级,并对安徽省2011—2018年16个地级市的水资源空间均衡状态进行了评价。结果表明:在3组匹配关系中,空间均衡状态最好的为水资源总量-耕地面积,次之为水资源总量-人口数量,最差的一组为水资源总量-第二产业GDP;3对匹配关系空间均衡等级的多年均值表现为Ⅴ(反势)级,其中2012年和2015年的空间均衡状态最差,2018年的空间均衡状态最佳。

Non Degeneration of Fibonacci Series, Pascal’s Elements and Hex Series

Generally Fibonacci series and Lucas series are the same, they converge to golden ratio. After I read Fibonacci series, I thought, is there or are there any series which converges to golden ratio. Because of that I explored the inter relations of Fibonacci series when I was intent on Fibonacci series in my difference parallelogram. In which, I found there is no degeneration on Fibonacci series. In my thought, Pascal triangle seemed like a lower triangular matrix, so I tried to find the inverse for that. In inverse form, there is no change against original form of Pascal elements matrix. One day I played with ring magnets, which forms hexagonal shapes. Number of rings which forms Hexagonal shape gives Hex series. In this paper, I give the general formula for generating various types of Fibonacci series and its non-degeneration, how Pascal elements maintain its identities and which shapes formed by hex numbers by difference and matrices.

Effect of Hartmann Number on Free Convective Flow of MHD Fluid in a Square Cavity with a Heated Cone of Different Orientation

This paper presents the effect of magnetic field, indicated by Hartmann number (Ha), on the free convective flow of Magneto-hydro-dynamic (MHD) fluid in a square cavity with a heated cone of different orientation. Although similar studies abound, the novelty of this work lies in the presence of the heated cone, whose orientation is varied at different angles. The mathematical model includes the system of governing mass, momentum and energy equations. The system is solved by finite element method. The calculations are performed for Prandtl number Pr = 0.71;the Rayleigh number Ra = 10, 1000, 100,000;and for Hartmann number Ha = 0, 20, 50, 100. The results are illustrated with streamlines, velocity profiles and isotherms. From the results, it is found that for the present configuration, magnetic field (Hartmann number) has no effect on the shape of the streamlines for low Rayleigh numbers. However, for high values of Ra, the effect of Ha becomes quite visible. Magnetic field affects the flow by retarding the fluid movement, and thus affects convective heat transfer. At low Ra, the fluid movement and heat transfer rate are already slowing, thus impressing a magnetic field does not produce much effect. At high Ra, fluid particles move at high velocity and change the stream lines, in absence of any magnetic force. Impressing magnetic field in this situation produced noticeable effect by slowing down the fluid movement and changing the streamlines back to low Ra situations. It is noted that a combination of low Ra with zero or low Ha produces similar effects with the combination of high Ra and high Ha. It can be concluded that with increasing Ha, heat transfer mode in MHD fluid gradually changes toward conduction from convection. It can be surmised that sufficiently large Ha can potentially stop the fluid movement altogether. In that case, heat transfer would be fully by conduction.

A NEW SOLUTION TO STRUCTURAL FUZZY FINITE ELEMENT EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS (SFFEEE)

A speedy accurate solution to structural fuzzy finite element equilibrium equations (SFFEEE), by combining the definition of the solution of interval equations with the mechanical meaning of the structural finite element equilibrium equations (SFEEE), was put forward. The fuzzification of the SFFEEE, which is discussed in this paper, originates from that of material property, structural boundary conditions and external loading. The computing quantity of this solution is almost equal to that of the general finite element method (GFEM).