Mesh Size Effect in Numerical Simulation of Blast Wave Propagation and Interaction with Structures

Numerical method is popular in analysing the blast wave propagation and interaction with structures.However,because of the extremely short duration of blast wave and energy trans-mission between different grids,the numerical results are sensitive to the finite element mesh size.Previous numerical simulations show that a mesh size acceptable to one blast scenario might not be proper for another case,even though the difference between the two scenarios is very small,indicating a simple numerical mesh size convergence test might not be enough to guarantee accu-rate numerical results.Therefore,both coarse mesh and fine mesh were used in different blast scenarios to investigate the mesh size effect on numerical results of blast wave propagation and interaction with structures.Based on the numerical results and their comparison with field test re-sults and the design charts in TM5-1300,a numerical modification method was proposed to correct the influence of the mesh size on the simulated results.It can be easily used to improve the accu-racy of the numerical results of blast wave propagation and blast loads on structures.

Numerical simulation of the blast wave of a multilayer composite charge

The numerical simulation of a blast wave of a multilayer composite charge is investigated.A calculation model of the near-field explosion and far-field propagation of the shock wave of a composite charge is established using the AUTODYN finite element program.Results of the near-field and far-field calculations of the shock wave respectively converge at cell sizes of 0.25-0.5 cm and 1-3 cm.The Euler--fluxcorrected transport solver is found to be suitable for the far-field calculation after mapping.A numerical simulation is conducted to study the formation,propagation,and interaction of the shock wave of the composite charge for different initiation modes.It is found that the initiation mode obviously affects the shock-wave waveform and pressure distribution of the composite charge.Additionally,it is found that the area of the overpressure distribution is greatest for internal and external simultaneous initiation,and the peak pressure of the shock wave exponentially decays,fitting the calculation formula of the peak overpressure attenuation under different initiation modes,which is obtained and verified by experiment.The difference between numerical and experimental results is less than 10%,and the peak overpressure of both internal and external initiation is 56.12% higher than that of central single-point initiation.

Experimental and numerical study of the blast wave decrease using sandwich panel by granular materials core

Among the intrinsic properties of some materials,e.g.,foams,porous materials,and granular materials,are their ability to mitigate shock waves.This paper investigated shock wave mitigation by a sandwich panel with a granular core.Numerical simulations and experimental tests were performed using Autodyn hydro-code software and a shock tube,respectively.The smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method was used to model granular materials.Sawdust and pumice,whose properties were determined by several compression tests,were used as granular materials in the sandwich panel core.These granular materials possess many mechanisms,including compacting(e.g.,sawdust)and crushing(e.g.,pumice)that mitigate shock/blast wave.The results indicated the ineffectiveness of using a core with low thickness,yet it was demonstrated to be effective with high thickness.Low-thickness pumice yielded better results for wave mitigation.The use of these materials with a core with appropriate core reduces up to 88%of the shock wave.The results of the experiments and numerical simulations were compared,suggesting a good agreement between the two.This indicates the accuracy of simulation and the ability of the SPH method to modeling granular material under shock loading.The effects of grain size and the coefficient of friction between grains have also been investigated using simulation,implying that increasing the grain size and coefficient of friction between grains both reduce overpressure.

Numerical simulation of stress for the blasting of foundation pit

Through the simulation of explicit dynamic analysis software LS-DYNA,made an analysis to the particle velocity and the stress distribution of surrounding rock when the explosives blasting.Explicated the mechanical character of surrounding rock in the foun- dation pit blasting,provided a basis to set of blasting parameters and optimized the blast- ing construction.

Numerical simulation of non-contact explosion by door breaching explosive

Aiming at the estimation of personal injury attached by counter-terrorist door breaching explosive blast wave, according to the actual scene, four typical application space models of count- er-terrorist door breaching explosives are established, and numerical simulation of air-blast wave propagation by non-contact explosion counter-terrorist door breaching explosive are achieved. The research results show that the overpressure behind the target door is attenuated deeply through the burglary resistant safety door, and the propagation of blast wave and the damage effect under differ- ent space conditions are obviously different.

Effect of Blasting Stress Wave on Dynamic Crack Propagation

Stress waves affect the stress field at the crack tip and dominate the dynamic crack propagation.Therefore,evaluating the influence of blasting stress waves on the crack propagation behavior and the mechanical characteristics of crack propagation is of great significance for engineering blasting.In this study,ANSYS/LS-DYNA was used for blasting numerical simulation,in which the propagation characteristics of blasting stress waves and stress field distribution at the crack tip were closely observed.Moreover,ABAQUS was applied for simulating the crack propagation path and calculating dynamic stress intensity factors(DSIFs).The universal function was calculated by the fractalmethod.The results show that:the compressive wave causes the crack to close and the reflected tensile wave drives the crack to initiate and propagate,and failure mode is mainly tensile failure.The crack propagation velocity varies with time,which increases at first and then decreases,and the crack arrest occurs due to the attenuation of stress waves and dissipation of the blasting energy.In addition,crack arrest toughness is smaller than the crack initiation toughness,applied pressure waveforms(such as the peak pressure,duration,waveforms,wavelengths and loading rates)have a great influence on DSIFs.It is conducive to our deep understanding or the study of blasting stress waves dominated fracture,suggesting a broad reference for the further development of rock blasting in engineering practice.

Simulation of Airblast Load and Its Effect on RC Structures

In the analysis of a structure subjected to an explosion event, the determination of the blast load constitutes a crucial step. The effect of the blast load on the structure depends not only on the peak shock overpressure, but also the impulse (hence the duration). For structures with a regular geometry, the blast load may be fairly well estimated using appropriate empirical formulae; however, for more complex situations, a direct simulation using appropriate computational techniques is necessary. This paper presents a numerical simulation study on the prediction of the blast load in free air using a hydrocode, with focus on the sensitivity of the simulated blast load to the mesh grid size. The simulation results are compared with empirical predictions. It is found that the simulated blast load is sensitive to the mesh size, especially in the close-in range, and with a practically affordable mesh grid density, the blast load tends to be systematically underestimated. The study is extended to internal blast cases. An example concrete slab under internal explosion is analyzed using a coupled analysis scheme. The internal blast load from the simulation is examined and the response of the RC slab is commented.

Mitigation of the blast load effects on a building structure using newly composite structural configurations

In this study,a nonlinear three-dimensional hydrocode numerical simulation was carried out using AUTODYN-3D to investigate the effect of blasting of a high explosive material(TNT)against several configurations of the composite structure.Several numerical models were carried out to study the effect of varying the thickness of the walls and the effect of adding an air layer or aluminum foam layer inside two layers of concrete in mitigating the effect of blast waves on the structure walls.The results showed that increasing the thickness of walls has a good effect on mitigating the effect of blast waves.When a layer of air was added,the effect of blast waves was exaggerated,while when a layer of aluminum foam was added the blast wave effects were mitigated with a reasonable percentage.

Design Method of Rigid Blast Wall Under the Explosion of Vehicular Bomb

Blast wall can prevent vehicles from approaching the protective building and can reduce the destructive power of shock wave to a certain extent.However,majority of studies on blast walls have some shortcomings.The explosion test data are few.Most exsiting studies focus on the propagation of shock wave and the influence of blast wall on the propagation of shock wave.Discussion on the main parameters of blast wall design is meagre,such as the design of safety distance,the distance from the blast wall to the protective building,height and width of the blast wall.This paper uses the finite element programme LS-DYNA to design the blast wall.To analyze the convergence of the finite element model and to determine the mesh size of the model,this paper establishes several finite element models with different sizes of meshes to verify the model.Then,the overpressure distribution of the shock wave on the protective building is simulated to implement the blast wall design.The geometric parameters of the blast wall are preliminarily determined.And the influence of the safety distance on the overpressure of the building surface is mainly discussed,so as to determine the final design parameters.When the overpressure is less than 2 kPa,it is considered that there will be no damage to people caused by flying fragments.Eventually,the blast wall height is 3 m,the thickness is 1 m,and the safety distance is 35 m.The proposed method is used to demonstrate the design method,and the final design parameters of the blast wall can thus be used for reference.

Numerical and Experimental Investigation into Plane Charge Explosion Technique

Plane charge explosion technique (PCET) is one of the major techniques frequently used in large-scale blast-resistant structure tests. An FEM model was established, which can simulate the process of air releasing from the blast cavity. The effects of the charge density, the interval of the charge strip, the distance of the charges from the structure, and the mass of backfill soil on the overpressures applied on the tested structures were analyzed by the FEM model. The quantitative relationships between the peak value and the duration of the overpressure and the above-mentioned affecting parameters were established. Agreement between numerical results and the test data was obtained.

复杂结构内爆炸冲击波传播的大规模计算方法研究

为研究爆炸冲击波在矿井巷道等复杂地下密闭空间内的传播过程及衰减规律,提出了一种基于数据流的分块续算方法.该方法解决了计算资源的大量浪费问题,实现了大尺寸复杂地下密闭空间内冲击波传播的大规模、高效率、高精度数值模拟.方形坑道内爆过程的数值结果与实验结果基本一致,证明了该计算方法的准确性.标准模型算例全尺寸计算与分块续算数值模拟结果的误差在0.33%以内,且续算方法在给定算例下相比普通全尺寸计算节约了88.68%的计算核时,证明该方法不仅能保证计算过程的准确性,而且还极大地提高了计算效率.同时,对一个包含长方体型工房和圆柱形分叉泄压洞的大尺寸复杂结构内的爆炸问题进行了数值模拟,结果表明:冲击波超压在泄压洞内是以波动衰减的趋势逐渐减小的,且其衰减速度比在自由场的小;T型分流时管道间采用直角交汇或缩小管道直径在一定程度上有利于冲击波超压的衰减.数值模拟结果表明,基于数据流的分块续算方法可用于地下空间等大尺度复杂结构防爆抗爆设计的理论指导.

基于爆破荷载等效施加方法的振动波形预测与古建筑安全评估

隧道爆破开挖产生的振动对邻近的古建筑有着不容忽视的安全影响,为研究爆破振动波的传播规律以及预测地面振动效应和分析临近古建筑结构的安全性,以拉卜楞隧道为依托,采用现场实测结合数值模拟分析的方法,预测爆破荷载作用下拉卜楞寺的动力响应。结果表明:(1)随着单响总药量的增加,质点振动速度增大,衰减比也随之增大,说明高频振动衰减快,低频振动衰减慢;(2)通过理论计算将爆破荷载等效施加在弹性边界或隧道开挖轮廓面上,动力模拟结果表明在大于40 m的中远区两者振速变化规律趋于一致,故将荷载施加在开挖轮廓面上是合理的;(3)爆破地震波自由界面处体波经过反射形成沿表面传播的Rayleigh波,结合数值模拟山体内部地震波的传播规律发现,经反射叠加山体内部形成复杂的振动区;(4)当地震波到达拉卜楞寺最近点时,径向振速峰值为0.000672 cm/s,垂向振速峰值为0.000448 cm/s,合成振速峰值为0.000807 cm/s,远小于古建筑安全振动控制标准。

基于CFD仿真的炮口制退器性能影响因素研究

目的 在降低火炮后坐力的同时,保证炮手区域超压和温度符合要求。方法 利用流体仿真软件进行炮口流场的数值模拟,对制退器性能影响因素进行仿真分析。根据分析结果,得到改进后的制退器模型,并进行仿真和试验对比。结果 加装侧孔外反射挡板和侧孔倾斜对制退器性能的影响较大,并随角度的变化而变化,加装吹孔能有效降低炮后超压和温度。改进后,制退器的效率提升8.33%,炮后超压值平均降低44.10 kPa,炮后温度值平均降低358.28 K。结论 改进后的制退器具有更高的制退效率以及较低的炮后超压值和温度值。

爆炸冲击波下地应力对岩石裂纹扩展的影响

随着地下工程深度的增加,地应力对爆炸引起的断裂影响不容忽视。为了探讨地应力大小和方向对岩体爆破的影响,文章以花岗岩为研究对象,通过有限元程序LS-DYNA和颗粒流程序(Particle Flow Code,PFC)相结合的爆破模拟方法研究了爆炸冲击波下地应力对岩石裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明:双轴等压应力对岩石近场裂纹的影响较小,而对远场裂纹发育有较大的抑制作用;单轴应力条件下,与应力垂直方向的压缩效应得到增强,而拉伸效应受到抑制,应力垂直方向的裂纹数量远小于平行方向的。

爆炸冲击波作用后变形机翼模态数值模拟

为研究典型机翼在爆炸冲击波作用下的毁伤效应及其损伤后的结构动力学特性,基于有限元方法,研究了爆炸当量、爆炸方位及爆炸距离等对典型机翼损伤程度的影响,并分析了机翼结构变形程度与模态的关系。研究结果表明:冲击波强度和作用位置的变化对机翼结构的损伤及模态频率会产生不同程度的影响;随着冲击波强度的增加,机翼结构越早产生变形,对应的各阶模态频率下降越大,其中,二阶频率最大减少了15.02%;爆炸点位于机翼中心正上方时,机翼的变形最大;与无损伤机翼模态固有频率相比,爆炸冲击波作用在机翼中心位置时,各阶模态频率减小幅度最大,减少幅度为8.29%~15.02%。

海拔高度对化爆冲击波压力分布规律影响分析

海拔高度会引起空气密度及气压的变化,直接影响冲击波压力在空气介质中的传播分布规律。该项研究采用AUTODYN建立了0、1 000、2 000、3 000、4 500 m等5种海拔高度下爆炸冲击波压力传播规律的有限元数值仿真模型,开展了等效TNT当量为10、30、50 kg工况下的数值仿真分析,并对获取的冲击波压力分布规律进行了分析。分析结果表明:海拔高度对冲击波压力具有显著的影响作用,具体表现为在同一等效TNT当量下,随海拔高度的增加,冲击波超压峰值、比冲量都逐渐减小,峰值到达时刻随测点距离增大逐渐提前;并且随等效TNT当量的增加,爆炸冲击波压力峰值和比冲量都逐渐增大,峰值到达时间逐步提前。数值仿真结果与试验结果具有较高的吻合度,该项研究揭示了海拔高度对爆炸冲击波传播分布规律的影响作用,为实际工程测试提供了理论支撑。

爆炸驱动激波管冲击波压力参数研究

爆炸驱动激波管的作用是通过驱动段内的炸药爆炸产生冲击波,经扩张段的激波整形对目标物体进行平面波加载。为获得爆炸驱动激波管试验段内的冲击波超压环境,得到试验件的加载条件,通过数值模拟和量纲分析的方法,综合考虑装药质量、激波管结构尺寸、目标物体位置等参数的影响,建立冲击波压力峰值与上述参数之间的经验计算模型,并通过多种工况的考核试验对该模型的准确性进行了验证。结果表明:模型得到的计算值与试验值的平均相对偏差为10%,可满足工程应用的要求,且爆炸驱动激波管试验段内冲击波超压峰值主要与装药质量、爆心距、激波管直径及驱动段长度有关,其余参数的影响基本可以忽略。

起爆方式对爆轰波传播特性的影响研究

为探究爆轰波碰撞对爆轰压力分布规律的影响,采用理论推导、数值模拟和现场试验相结合的方法,分析了不同起爆方式下炸药内部和外部爆轰压力的变化规律。研究结果表明:爆轰波发生碰撞后,依次产生正碰撞、斜碰撞及马赫反射现象,最大爆轰压力可达到稳定爆轰压力的3倍以上;采用对称双线性起爆方式时,土体聚能侧所受爆轰压力是起爆侧的2.74倍,轴向所受爆轰压力较单侧线性起爆方式提升了75%。基坑爆破试验结果表明:采用对称双线性起爆方式时,沿爆轰波碰撞聚能方向呈一字型布置起爆,炮孔间的贯通效果相较于单侧线性起爆方式得到了明显提升。

高速弹丸穿越不同制退器时的膛口流场波系结构研究

基于二维非定常Euler方程,结合高精度Roe格式及结构化动网格技术,对弹丸从膛底飞离不同膛口装置过程中膛口流场的发展过程进行了数值模拟。数值计算结果清晰地揭示了光膛口以及分别加装开腔式和多孔制退器后膛口流场的不同波系结构,同时计算纹影图清楚地显示了其与弹丸相互作用及演变过程。计算结果与本课题组先前相关试验阴影照片相符。另外,根据数值流场结果,详细探讨了制退器降低后坐冲量的机理与膛口周围超压区域的分布,为制退器改进设计提供重要参考。

爆炸冲击波作用下桥梁损伤效应的数值仿真

应用非线性动力有限元方法对爆炸冲击波作用下桥梁的损伤效应进行了三维数值模拟,得到了空中爆炸冲击波的传播规律曲线和峰值压力曲线,通过与实验公式对比,验证了爆炸荷载计算模型的有效性和计算结果的可靠性,并在此基础上研究了桥梁在爆炸载荷作用下的非线性动态响应.计算结果表明:爆炸冲击波对桥梁的损伤效应呈现局部破坏特征,桥梁迎爆面局部结构损伤较大且以破口形式存在.数值仿真结果为桥梁的抗爆承载计算和安全性评估提供了重要的参考依据.