Numerical Simulation for Prediction of Wind Loads on Building Surfaces

The reliability of the numerical K ε model for determining wind pressure on building surfaces is evaluated. The solution algorithm is based on a body fitted non orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system and a staggered grid arrangement. The covariant velocity components are chosen as dependent variables. Convective fluxes are described by the Power Law Scheme. The grids are generated with an elliptic grid generator using control functions. The results compare favorably with those by Oxford wind tunnel measurements.

Macro Meso Response and Stress Wave Propagation Characteristics of MCT High-Voltage Switch Under Shock load

In order to study the dynamic and electrical coupling response characteristics of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Controlled Thyristor(MCT)high-voltage switch under the synergic action of mechanical load and high voltage,the separated Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)test system was used to simulate different impact load environments,and combined with the multi-layer high-voltage ceramic capacitor charging and discharging system,the instantaneous electrical signals of MCT high-voltage switch were collected.Combined with numerical simulation and theoretical analysis,the failure mode and stress wave propagation characteristics of MCT high voltage switch were determined.The mechanical and electrical coupling response characteristics and failure mechanism of MCT high voltage switch under dynamic load were revealed from macroscopic and microscopic levels.The results show that the damage modes of MCT high-voltage switches can be divided into non-functional damage,recoverable functional damage,non-recoverable damage and structural damage.Due to the gap between the metal gate and the oxide layer,the insulating oxide layer was charged.After placing for a period of time,the elastic deformation of the metal gate partially recovered and the accumulated charge disappeared,which induced the recoverable functional damage failure of the device.In addition,obvious cracks appeared on both sides of the monocrystalline silicon inside the MCT high-voltage switch,leading to unrecoverable damage of the device.

Optimal Design of the Superstructure of an Offshore Tourism Platform by Using Numerical Simulation

This paper aims to reduce the wind resistance of the self-designed offshore tourism platform by optimizing its superstructure,and a transparent shape design is finally suggested.A numerical simulation was performed to calculate the wind load on the platform to test the effect of wind resistance reduction.Two original scale models(sealed and transparent)were established in accordance with the design requirements.The numerical simulation uses the FLUENT software combined with the built-in self-compiled user-defined function(UDF).The stochastic wind was also applied on the basis of the Davenport wind spectrum.The detached eddy simulation(DES)model was used to solve the NS equation.Numerical simulation results show that the wind resistance reduction for the transparent shape model is subtle in the horizontal direction but can effectively reduce the drag force and moment in the vertical direction.Moreover,the force variation of the transparent shape model under different wind attack angles decreases,which reduces the wind load fluctuations.

Numerical modelling and simulation analysis of wind blades:a critical review

Wind energy has emerged as a promising renewable energy source and wind turbine technology has developed rapidly in recent years.Improved wind turbine performance depends heavily on the design and optimization of wind blades.This work offers a critical evaluation of the state of the art in the field of numerical modelling and simulation analysis,which have become crucial for the design and optimization of wind blades.The evaluation of the literature includes considerable research on the application of numerical methods for the structural and aerodynamic performance of wind blades under various operating situations,as well as for analysis and optimization of wind blades.The article illustrates how numerical techniques can be used to analyse wind blade performance and maximize design efficiency.The study of blade performance under various wind conditions has also been made possible through the use of simulation analysis,thus enhancing the efficiency and dependability of wind turbines.Improvements in wind turbine efficiency and dependability,and ultimately the move towards a more sustainable energy future,will be greatly helpful for the development of numerical modelling and simulation techniques.

Aerodynamic Characteristics of Isolated Loaded Tires with Different Tread Patterns: Experiment and Simulation

The current research of tire aerodynamics mainly focus on the isolated and simplified tread tire.Compared with the real complex pattern tire,the tread pattern structure and deformed profile of a loaded tire has a greatly influence on tire aerodynamic drag.However,the mechanisms of the isolated loaded tires with different tread patterns effects on the aerodynamic drag are subjects worthy of discussion.The purpose of this study is to experimentally and compu-tationally investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of three tires 185/65 R14 with different patterns under loaded.A wind tunnel test model was first established using three-dimensional(3D)printing with a ratio of 1:1,and the pres-sure coefficients C_(p) of the three tires with different patterns are measured.The paper then conducted computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations for analyzing the pressure and flow characteristics.The accuracy of CFD simulation is verified by comparing the simulation results with the test results of pressure coefficients C_(p),and they are of good consistency.While,the general analysis of pressure coefficients C_(p) results of the three tires indicates high-pressure area on the windward surface,and occurrence of low-pressure area on the leeward surface,the pressure coefficients C_(p) of all three tires decreased firstly and then increased along in the air flow direction.The authors finally analyzed the effect of tread patterns on the flow field around the tire and revealed the differences between flow characteristics and aerodynamic drag.The results show that,angle of tire lateral groove has great effect on the flow field characteristics such that;the more the angle of lateral groove agrees with the air flow direction,the less the flow separation and flow vortices,and a minimum observable aerodynamic drag.The research provides a guidance for the design of low aerodynamic drag tires,and helps to illustrate the impact of tire aerodynamics on the car body in the future.

Load Distribution Research on Pitch Bearing of Wind Turbine Generators

变桨轴承是风电机组传动与控制系统的关键部件，安装形式特殊且承受复杂的轴向、径向力和倾覆力矩等交变载荷。文中基于经典的赫兹弹性接触理论，建立了刚性套圈承受多向力和倾覆力矩的双排四点接触球变桨轴承的力学模型。在此基础上，应用弹性等理论研究套圈变形对轴承载荷分布的影响，推导轴承外载荷和滚动体接触力等载荷作用下转盘轴承内、外套圈的弯曲变形方程，联立非线性超越方程组给出了四点接触球转盘轴承分布载荷的求解方法。以某型号变桨轴承为例，分别采用刚性和柔性套圈2种模型对轴承载荷分布进行了计算和对比分析。结果表明2种模型下轴承载荷分布有显著区别，柔性套圈模型下的承载区间减小，载荷分布更加均匀，滚动体的承载能力有很大的提升。相关力学问题的研究可为变桨轴承结构设计提供必要的理论依据。

Numerical investigation of the coupled aero-hydrodynamic performances of a semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine with inclined columns

Numerical investigations of floating platforms with different outer column inclined angles under two operating conditions of regular wave and irregular wave are presented in this paper.A coupled aero-hydrodynamic computational fluid dynamics in-house solver FOWT-UALM-SJTU is applied for the calculation.First,the validation for wave and wind generation are conducted to determine mesh distribution strategy.Based on these,the hydrodynamic motion response,aerodynamic performance and wake flow are analyzed to explore the impact of inclined angle.Conduct spectral analysis on the motion response under wave action,discuss the aerodynamic attack angle and inflow wind velocity along the blade spanwise direction in detail,reveal different trends in wake development and recovery.The results show that for the regular wave condition with the increase of inclined angles,the equilibrium position of surge motion is constantly rising,while pitch is decreasing.The maximum root mean square(rms)value occurs at angle=30°,compared with the original OC4 FOWT,the rms in power and thrust increase 0.35%,0.71%.And there are two low regions of attack angle and high regions of axial inflow velocity,corresponding to aerodynamic loads.The spectral analysis indicates that the natural frequency of pitch motion will increase with inclined angle.Besides,from the middle to far region of wake flow,the velocity recovery of FOWT with inclined angle will become faster,which is beneficial for downstream turbines to enhance more wind energy.

Wind Field Flow Characteristics Analysis of T4-72 Type Centrifugal Fan

In order to explore the internal wind field flow characteristics of T4-72 type centrifugal fan, the three-dimensional model was established based on PRO/E software. Combined with computational fluid Dynamics Software Fluent 6.3, the standard model and SIMPLEC algorithm were used to simulate the wind field inside the fan. Analysis of the flow characteristics, velocity distributed and pressure distributed of the internal fluid model of the T4-72 centrifugal fan, combined with the theoretical formula to obtain the full pressure, power and efficiency performance parameters of the fan. The centrifugal fan performance curve is drawn. While compared with the experimental data, it is found that the internal flow disturbance is strong when the fan is running under low load condition and high load condition, which affects the performance of the fan and reduces the life of the fan. The numerical simulation results are consistent with the experimental results. The overall performance parameters of the fan are in good agreement, verifying the reliability of the simulation results;when the fan works between 1 - 1.4 times the rated flow rate, it can obtain a more stable flow field while maintaining higher efficiency, which provides a new idea for the optimization of the subsequent fan.

Parametric analysis on buffeting performance of a long-span high-speed railway suspension bridge

The buffeting performance of kilometer-level high-speed railway suspension bridges has a great impact on the smooth operation of high-speed trains.To investigate the buffeting performance of the structure significantly different from traditional suspension bridges,the first long-span high-speed railway suspension bridge,Wufengshan Yangtze River Bridge(WYRB),is taken as a numerical example to demonstrate the effects of structural parameters and wind field parameters on the buffeting responses.Based on the design information,the spatial finite element model(FEM)of WYRB is established before testing its accuracy.The fluctuating wind fields are simulated via both classical and stochastic wave based spectral representation method(SRM).Finite element method is further taken to analyze the parametric sensitivity on wind induced buffeting responses in time domain.The results show that the vertical displacement is more sensitive to the changing dead load than the lateral and torsional ones.The larger stiffness of the main girder and the lower sag-to-span ratio are both helpful to reduce the buffeting responses.Wind spectrum and coherence function are key influencing factors to the responses so setting proper wind field parameters are essential in the wind-resistant design stage.The analytical results can provide references for wind resistance analysis and selection of structural and fluctuating wind field parameters for similar long-span high-speed railway suspension bridges.

Wind flow and wind loads on the surface of a tower-shaped building:Numerical simulations and wind tunnel experiment

Flow structure and wind pressure distribution caused by obtuse obstacles are usually the focuses in Computational Wind Engineer researches (CWE). By solving the non-hydrostatical dynamic equations, PUMA model (Peking University Model of Atmospheric Environment) was developed and applied to simulating the flow structure and wind pressure distribution around a tower-shaped building. Evaluation about the wind environment and wind loads around the building was obtained through the analysis of the numerical simulation results and wind tunnel data. Comparisons between the simulation and wind tunnel study indicate that numerical simulation results agree well in the flow field and wind pressure distribution around the tower-shaped building. On the other hand, the horizontal grid interval of 2 m and the vertical grid of 3 m were still too crude to simulate the flow structure and wind pressure distribution on the building surface more exactly in detail; and the absence of suitable pressure perturbation parameterization scheme between the solid and the adjacent space also limits the accuracy of the numerical simulation. The numerical simulation model can be used to evaluate the wind environment and wind load around high buildings.

Dynamic response of fixed-roof oil-storage tank structure under blast loading

In order to investigate the damage and deformation mechanism of large scale steel fixed-roof oil-storage tanks under the combustible gas explosion, a series of explosion experiments of scaled models are conducted. The l： 25 scaled numerical models of oil-storage tanks with a capacity of 5 000 m3 are also set up by ANSYS/LS-DYNA software, and their damage processes under the blast impact are numerically simulated. Both the experimental results and the numerical simulations show that the blast loading curve displays a pressure jump instantaneously at the moment of contact with the experimental models, and the overpressure peaks at the stagnation area of the outer surface on the blast side. The yield range first appears at the stagnation area and then propagates to the neighboring parts, and the irregular plastic hinge circle obviously appears around the deformation area, which results in the concaved buckling of the tank inner surface. During the whole process, the inner liquid not only impacts on the structures, but also absorbs and consumes part of the blast energy.

Numerical study on fatigue damage properties of cavitation erosion for rigid metal materials

Cavitation erosion is an especially destructive and complex phenomenon. To understand its basic mechanism, the fatigue process of materials during cavitation erosion was investigated by numerical simulation technology. The loading spectrum used was generated by a spark-discharged electrode. Initiation crack life and true stress amplitude was used to explain the cavitation failure period and damage mechanism. The computational results indicated that the components of different materials exhibited various fatigue lives under the same external conditions. When the groove depth was extended, the initiation crack life decreased rapidly, while the true stress amplitude was increased simultaneously. This gave an important explanation to the accelerating material loss rate during cavitation erosion. However, when the groove depth was fixed and the length varied, the fatigue life became complex, more fluctuant than that happened in depth. The results also indicate that the fatigue effect of cavitation plays an important role in contributing to the formation and propagation of characteristic pits.

风对波状涌潮海塘越浪水动力特性影响的数值研究

文章基于二维不可压缩两相流数值模型,首先通过对比数值计算结果与试验数据,验证了该两相流涌潮计算模型模拟波状涌潮与海塘相互作用的可靠性;然后通过设置合理的计算工况,系统分析了风速、涌潮高度、潮前水深和斜坡坡度对波状涌潮在海塘上的越浪水动力特性的影响。计算结果表明:向岸风速会显著影响波状涌潮的海塘越浪量,风速越大,涌潮的越浪量越大,且挡浪墙所受荷载也越大;随着涌潮高度和潮前水深的增大,涌潮越浪量和挡浪墙所受涌潮荷载也随之增大;当增大海塘斜坡坡度时,涌潮越浪量和挡浪墙所受涌潮荷载均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。

宽负荷下切圆燃煤锅炉H_(2)S分布特性的数值模拟

锅炉采用空气分级燃烧降低NO_(x)排放的同时也提高了主燃区H_(2)S体积分数。炉墙壁面过高的H_(2)S体积分数是加剧水冷壁高温腐蚀的重要因素。为保障新能源并网发电,大型燃煤机组灵活调峰的需求增加,不同负荷下的水冷壁近壁面H_(2)S分布特性值得关注。通过正交试验分析了切圆燃煤锅炉运行参数对水冷壁近壁面H_(2)S体积分数分布的影响。选取一台超临界600 MW切圆燃煤锅炉建立数值模型,设计L_(16)(4^(5))正交工况,覆盖100%BMCR、75%THA,50%THA以及35%BMCR四种负荷。建立了自定义SO_(x)生成模型以确定燃料硫的析出和转化路径,模型包含多表面反应子模型以描述焦炭与O_(2)/CO_(2)/H_(2)O等3种气体的异相反应,并确定焦炭气化反应消耗量占总消耗量的比例,进而对炉膛H_(2)S空间分布进行了模拟计算。研究表明,近壁面高体积分数H_(2)S区域主要位于投运燃烧器层中最下层燃烧器以下以及最上层燃烧器以上至SOFA层之间,烟气切圆沿炉膛高度增加逐渐增大是造成后一区域H_(2)S体积分数较高的重要原因。35%BMCR负荷下水冷壁重点区域的H_(2)S平均体积分数为364μL/L,明显低于其他负荷。锅炉运行参数对重点区域H_(2)S体积分数影响程度的排序为:锅炉负荷>一次风率>主燃区空气过量系数>假想切圆直径>燃烧器竖直摆角。

Numerical simulation of non-Gaussian wind load

Compared with Gaussian wind loads, there is a higher probability of strong suction fluctuations occurrence for non-Gaussian wind pressures. These instantaneous and intermittent fluctuations are the initial cause of local damage to roof structures, par- ticularly at the edges and comers of long-span roofs. Thus, comparative errors would occur if a Gaussian model is used to de- scribe a non-Gaussian wind load, and structural security would not be guaranteed. This paper presents a simplified method based on the inverse fast Fourier transform （IFFT）, in which the amplitude spectrum is established via a target power spectrum. Also, the phase spectrum is constructed by introducing the exponential peak generation （EPG） model. Finally, a random pro- cess can be generated via IFFT that meets the specified power spectral density （PSD）, skewness and kurtosis. In contrast to a wind tunnel experiment, this method can avoid the coupled relation between the non-Gaussian and the power spectrum char- acteristics, and lead to the desired computational efficiency. Its fitting accuracy is not affected by phase spectrum. Moreover, the fitting precision of the kurtosis and PSD parameters can be guaranteed. In a few cases, the fitting precision of the skewness parameter is fairly poor, but kurtosis is more important than skewness in the description of the non-Gaussian characteristics. Above all, this algorithm is simple and stable and would be an effective method to simulate a non-Gaussian signal.

基于数值模拟的风化层单桩承载特性研究

为了探究风化层中桩基承载特性,采用数值模拟技术建立了桩-土离散单元模型,对单桩的承载特性以及桩周土的细观力学行为进行了分析。结果表明单桩与周围土体之间存在复杂的相互作用,利用数值仿真计算可以得到桩周土的位移场和应力分布特征;在荷载增加过程中,土体发生剪胀效应和应力集中,导致单桩承载性能衰减;单桩的承载性能随桩径增大而明显提高;桩周土的压缩系数在沉降值超过6 mm时发生突变,计算结果对于预测土体变形特性具有一定的指导意义。数值模拟结果为风化层中桩基的承载性能分析提供了理论支持。

强风作用下输电塔线体系连续性倒塌分析

为分析强风作用下输电塔线体系连续性倒塌的过程,将已发生破坏的输电塔作为薄弱塔,采用等效位移的方式考虑薄弱塔倒塌对挂线点空间位置的影响,计算相邻输电塔(目标塔)在薄弱塔多组倒塌特征变量组合工况下的响应和破坏特征,确定对目标塔具有最大影响的薄弱塔倒塌特征变量.结果表明:在发生连续性倒塌时,目标塔的破坏包括近薄弱塔侧的塔身破坏和塔头破坏2种形式;目标塔近薄弱塔侧背风面主材应力比最高,斜材应力比一直较低;塔身下部斜材失稳与主材应力的持续增大是目标塔整体倒塌的最直接原因;薄弱塔的倒塌过程持续时间是目标塔是否破坏的主要控制变量.

一种半潜式商用6 MW级风力机载荷数值模拟研究

针对海上漂浮式风力机在其运行状态下的叶轮气动载荷与平台运动状态难以预测的问题,本文以一种商用6 MW级漂浮式风力机为研究对象,基于非稳态的雷诺平均湍流模型,进行了全耦合数值模拟和水池模型试验研究。结果显示:浮式风力机自由衰减周期的模拟值在纵摇、横揺和垂荡上与实验值吻合度较高,而在纵荡、横荡和艏摇上,衰减周期的模拟值与实验值存在一定误差,这主要是由数值模型中对系泊系统进行悬链线简化时造成的。在静水工况下,风力机气动载荷的波动主要受塔影效应影响,机舱加速度的波动与叶轮推力系数变化呈正相关,浮式风力机纵荡和纵摇运动主要受叶轮气动载荷波动的影响;在规则波和非规则波工况下,叶轮推力的波动受浮式基础纵荡和纵摇的影响较大,叶轮推力系数变化和机舱速度呈负相关。浮式风力机的运动主要受波浪载荷的影响,气动载荷对其影响相对较小。

NACA0018风帆阵列帆间干扰及影响因素研究

风帆助航是船舶领域减少二氧化碳排放的有效方式之一。本文设计了一种由六面横截面为NACA0018翼型的硬帆组成的风帆阵列,采用数值仿真的方法,在迎风、侧风和顺风三种工况下分析了每面帆的升、阻力特性,通过与单帆对比,探究了帆间干扰对风帆推进性能的影响规律。将实验设计法与方差分析法相结合,评估了多个独立几何参数对风帆阵列推进性能的影响水平。结果表明,独立参数的显著性水平高度依赖于表观风向,并且通过改变风帆布局和采用非一致攻角,可获得比单一攻角时更好的推进性能。该研究有助于寻找影响多帆推进系统推力性能的主要参数,为多帆推进的全局化操纵提供数据支持。

连续变弯度后缘飞机的滚转机动载荷减缓

变弯度后缘机翼具有变形连续、阻力较小、气动噪声较低等优势,越来越多地应用于新概念飞行器的设计之中。基于此,提出一种基于变弯度后缘的飞行器刚弹耦合动力学建模方法,并针对变弯度后缘飞机缩比模型开展了滚转机动仿真分析与风洞试验。结果表明:变弯度后缘可以操纵飞机在2 s内进行180°滚转机动。相较于外侧后缘单独变形,通过内外后缘协同变形可以降低30%以上的滚转机动附加载荷。另外,对比表明滚转角仿真结果与风洞试验数据误差小于6%,验证了所提方法的准确性。