Excessive fertilization has led to nutrient use inefficiency and serious environmental consequences for radish cultivation in North China.The Nutrient Expert(NE)system is a science-based,site-specific fertilization de...Excessive fertilization has led to nutrient use inefficiency and serious environmental consequences for radish cultivation in North China.The Nutrient Expert(NE)system is a science-based,site-specific fertilization decision support system,but the updated NE system for radish has rarely been evaluated.This study aims to validate the feasibility of NE for radish fertilization management from agronomic,economic,and environmental perspectives.A total of 46 field experiments were conducted over four seasons from April 2018 to November 2019 across the major radish growing regions in North China.The results indicated that NE significantly reduced N,P_(2)O_(5),and K_(2)O application rates by 98,110,and 47 kg ha^(-1) relative to those in the farmers’practice(FP),respectively,and reduced N and P_(2)O_(5) inputs by 48 and 44 kg ha^(-1),respectively,while maintaining the same K_(2)O rate as soil testing(ST).Relative to FP and ST,NE significantly increased radish yield by 2.7 and 2.6 t ha^(-1)(4.2 and 4.0%)and net returns by 837 and 432 USD ha^(-1),respectively.On average,NE significantly improved the agronomic efficiency(AE)of N,P,and K(relative to FP and ST)by 42.4 and 31.0,67.4 kg kg^(-1) and 50.9,and 20.3 and 12.3 kg kg^(-1);enhanced the recovery efficiency(RE)of N,P,and K by 11.4 and 7.0,14.1 and 7.5,and 11.3 and 6.3 percentage points;and increased the partial factor productivity(PFP)of N,P,and K by 162.9 and 96.8,488.0 and 327.3,and 86.9 and 22.4 kg kg^(-1),respectively.Furthermore,NE substantially reduced N and P_(2)O_(5) surpluses by 105.1 and 115.1 kg ha^(-1),respectively,and decreased apparent N loss by 110.8 kg ha^(-1) compared to FP.These results indicated that the NE system is an effective and feasible approach for improving NUE and promoting cleaner radish production in North China.展开更多
The rice‒wheat farming system is considered as the greatest energy-intensive agricultural practice in South‒East Asia.In light of declining system production and profitability,burning of residues,soil erosion,depletio...The rice‒wheat farming system is considered as the greatest energy-intensive agricultural practice in South‒East Asia.In light of declining system production and profitability,burning of residues,soil erosion,depletion of renewable resources,and environmental degradation,the sustainability of the rice‒wheat cropping system is being questioned.As a result,energy and money efficient conservation agricultural methods are becoming more and more necessary to accomplish sustainable output.A field experiment was carried out in this regard to evaluate the effects of varying degrees of rice residue retention and nutrient management options on zero-tillage grown wheat growth,yield,phenology,economics,energy budgeting,and CO_(2)emissions.In the experiment,there were five different nutrient management options(recommended dose and Nutrient Expert based dose with and without seed inoculating biofertilizer Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria,PSB in short along with a control)and four different rice residue load treatments(rice residues retained at 0,15,30,and 45 cm from the ground level).The treatments that managed nutrients using Nutrient Expert(NE)and kept residues at a height of 15 and 30 cm above ground,both with and without biofertilizer inoculation,showed better growth and yield in both years.Higher net energy,energy productivity and energy use efficiency were achieved with the treatment combination that kept residues at a height of 30 cm and suggested nutrients using NE software or recommended fertilizer doses(RDF),which included inoculating seeds with biofertilizers.Under the treatments where fertilizers were given more often,there was a larger release of CO_(2).The treatment that kept residues at a height of 30 cm and used NE software to recommend nutrients along with seed inoculation of biofertilizers(R2N5)resulted in higher gross returns(₹111,315 ha-1 and₹109,342 ha-1),net returns(₹60,957 ha-1 and₹61,797 ha-1),and B:C(2.21 and 2.30)during 2021–2022 and 2022–2023,respectively.Therefore,maintaining residues at their ideal level,managing nutrients through NE,and incorporating biofertilizers into the seeds could be advantageous for wheat production and result in an energy-efficient and lucrative cropping system.展开更多
为早产儿尤其是极/超早产儿提供充足和均衡的营养是促进其正常生长发育和改善远期预后的物质基础,肠内营养是最佳的营养方式。既往系统回顾性分析显示使用基于循证医学的标准化喂养管理策略可有效促进全肠内喂养的建立,缩短肠外营养时间...为早产儿尤其是极/超早产儿提供充足和均衡的营养是促进其正常生长发育和改善远期预后的物质基础,肠内营养是最佳的营养方式。既往系统回顾性分析显示使用基于循证医学的标准化喂养管理策略可有效促进全肠内喂养的建立,缩短肠外营养时间,改善早产儿的营养结局,而不增加坏死性小肠结肠炎或死亡的发生风险。基于国内外相关研究,该共识制订组采用证据推荐分级的评估、制订与评价方法(Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation),从早产儿肠内营养的目标、过渡期的肠内营养、稳定生长期的肠内营养、肠内特殊营养素的补充及肠内营养的监测等5个方面提出20条推荐意见,旨在为相关从业人员提供早产儿肠内营养管理的建议,以改善早产儿的临床结局。展开更多
当前农民过量和不平衡施用化肥现象严重,导致肥料利用率降低,影响到农田的可持续利用。因此,发展适合我国农业生产特点的养分管理和施肥方法尤为重要。本文介绍了基于作物产量反应和农学效率的推荐施肥新方法,该方法是以改进的SSNM(Site...当前农民过量和不平衡施用化肥现象严重,导致肥料利用率降低,影响到农田的可持续利用。因此,发展适合我国农业生产特点的养分管理和施肥方法尤为重要。本文介绍了基于作物产量反应和农学效率的推荐施肥新方法,该方法是以改进的SSNM(Site-specific Nutrient Management)和改进的QUEFTS(Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils)模型参数为指导的养分管理和推荐施肥为原则,同时考虑大、中微量元素的全面平衡,并应用计算机软件技术把复杂和综合的养分管理原则智能化形成可为当地技术推广人员掌握的Nutrient Expert推荐施肥专家系统。Nutrient Expert推荐施肥专家系统在用户回答一些简单问题后就能给出基于作物栽培管理措施的推荐施肥套餐,包括作物种植密度、目标产量、推荐的养分用量及其可选用的物化的肥料用量,同时根据预知的作物生长季节推荐施肥的最佳时间和次数。通过跨区域田间多点验证试验证明,基于作物产量反应和农学效率的推荐施肥方法是一种简单的易于掌握的作物增产增收、提高肥料利用率和保护环境的新方法。展开更多
小规模农业生产易于出现不合理施肥导致的肥料利用率低等问题,严重影响到生态环境和农业可持续发展。研究建立适合我国小农户集约化农业生产特点且科学轻简的养分推荐方法尤为重要。中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所会同全国39...小规模农业生产易于出现不合理施肥导致的肥料利用率低等问题,严重影响到生态环境和农业可持续发展。研究建立适合我国小农户集约化农业生产特点且科学轻简的养分推荐方法尤为重要。中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所会同全国39个土壤肥料研究团队,研发了适合我国农业生态条件和种植体系的基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥方法。该方法在汇总分析全国各作物主产区开展的肥料田间试验的基础上,建立了包含作物产量反应、农学效率及养分吸收与利用等信息的数据库。采用QUEFTS(quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils)模型模拟作物养分吸收,同时对数据库中土壤基础养分供应、作物农学效率与产量反应进行相关分析,建立基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥模型。在此基础上,借助计算机技术和智能云计算,研发了“养分专家系统”(简称NE系统),用户只需提供种植地块的一些基本信息,如往年农民习惯措施下的作物产量、施肥历史、有机无机肥料投入以及秸秆还田情况,NE系统就能给出基于该地块的个性化施肥方案。NE系统在推荐施肥中除了考虑土壤基础地力外,还考虑了上季作物养分残效和秸秆还田带入的养分,以及作物轮作体系和有机肥施用情况等,提出的推荐施肥方案符合4R养分管理策略(最佳肥料品种、最佳用量、最佳施用时间和最佳施用位置),同时兼顾施肥的农学、经济和环境效应。多点田间验证试验证实,NE系统推荐施肥兼顾科学性和实用性,且易于掌握,是一种能够保障作物增产增收、提高肥料利用率和保护环境的科学推荐施肥方法。展开更多
为评价小麦养分专家系统(Nutrient Expert,NE)推荐施肥对冬小麦产量效应、养分利用率和农田环境效应的影响,对2010~2014年期间在河北省开展的83个小麦试验进行了分析。结果发现:小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥量较农民习惯施肥量氮、磷肥分...为评价小麦养分专家系统(Nutrient Expert,NE)推荐施肥对冬小麦产量效应、养分利用率和农田环境效应的影响,对2010~2014年期间在河北省开展的83个小麦试验进行了分析。结果发现:小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥量较农民习惯施肥量氮、磷肥分别降低了47.0%和10.4%,钾肥增加了102.0%;小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥较农户施肥增产在2.6%~13.0%之间,氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为31.7%、10.9%和31.0%,氮肥偏生产力为47.9kg/kg,显著高于农民习惯施肥处理24.7 kg/kg;小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥的农田温室气体排放总量和排放强度分别为2 211 kg CO_2 eq/hm^2和332 kg CO_2 eq/t,显著低于农民习惯处理的3 720 kg CO_2 eq/hm^2和589 kg CO_2 eq/t。小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥提高了养分利用率、降低了农田温室气体排放,可以在河北省小麦主产区推广应用。展开更多
为实现潮土区夏玉米科学施肥,通过2年田间试验研究了玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米产量、收益、养分积累量及肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,沙壤质潮土夏玉米施肥两年增产6.55%～39.32%和5.53%～21.19%,玉米养分专家系统和Agro Serv...为实现潮土区夏玉米科学施肥,通过2年田间试验研究了玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米产量、收益、养分积累量及肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,沙壤质潮土夏玉米施肥两年增产6.55%～39.32%和5.53%～21.19%,玉米养分专家系统和Agro Services International Inc推荐施肥较农户习惯施肥分别增产4.06%和5.04%,增收21.90%和27.44%。基于玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥的氮、磷、钾肥农学效率分别为11.46、25.89和9.93 kg kg–1,氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别为41.13%、31.48%和50.35%,化肥偏生产力平均为36.62 kg kg–1。玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥提高了沙壤质潮土区夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量,促进了氮磷钾的吸收利用,增加了干物质积累量,具有增产增收效应,肥料利用效率较高,可作为该地区夏玉米推荐施肥方法推广应用。展开更多
基金the financial support from the National Key Research&Development Program of China(2016FYD0200103)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution,China(1610132019047)。
文摘Excessive fertilization has led to nutrient use inefficiency and serious environmental consequences for radish cultivation in North China.The Nutrient Expert(NE)system is a science-based,site-specific fertilization decision support system,but the updated NE system for radish has rarely been evaluated.This study aims to validate the feasibility of NE for radish fertilization management from agronomic,economic,and environmental perspectives.A total of 46 field experiments were conducted over four seasons from April 2018 to November 2019 across the major radish growing regions in North China.The results indicated that NE significantly reduced N,P_(2)O_(5),and K_(2)O application rates by 98,110,and 47 kg ha^(-1) relative to those in the farmers’practice(FP),respectively,and reduced N and P_(2)O_(5) inputs by 48 and 44 kg ha^(-1),respectively,while maintaining the same K_(2)O rate as soil testing(ST).Relative to FP and ST,NE significantly increased radish yield by 2.7 and 2.6 t ha^(-1)(4.2 and 4.0%)and net returns by 837 and 432 USD ha^(-1),respectively.On average,NE significantly improved the agronomic efficiency(AE)of N,P,and K(relative to FP and ST)by 42.4 and 31.0,67.4 kg kg^(-1) and 50.9,and 20.3 and 12.3 kg kg^(-1);enhanced the recovery efficiency(RE)of N,P,and K by 11.4 and 7.0,14.1 and 7.5,and 11.3 and 6.3 percentage points;and increased the partial factor productivity(PFP)of N,P,and K by 162.9 and 96.8,488.0 and 327.3,and 86.9 and 22.4 kg kg^(-1),respectively.Furthermore,NE substantially reduced N and P_(2)O_(5) surpluses by 105.1 and 115.1 kg ha^(-1),respectively,and decreased apparent N loss by 110.8 kg ha^(-1) compared to FP.These results indicated that the NE system is an effective and feasible approach for improving NUE and promoting cleaner radish production in North China.
基金funded by the Department of Agronomy,Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,West Bengal 736165India.This research was also funded by Taif University,Saudi Arabia,Project No.(TU-DSPP-2024-07).
文摘The rice‒wheat farming system is considered as the greatest energy-intensive agricultural practice in South‒East Asia.In light of declining system production and profitability,burning of residues,soil erosion,depletion of renewable resources,and environmental degradation,the sustainability of the rice‒wheat cropping system is being questioned.As a result,energy and money efficient conservation agricultural methods are becoming more and more necessary to accomplish sustainable output.A field experiment was carried out in this regard to evaluate the effects of varying degrees of rice residue retention and nutrient management options on zero-tillage grown wheat growth,yield,phenology,economics,energy budgeting,and CO_(2)emissions.In the experiment,there were five different nutrient management options(recommended dose and Nutrient Expert based dose with and without seed inoculating biofertilizer Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria,PSB in short along with a control)and four different rice residue load treatments(rice residues retained at 0,15,30,and 45 cm from the ground level).The treatments that managed nutrients using Nutrient Expert(NE)and kept residues at a height of 15 and 30 cm above ground,both with and without biofertilizer inoculation,showed better growth and yield in both years.Higher net energy,energy productivity and energy use efficiency were achieved with the treatment combination that kept residues at a height of 30 cm and suggested nutrients using NE software or recommended fertilizer doses(RDF),which included inoculating seeds with biofertilizers.Under the treatments where fertilizers were given more often,there was a larger release of CO_(2).The treatment that kept residues at a height of 30 cm and used NE software to recommend nutrients along with seed inoculation of biofertilizers(R2N5)resulted in higher gross returns(₹111,315 ha-1 and₹109,342 ha-1),net returns(₹60,957 ha-1 and₹61,797 ha-1),and B:C(2.21 and 2.30)during 2021–2022 and 2022–2023,respectively.Therefore,maintaining residues at their ideal level,managing nutrients through NE,and incorporating biofertilizers into the seeds could be advantageous for wheat production and result in an energy-efficient and lucrative cropping system.
文摘为早产儿尤其是极/超早产儿提供充足和均衡的营养是促进其正常生长发育和改善远期预后的物质基础,肠内营养是最佳的营养方式。既往系统回顾性分析显示使用基于循证医学的标准化喂养管理策略可有效促进全肠内喂养的建立,缩短肠外营养时间,改善早产儿的营养结局,而不增加坏死性小肠结肠炎或死亡的发生风险。基于国内外相关研究,该共识制订组采用证据推荐分级的评估、制订与评价方法(Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation),从早产儿肠内营养的目标、过渡期的肠内营养、稳定生长期的肠内营养、肠内特殊营养素的补充及肠内营养的监测等5个方面提出20条推荐意见,旨在为相关从业人员提供早产儿肠内营养管理的建议,以改善早产儿的临床结局。
文摘当前农民过量和不平衡施用化肥现象严重,导致肥料利用率降低,影响到农田的可持续利用。因此,发展适合我国农业生产特点的养分管理和施肥方法尤为重要。本文介绍了基于作物产量反应和农学效率的推荐施肥新方法,该方法是以改进的SSNM(Site-specific Nutrient Management)和改进的QUEFTS(Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils)模型参数为指导的养分管理和推荐施肥为原则,同时考虑大、中微量元素的全面平衡,并应用计算机软件技术把复杂和综合的养分管理原则智能化形成可为当地技术推广人员掌握的Nutrient Expert推荐施肥专家系统。Nutrient Expert推荐施肥专家系统在用户回答一些简单问题后就能给出基于作物栽培管理措施的推荐施肥套餐,包括作物种植密度、目标产量、推荐的养分用量及其可选用的物化的肥料用量,同时根据预知的作物生长季节推荐施肥的最佳时间和次数。通过跨区域田间多点验证试验证明,基于作物产量反应和农学效率的推荐施肥方法是一种简单的易于掌握的作物增产增收、提高肥料利用率和保护环境的新方法。
文摘小规模农业生产易于出现不合理施肥导致的肥料利用率低等问题,严重影响到生态环境和农业可持续发展。研究建立适合我国小农户集约化农业生产特点且科学轻简的养分推荐方法尤为重要。中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所会同全国39个土壤肥料研究团队,研发了适合我国农业生态条件和种植体系的基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥方法。该方法在汇总分析全国各作物主产区开展的肥料田间试验的基础上,建立了包含作物产量反应、农学效率及养分吸收与利用等信息的数据库。采用QUEFTS(quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils)模型模拟作物养分吸收,同时对数据库中土壤基础养分供应、作物农学效率与产量反应进行相关分析,建立基于产量反应和农学效率的作物推荐施肥模型。在此基础上,借助计算机技术和智能云计算,研发了“养分专家系统”(简称NE系统),用户只需提供种植地块的一些基本信息,如往年农民习惯措施下的作物产量、施肥历史、有机无机肥料投入以及秸秆还田情况,NE系统就能给出基于该地块的个性化施肥方案。NE系统在推荐施肥中除了考虑土壤基础地力外,还考虑了上季作物养分残效和秸秆还田带入的养分,以及作物轮作体系和有机肥施用情况等,提出的推荐施肥方案符合4R养分管理策略(最佳肥料品种、最佳用量、最佳施用时间和最佳施用位置),同时兼顾施肥的农学、经济和环境效应。多点田间验证试验证实,NE系统推荐施肥兼顾科学性和实用性,且易于掌握,是一种能够保障作物增产增收、提高肥料利用率和保护环境的科学推荐施肥方法。
文摘为评价小麦养分专家系统(Nutrient Expert,NE)推荐施肥对冬小麦产量效应、养分利用率和农田环境效应的影响,对2010~2014年期间在河北省开展的83个小麦试验进行了分析。结果发现:小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥量较农民习惯施肥量氮、磷肥分别降低了47.0%和10.4%,钾肥增加了102.0%;小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥较农户施肥增产在2.6%~13.0%之间,氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为31.7%、10.9%和31.0%,氮肥偏生产力为47.9kg/kg,显著高于农民习惯施肥处理24.7 kg/kg;小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥的农田温室气体排放总量和排放强度分别为2 211 kg CO_2 eq/hm^2和332 kg CO_2 eq/t,显著低于农民习惯处理的3 720 kg CO_2 eq/hm^2和589 kg CO_2 eq/t。小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥提高了养分利用率、降低了农田温室气体排放,可以在河北省小麦主产区推广应用。
文摘为实现潮土区夏玉米科学施肥,通过2年田间试验研究了玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥对夏玉米产量、收益、养分积累量及肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,沙壤质潮土夏玉米施肥两年增产6.55%～39.32%和5.53%～21.19%,玉米养分专家系统和Agro Services International Inc推荐施肥较农户习惯施肥分别增产4.06%和5.04%,增收21.90%和27.44%。基于玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥的氮、磷、钾肥农学效率分别为11.46、25.89和9.93 kg kg–1,氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别为41.13%、31.48%和50.35%,化肥偏生产力平均为36.62 kg kg–1。玉米养分专家系统推荐施肥提高了沙壤质潮土区夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量,促进了氮磷钾的吸收利用,增加了干物质积累量,具有增产增收效应,肥料利用效率较高,可作为该地区夏玉米推荐施肥方法推广应用。
