Numerical Simulation of Large Diameter Cylindrical Structure Slamming

The water entry of large diameter cylindrical structure is studied by applying numerical simulation method. The processes of different diameter cyhndrical structures impacting water with various constant velocities are calculated numerically. Thereafter, analyzed are the distribution of slamming pressure on structure during slamming course and the influence of slamming velocity and cylindrical diameter on slamming process. Furthermore, presented herein is an equation being used to forecast the peak slamming force on a large diameter cylindrical structure.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on the Performance of Gas/liquid Spiral Separator

The gas/liquid spiral separator, a key component in the compressed air system, was used to remove liquid and oil from gas stream by centrifugal and gravitational forces. To optimize the design of the separator,the relationship between the performance and structural parameters of separators is studied. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is employed to simulate the flow fields and calculate the pressure drop and separation efficiency of air-liquid spiral separators with different structural parameters. The RSM (Reynolds stress model)turbulence model is used to analyze the highly swirling flow fields while the stochastic trajectory model is used to simulate the traces of liquid droplets in the flow field. A simplified calculation formula of pressure drop in spiral structures is obtained by modifying Darcy's equation and verified by experiment.

Numerical simulation and structure improvement of double throttling in a high parameter pressure reducing valve

In this paper, a new pressure reducing valve （PRV） with an orifice plate is proposed. The main objective is to explain the mechanisms of pressure reduction and energy conversion in the new PRV. A numerical simulation method was used to investigate the PRV internal flow field and to analyze the throttling effects of the orifice plate and the transform of thermal parameters as outlet pressure, outlet temperature, velocity, and superheat. A structure improvement method for the valve body and orifice plate is put forward to reduce energy loss. The governing equations for internal flow numerical simulation are composed of the continuity, momentum, energy and k-e transport equations, based on isotropic eddy viscosity theory. Different valve plug displacement models were built to describe the double throttling process. Our analysis shows that the steam pressure drops twice and the degree of superheat increases. There are also lots of eddies which clog the flow channel and disturb the steam flow in the valve cavity after the valve plug and the outlet cavity. After modifying the structure, the numerical results show a better performance of steam flow.

Prediction of atomization characteristics of pressure swirl nozzle with different structures

The structure of the pressure swirl nozzle is an important factor affecting its spray performance.This work aims to study pressure swirl nozzles with different structures by experiment and simulation.In the experiment,10 nozzles with different structures are designed to comprehensively cover various geometric factors.In terms of simulation,steady-state simulation with less computational complexity is used to study the flow inside the nozzle.The results show that the diameter of the inlet and outlet,the direction of the inlet,the diameter of the swirl chamber,and the height of the swirl chamber all affect the atomization performance,and the diameter of the inlet and outlet has a greater impact.It is found that under the same flow rate and pressure,the geometric differences do have a significant impact on the atomization characteristics,such as spray angle and SMD(Sauter mean diameter).Specific nozzle structures can be customized according to the actual needs.Data analysis shows that the spray angle is related to the swirl number,and the SMD is related to turbulent kinetic energy.Through data fitting,the equations for predicting the spray angle and the SMD are obtained.The error range of the fitting equation for the prediction of spray angle and SMD is within 15% and 10% respectively.The prediction is expected to be used in engineering to estimate the spray performance at the beginning of a real project.

Time-dependent surrounding soil pressure and mechanical response of tunnel lining induced by surrounding soil viscosity

A numerical simulation method of shield tunnel excavation is developed to capture the time-dependent deformation behaviour of surrounding soil. The simulation method consists of four parts:(i) an elastic-plastic-viscous constitutive model that can not only reasonably describe the viscous deformation behaviour of soil, but also appropriately calculate the plastic deformation under typical stress paths of excavation;(ii) simulation of main factors related to shield tunnel excavation, including the shield machine, face pressure, lining, grout behavior, and contacts between multiple media;(iii) a simulation procedure for excavation to reflect the process of shield tunnel excavation and achieve reasonable stress and strain fields at the end of the construction stage;(iv) a creep process that is used to investigate the long-term mechanical behaviours of the surrounding soil and tunnel lining. Taking the CK570H tunnel project in Taipei as the background, a numerical simulation is conducted by adopting the developed simulation method. Based on the simulation results, the radial and circumferential stresses acting on the lining, which are induced by the surrounding soil viscosity, are analysed. The rule of the mechanical response of lining, including its deformation, bending moment, and axial force, with time is revealed. On this basis, the long-term safety of the lining is evaluated.

Influence of soil——structure interaction on seismic collapse resistance of super-tall buildings

Numerous field tests indicate that the soilestructure interaction （SSI） has a significant impact on thedynamic characteristics of super-tall buildings, which may lead to unexpected structural seismic responsesand/or failure. Taking the Shanghai Tower with a total height of 632 m as the research object, thesubstructure approach is used to simulate the SSI effect on the seismic responses of Shanghai Tower. Therefined finite element （FE） model of the superstructure of Shanghai Tower and the simplified analyticalmodel of the foundation and adjacent soil are established. Subsequently, the collapse process of ShanghaiTower taking into account the SSI is predicted, as well as its final collapse mechanism. The influences ofthe SSI on the collapse resistance capacity and failure sequences are discussed. The results indicate that,when considering the SSI, the fundamental period of Shanghai Tower has been extended significantly,and the collapse margin ratio has been improved, with a corresponding decrease of the seismic demand.In addition, the SSI has some impact on the failure sequences of Shanghai Tower subjected to extremeearthquakes, but a negligible impact on the final failure modes. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Numerical Study of the Interaction between a Reinforced Concrete Pile and Soil

This paper proposes a numerical simulation of the mechanical behavior of a reinforced concrete pile foundation under an axial load. In fact, the foundation of a structure represents the essential structural part of it, because it ensures its bearing capacity. Among the types of foundation, deep foundation is the one for which from a mechanical point of view, the justification takes into account the isolated or combined effects of base resistance offered by the soil bed and lateral friction at the soil-pile interface;the latter being the consequence of a large contact surface with the surrounding soil;hence the need to study the interaction between the soil and the pile in service, in order to highlight the characteristics of soil which influence the mechanical behavior of pile and therefore the stability of the structure. In this study, the reinforced concrete pile is supposed to be elastic, and characterized by a young’s modulus (E) and a Poisson’s ratio (ν). The soil obeys to a Camclay model characterized by a cohesion (c), an initial voids ratio (e0), shearing resistance angle (φ) and a pre-consolidation pressure (P0). A joint model with a Mohr Coulomb behavior characterizes the soil-pile interface. The loading is carrying out by imposing a vertical monotonic displacement at the head of pile. The results in terms of stress and displacement show that the bearing capacity of the pile is influenced by various soils characteristics, it appears that the vertical stress and the force mobilized at rupture increase when the initial pre_consolidation pressure, the cohesion and the internal friction angle of soil increase;and when the initial soil voids index decreases.

含弱渗透夹层饱和砂土液化后水膜形成的数值模拟

针对含弱渗透夹层饱和砂土液化产生水膜对砂土强度和变形指标分布产生的影响,建立了一维饱和砂土液化水膜的有限差分模型,对含弱渗透细砂夹层的饱和砂土液化过程中水膜形成的机制及其发展、消散过程进行模拟,分析土层尤其是夹层的特性参数与水膜变化之间的关系.结果表明:超孔隙水压力消散过程中会出现明显的平台阶段,其起、止点时刻正好与水膜最大厚度形成和水膜消失时刻具有较好的对应关系;水膜的形成和发展与高孔压的持续时间密切相关,含弱渗透夹层中,其下方会产生水膜,且饱和砂土中高孔压作用的时长较无夹层明显延长,从而对土体变形产生不利影响;通过与已有试验结果的对比分析,验证了该模型的合理性.

拱坝坝身泄洪孔道脉动压力分布规律及其振动特征

【目的】高拱坝坝身泄洪安全研究涉及泄洪孔道设计、结构强度、泄洪过程中的水流压力分布和流态特性等方面。【方法】以某坝高为270 m拱坝为研究对象,利用计算流体力学模拟坝身泄洪孔道流场并分析其脉动压力分布特征,利用流体/结构耦合有限元模拟最不利工况压力脉动与坝体结构振动特征,解析泄流激励下高拱坝坝身振动机理。【结果】研究结果表明,拱坝坝身泄洪孔道内脉动压力变化极为复杂,其中表孔脉动压力最大值为133.25 kPa,最小值为29.48 kPa;中孔脉动压力最大值为5274.99 kPa,最小值为953.24 kPa.拱坝坝身泄洪孔道脉动压力在频域的能量分布均具有低频的特征,主能量分布在0~10 Hz的频率范围内。在泄流激励条件下,拱坝坝身总位移随脉动压力变化呈现一定周期性,且随周期总位移逐渐衰减,总位移值与脉动压力在同周期内先增大后减小,总位移值在1.2 s增大至最大值0.2120 cm,对应泄洪孔道脉动压力增大至极大值;拱坝坝身等效应力和等效应变的变化规律基本一致,1.2 s时等效应力和等效应变极大值分别为1426.60 kPa、7.49×10^(-5),且同周期内脉动压力呈现同样的变化趋势,拱坝坝身等效应力和等效应变与脉动压力变化具有完全的相关性。

隧道-土-桥桩相互作用体系振动台试验与数值模拟研究

以大连实际工程为背景,通过振动台试验研究了双隧道-砂土-桥桩系统在地震作用下的动力相互作用(SSSI),得到结构、场地的动力响应规律,并与ABAQUS数值模拟结果进行对比。数值模型引入Kelvin本构模型子程序,利用等效线性方法处理砂土在计算过程中的非线性问题。将试验结果与数值模拟结果进行对比,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。在此基础上设计了8种工况,通过对比分析研究了体系内各结构之间的相互作用规律。结果表明,隧道会放大桥桩、临近隧道的峰值加速度,而桥桩却会对侧穿隧道的峰值加速度起到减弱作用;隧道与桥桩的存在均会增大彼此的截面剪力与弯矩,其中受影响的区域主要集中在隧道上下拱,桥桩的桩底与桩-土交界面。

静压桩的桩侧土压力分布规律数值分析

静压桩的贯入挤土效应导致桩侧土压力升高,探究桩贯入挤土导致的桩侧土压力变化对建立合理的桩贯入阻力计算方法具有积极的意义。因此,采用大变形数值模拟方法和南水本构模型对桩在砂土中的贯入过程进行了分析,探究了桩侧土压力系数K的变化规律。结果表明:桩贯入过程中土体受力可划分为加载、卸载和应力稳定3个阶段,在桩端到达土体所在深度时土体的应力达到峰值,远离后土体发生应力卸载,最后趋于稳定;在深度方向的最大扰动范围为5D(D为桩直径),沿径向最大扰动范围为6D。桩贯入完成后的桩侧土压力沿深度方向近似表现为线性分布,在桩端处出现极值。桩径的变化对土压力的影响不显著,不同直径的桩侧壁土压力接近。随着界面摩擦系数的增加,桩侧土压力逐渐增大。基于数值分析结果提出了考虑桩−土界面摩擦系数的桩侧土压力计算方法。

基于倾斜滑裂面假设的浅埋盾构隧道松动土压力研究

随着地铁建设的快速发展,隧道上方松动土压力的计算成了隧道工程领域的研究热点,而隧道松动区的确定对松动土压力的计算至关重要。为简便而准确地确定松动区的范围,首先假设松动区的边界为倾斜直线,然后基于Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则并考虑隧道尺寸、埋深等因素的影响推导滑裂角计算式,进而确定隧道周围地层的松动区范围。最后结合松动区土体主应力轴旋转理论以及倾斜滑裂面的假设,推导出滑裂面上的侧压力系数以及隧道松动土压力的计算式。结果表明:滑裂角随土体内摩擦角的增大而增大,随隧道埋深比的增大先减小然后趋于稳定;大主应力轨迹线为圆弧时计算更为简便、更易推广,可采用圆弧形大主应力轨迹的假设计算隧道松动土压力;松动土压力计算式所得结果和实际的试验结果吻合较好,因此该计算式可应用于砂土地质条件下浅埋盾构隧道上方的松动土压力计算。

考虑土拱效应的超大断面隧道上覆土影响因素分析

超大断面隧道上覆荷载是隧道支护结构设计的关键参数。依托某超大断面隧道工程,建立数值模型分析不同覆土厚度与洞径之比下土层黏聚力、内摩擦角和剪胀角对隧道上覆土竖向应力的影响。结果表明:随着覆土厚度与洞径之比增加,土拱效应逐渐显现;各地层参数对隧道上覆土竖向应力的影响程度由大到小依次为内摩擦角、黏聚力、剪胀角。

深海浮球内部气压对水下内爆波的抑制机理

深海潜器常携带中空浮球来为其提供浮力。陶瓷因其高强度、低密度等优点成为浮球的理想材料。然而,中空结构在外部高压环境下易发生内爆,产生的内爆波会对周围结构产生毁灭性损害。为了探索浮球内部初始气压对内爆波的影响,首先,利用气泡动力学对其不考虑球壳影响时进行理论分析,得到内爆波压力脉冲沿径向以指数-1衰减,并指出其物理意义和隐含假设,进而从能量分析得到增加内压使压缩空气消耗的能量增加,从而减弱释放到水中的压力波能量;其次,采用三相流固耦合有限元模型进行计算,考虑水的可压缩性和球壳因挤压引起的脆性破裂的影响,得到更为接近实际的内爆压力的分布。由于两侧挤压球壳,外部的水在不断扩大的缺口处产生向内的射流,造成内部气体非球形塌缩,后续压力波呈现出与球壳碎裂方式有关的方向性差异。通过有限元模型对内部初始气压的研究表明,增加初始内部气体压力到1 MPa时,压力脉冲在球壳表面处下降了15.6%~24.8%。这一结果表明,在几乎不增加浮球质量的条件下,增加内部初始气压具有很好地抑制近端内爆波强度的效果。

有压引水隧洞多层柔性叠合衬砌对断层蠕滑错动的适应性研究

长距离输水隧洞工程建设很难避免穿越活动断层的问题,有压隧洞采用何种衬砌结构型式穿越活动断层迄今为止研究还不够深入。针对目前隧洞过活断层常用抗断措施存在的问题,结合有压引水隧洞自身的特点,提出了一种适合有压引水隧洞穿越活动断层的多层柔性叠合衬砌结构型式。依托某工程的实践情况,采用有限元数值分析方法论证了多层柔性叠合衬砌结构的可行性和合理性;同时分析了垫层厚度、垫层弹模对隧洞结构内力响应和抗断性能的影响。计算结果表明:垫层厚度越大,伸缩节总变形量越大,对于隧洞衬砌适应断层错动越有利;但当垫层厚度过大时,将对衬砌的受力产生不利影响,因此建议根据工程设防的断层错动量选择合适厚度的垫层,不必采用过厚的垫层。垫层弹模的变化对钢管应力的影响较为显著,综合考虑钢衬应力、混凝土损伤以及对断层错动的适应性能,建议选取3~5 MPa的垫层弹模最为合适。研究结果可为有压输水隧洞应对断层蠕滑变形时的结构设计提供参考。

调节套筒节流孔倒角对高旁阀流场及结构的影响

为了研究高旁阀内部流场和结构可靠性受调节套筒节流孔倒角深度和角度的影响,开展了高旁阀内部流场的数值计算和单向热-流-固耦合分析.通过分析倒角前阀门内的流场得出以下结论:节流后蒸汽会形成激波和一系列激波串并消失于二级节流筒底盖板处,环形调节套筒密封面处出现应力集中现象,密封面内外较大的压差是造成密封面发生形变的主要原因.以降低调节套筒密封面形变量为目标,研究了调节套筒节流孔倒角的角度和深度对流场和密封面形变量的影响,结果表明:在研究选取的全范围内,倒角角度和深度的增加均能降低调节套筒密封面处的压差和形变量,当倒角角度为72.5°时,调节套筒两侧的形变量降幅分别为17.06%和15.72%,研究结果可为进一步优化阀门流动特性,降低阀门结构形变量提供依据.

基于PFEM法的黄土地基振杆密实过程大变形分析

采用粒子有限元方法(PFEM)及结构性土的本构模型,对振杆密实法加固砂质黄土地基的大变形过程进行了数值模拟研究,分析了振杆贯入过程中周围土体的位移场、应力场、速度场以及塑性体应变等分布规律,揭示了砂质黄土地基深层振动密实机理.结果表明:现场实测和数值模拟获得的地面垂直振动速度峰值变化趋势较为一致,验证了粒子有限元方法的可靠性;垂直激振的振杆能够同时引起土体垂直方向和水平方向上位移场、应力场和速度场的变化;在距振源水平距离5R(R为振杆半径)范围内,土颗粒以半梭形向外扩展并趋于密实,同时水平应力大幅增加并产生预压效果;以塑性体应变作为加固范围的评价标准,结果表明土体径向加固范围随振杆贯入深度增加而略有增大,最大径向加固范围约为3.2R,且振杆底端以下1R~2R范围亦有密实效果.

软土基础核岛厂房振动台试验数值模拟分析

采用土-结相互作用分区分析方法(partitioned analysis of soil-structure interaction,PASSI),对软土地基核岛厂房振动台试验中的筏基-混凝土框架模型以及桩基-混凝土框架模型进行了数值模拟,对比分析了振动台试验结果与数值模拟结果,并对软土地基下核岛厂房土-基础-结构的地震响应特征进行了分析。对2种模型输入调幅为0.05、0.10、0.20 g的RG160、Chi-Chi与Landers地震波,对比分析了各工况下振动台试验与数值模拟的土体与结构加速度放大系数、楼层反应谱、筏基底部土压力时程、桩身应变以及桩身弯矩。结果表明:数值模拟结果能较好地反映振动台试验结果;经过土层放大作用,随着楼层的增高,振动台试验和数值模拟中的加速度放大系数随之增大,反映了同样的规律;振动台试验与数值模拟所得的土-结体系的反应谱均与输入地震动频谱特征及体系的振动特性相关;振动台试验中,筏板基础会出现倾覆现象,筏基底部土压力时程表现出“东高西低”的现象,但数值模拟中筏基底部的土压力时程未出现此种现象,其原因是数值模拟中未考虑土体与基础的接触非线性;数值模拟中群桩的地震响应与试验的宏观现象基本吻合,定量上有差异,是数值模拟中未考虑桩的非线性所致。

微小口径涡街流量计设计与测量特性研究

涡街流量计是基于流体振荡原理对流量进行测量的流量计,但在低流速下输出的信号很微弱,在实际测量过程中会叠加各种现场产生的噪音。并且目前工业上使用小口径涡街流量计在小流量工况下存在测量局限性,一般最小口径仅到DN15。针对目前涡街流量计存在的问题对DN10及以下的微小口径涡街流量计结构及参数进行研究,以满足工业上的测量新需求。基于模拟仿真计算平台,建立不同尺寸参数的微小口径涡街流量计数值计算模型并进行仿真计算,提出优化的涡街流量计结构尺寸。通过对不同压力监测点的压力波动强度及频率的研究,分析传感器的最佳布置位置。最后以电磁流量计为标准表对所研制的微小口径涡街流量计在微量程段进行了测试,对该被检流量计的误差、精度等参数进行实验,同时对雷诺数与斯特劳哈尔数之间的关系及仪表系数进行分析,结果表明,仿真所获的测量特性与实验测得的特性具有较好的一致性,且该微小口径涡街流量计相对误差优于0.5%,重复性等指标能够满足微量程段内的测量标准。

高压喷嘴流动机理与结构优化设计研究

高压喷嘴作为高压水射流系统中的一个重要元件,其构造和特性直接影响高压水射流清洗系统性能的优劣,因此对高压喷嘴结构的研究具有非常重要的意义。文章通过对高压喷嘴进行结构设计、模型建立、数值模拟、结果分析,将靶面打击压强及打击面积作为主要的分析参数,对不同喷嘴结构和靶距下的高压水射流特性进行分析,得出最优的高压喷嘴结构以及打击距离。结果表明:渐缩形喷嘴的出口流量比锥形喷嘴出口流量增加了4.2%,比流线形喷嘴出口流量增加了1.6%;渐缩形喷嘴冲击靶距由50.68 mm减小到10 mm时,射流大于10 MPa的平均动压力值由27.2 MPa增加到31.9 MPa,射流大于40 MPa的平均动压力值由47.9 MPa增加到66.9 MPa;对应射流靶距为30 mm时,大于10 MPa的有效冲击面积最大,可达到8.3 cm^(2)。